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SOC 225 > Midterm #2 - Names/ Theories > Flashcards

Midterm #2 - Names/ Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Which theory does Ronal L. Akers fall under

DA, IA, I, D

A

Social Learning - also believed that things such as music, television, movies etc. impacted an individual’s behavior

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2
Q

What were the four [4] concepts that Ronald L. Akers proposed about social learning

DA. DR. I. D

A
  1. Differential association
  2. Differential reinforcement
  3. Imitation
  4. Definition
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3
Q

What type of theoriest is Edwin H. Sutherland study

A

He was an interactionist theoriest/ social process

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4
Q

What theory did Edwin Sutherland find

A

Interactionist Theory - nine propositions as to why individuals engaged in criminal behavior

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5
Q

Edwin Sutherland founded the nine propositions of why individuals engaged in criminal activity. What are the nine propositions he listed?

A
  1. Criminal Behavior is learned
  2. Criminal Behavior is learned in interactions with other persons in a process of communication
  3. The principle part of the learning of crime occurs within intimate personal groups
  4. When criminal behaviour is learned, the learning includes…
  5. Specific direction of motives and drives is learned from the definition of the legal codes as favourable or unfavourable - negative attitude
  6. Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity
  7. Process of learning criminal behaviour by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning -
  8. While criminal behaviour is an expression of general needs and values, ‘ it’s not explained by those general needs and values since noncriminal behaviour is an expression of the same needs and issues
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6
Q

Who is Daniel Glaser - what theory is he under and what theory did he find

A

Modified differential association theory to account for environmental factors and personal attributes

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7
Q

What are the two primary association groups for most individuals according to Edwin Sutherland

A

Family and Peers

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8
Q

What is Edwin Sutherland’ Differential Association theory

A

Proposed that criminal behaviour is learned through interactions with other persons in a process of communication but did not account for environmental factors and personal attributes like Daniel Glaser did

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9
Q

Are people born criminals according to Sutherland’s Theory?

A

No, people are not born criminals according to Sutherland’s theory

Criminal behavior is learned

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10
Q

Who is Walter Reckless -what theory does he fall under

A

He is under the social process theories - wrote about the containment thoery

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11
Q

Walter Reckless is under social control theory - what were the two parts of his containment theory

A

Internal Containments [psychological factors]
* Relates to an individual’s level of rebellion, aggression, hostility, living conditions or boredom

External Containment [ Social factors]
* Delinquent peers or delinquent groups

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12
Q

Who is Travis Hirschi and what theory is he under

A.C.I.B

A

He is a conflict theory - contradicts sutherland and Ankers theory of social learning

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13
Q

Travis Hirschi is under control theory and has four concepts that explain criminal and deviant behaviours. What are they?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Commitment
  3. Involvement
  4. Beliefs
  • Without these four social bonds, individual’s would be free to pursue deviant acts
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14
Q

Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfreson got together and founded what theory

A

General Theory of crime

  • highlights the importance of parenting in crime reduction
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15
Q

According to Travis hirschi and Michael gottfreson, at what age is most of a child’s actions and behavior “irreversible”

A

Age 8

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16
Q

Who is Charles Title and what theory did he find?

A

Control Balance Theory - attempts to explain how unbalanced control in one’s life can lead someone to take part in deviant behavior.

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17
Q

What is control surplus according to Charles Title?

A

An individual who has excess control over others

  • An individual who possess a control surplus to commit deviant acts related to their wants [ acts involving low morality or seeking pleasure or financial gain]
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18
Q

What is control deficit according to Charles TItle

A

A lack of control placed by a person by others

Freedom is repressed and held back and the person becomes deviant to fight back from the control deficit

Ex.

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19
Q

Who is Ivan Nye and what theory is he under

A

argued that youth may be directly controlled through constraints imposed by parents, through limits on the opportunity for delinquency, and through parental rewards and punishments.

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20
Q

There are four types that Ivan Nye proposed about social control. What are the four concepts? [DC, IC,, I, M]

A
  1. Direct Control
  2. Indirect control
  3. Internalized
  4. Means
21
Q

Who is Frank Tannenbaum and what theory did he find? - Labelling theorist

A

Dramatization of evil
* A person is tagged as delinquent or bad. So at this stage, it’s not just the act that is labelled criminal, it’s the person- or herself who is labelled.

22
Q

Who is Edwin Lemart? What theory does he fall under?

A

Is a sociologist who developed the theory of a deviant Career path - founded labelling theory

Primary and Secondary Deviation

23
Q

Who is Howard S. Becker and what type of theorist is he?

