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SOC 225 > Example Questions #2 > Flashcards

Example Questions #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is learning theory able to explain really well and not so very well

A

Learning theories cannot explain serious crimes against people such as rape, murder, and level 3 assault

It is easier to explain in learning theories about the lower class

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2
Q

What is the argument against the idea that hanging out with bad people causes criminal behaviour? - Critiquing social learning

A

The argument is that the reason an individual hangs out with negative peers is that they have already committed criminal acts

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3
Q

What must be proven in research regarding temporal ordering

A

Researchers must prove that there were no other causes, “Z” effecting Y

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4
Q

What is temporal ordering in research

A

Temporal ordering is the idea that if X causes Y, then X must have occurred before Y

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5
Q

What is imitation

A

Think of monkey see monkey do

Ex. Bandura’s bobo doll
- Children imitated their actions based on what they saw from adults

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6
Q

When do most youth’s commit crimes, according to Sutherland’s theory

A

From the age 13-20

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7
Q

When do most youths spend the majority of their time under the watchful eye of their parents

A

Prior to age 12-13

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8
Q

Where does the principle part of learning of crime occurs

A

The principle part of the learning of crime occurs within intimate personal groups

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9
Q

How can criminal behavior be learned, according to Sutherland’s theory

A

Criminal behavior can be learned through speech,observation, or participation

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10
Q

What are sub-association groups composed of

A

Sub assocation groups are composed of neighbors, teachers, church members, etc

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11
Q

Are people born criminals according to Sutherland’s Theory?

A

No, people are not born criminals according to Sutherland’s theory

Criminal behavior is learned

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12
Q

What is an attachment in social bond/control theory?

A.C.I.B - The A in A.C.I.B

A

Founded by Travis Hirschi

Attachment is one’s bond to family and school where bonds are made between parents and teachers; other social and community organizations and individuals would be included

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13
Q

How does attachment affect the likelihood of misbehaving according to social bond/control theory

A

If individuals are attached to other individuals and institution sin the community, there are less chance they will misbehave because to do so it will bring disappointment to those whom they care about

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14
Q

What is commitment in social bond/ control theory?

A

One/ four concepts founded by Travis Hirschi

Commitment is a concept that relates to strong bonds in the community which could be broken or damaged if ab individual misbehaving

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15
Q

What are some examples of commitment in social bond/ control theory - think of commitment to different groups of people

A

Community groups, places of employment, and marital relationships

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16
Q

How does commitment affect the likelihood of misbehaving according to the social bond/control theory

A

Individuals work too hard and long to build relationships in community to threaten them by committing criminal acts

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17
Q

What does involvement affect the likelihood of misbehaving according to social bond/control theory

A

he more individuals is working towards building strong relationships in the community, the less time they will have to commit the deviant acts

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18
Q

How does social bond/ control theory explain the bond between individuals and society

A

Through the concepts of attachment, commitment, involvement, and beliefs become bonded to society

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19
Q

What is beliefs in social bond/ control theory

A

Beliefs relate to the link between an individuals attitude and her behaviour

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20
Q

Edwin Lemart founded Primary Deviation. What is primary deviation

A

Is the first rule-breaking act that is performed by an otherwise socially compliant individual

Ex. Small theft, this leads to individuals being labeled as deviant as a drunk, drug addict,, etc

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21
Q

What are the signs of primary deviation

A

Includes starting early in life, commiting small crimes, willing to remove oneself from peer pressure, not accepting the label received form teachers, cops, etc

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22
Q

What is Drift, from Edwin Lemert’s labelling theory?

A

Drift is the tendency of individuals to drift between being a good kid and a primary deviant kid as a cycle

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23
Q

Moral Rhetoric is from Edwin Lemert’s labelling theory. What is it?

A

Refers to the claims and assertations that deviants make to normalize and rationalize deviant behaviours. Used to justify unfairness, exploitation or moral failing

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24
Q

Secondary Deviation is apart of Edwin Lemart’s labelling theory, what is it?

A

Occurs when an individual who has been labelled as a deviant commits a crime or deviance that may not have been committed if they were not labelled

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25
Q

Why is it difficult for a child to change once they have reached secondary deviation according to Edwin Lemart’s labelling theory?

A

They have accepted their label as a deviant and have developed master statues ; Criminal

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26
Q

Continuance commitment is defined by Edwin Lemert’s labelling theory. what is it?

A

It refers to the situation where a secondary deviant has no more options and is okay with their label

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27
Q

Statues degradation ceremony is talked about in Lemart’s labelling theory, What is it?