HInt: Becker starts with B… Book starts with a B

A

Wrote a book “Outsider” - focusing on the labelling theory

24
Q

Howard S. Becker talks about ‘master statues’ in his book called outsider. What is the definition of Master Statues

A

With all the labels we have attached to ourselves there is always a master label/statue that becomes the primary label for the individual and how society will view the individual

25
Q

Who is Erving Goffman and what was his theory?

People identify themselves through 2 different views… what are these views?

A

Believed that human beings internally identify with personal identity and with a social identity - a part of labelling theory

social identity vs social statues

26
Q

Who is John Braithwaite

A

He combined shaming theory with labelling theory
* He did not believe that labelling theory was enough explanation

27
Q

Who is Eldon and Eleanor Glueck? What theory and study did they conduct?

what theory are they in

A

Conducted a 1000 person longitudinal study on delinquents and non-delinquents - factors that differentiated delinquents and non-delinquents

social process theory

28
Q

Who were the two people that helped back up Sheldon + Eleanor Glueck’s study on delinquent and non-delinquent individuals

A

Robert Sampson + John Laub [ age-graded theory]

29
Q

What did Karl Marx + Friedrich come up with that falls under marxist based radical or critical theories

A

Communist Manifesto and COmmunist family

M = Marx = Manifesto

F = Friedrich = family

30
Q

What Did Willem Bonger find for Marxism/ Conflict theory?

HInt: Bonger is the second letter of the alphabet… there are two types of ….

A

Used the outline of Marxist theory to suggest that the economic structure developed in a capitalistic society was the source of the majority of crime in society

Middle class and worker

31
Q

What did George Simmel Study

A

Social conflict - why it is necessary- conflict theory\

\why is being with a group bad? - Individualism is lost

32
Q

What theory did George B. Vold come up with

A

Group conflict theory
* Suggested that as a social creature, human beings formed different groups - conflict occurs as multiple groups form with competing interest for limited resources

33
Q

What theory did George B. Vold come up with

A

Group conflict theory
* Suggested that as a social creatures, human beings formed different groups - conflict occurs as multiple groups form with competing interests for limited resources

34
Q

What type of theoriest was Ralf Danrendorf

A

Social conflict

35
Q

Who expanded on the idea set by Dahrendorf and Becker [labelling theory]

A

Austin Turk

36
Q

What did Max Weber argue about Marx and Engel’s conflict theory

What did Weber was more important than law making

Hint: Max starts with an M… Mic…

A

was too simple and did not account for the complexity of the social system at the micro level

37
Q

What is the focus of Max Weber’s social action theory

A

Focuses on the micro level - actions of the individual

38
Q

What does Marx Weber relate the concept of committing a crime back to

A

Guilty mind - the individual’s intention or knowledge of their wrongdoing

39
Q

What must be taken into account according to Max Weber when considering the guilt of an individual?

A

Mitigating or aggravating facotrs must be taken into account when considering the guilt of an individual

40
Q

What perspective did William Chamgliss folllow

A

Perspective of radical criminology

41
Q

What was the focus of William chambliss’s study of gang boys going to school`

A

Deviant behavior

42
Q

Who is Elliot Currie and what is his perspective on crime?

A

Believed that crime is a disparity between rich and poor

Suggested that the focus on profit leads to increased violence and disruptive consequences for individuals, families, and communities

43
Q

What theory does Freda Adler fall under and what was her theory

A

Feminist Theory

Liberation Theory of Female criminality

44
Q

Who agreed with Adler that women would offend similar to men if they were given the opportunity

A

Rita J. Simpson

45
Q

How do two approaches towards female offenders compare to male offenders who committed similar crimes

A

The approaches are different,

Some prosecutors and judges being more lenient to female offenders than to male offenders who committed similar offenses - thinking of the women as their mother or sister or daughter

46
Q

What is the chivalry hypothesis related to regarding the feminism theory

A

Related to the differing treatment of male and female offenders who committed similar crimes - thinking of the women as their mother or sister or daughter

47
Q

What is suggested by female offenders being treated more harsly than their male counterparts

A

The judge is punishing the female offender for violating the law and her transgression against society by not maintaining social expectations for females

48
Q

Who developed the power control theory of common delinquent

what theory was this under

A

John Hagan + A.R Gillis + John Simpson

feminist theory

49
Q

Who suggested that criminologist should approach the study of crime from the feminist perspective

A

Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind.

SOC 225 (2 decks)

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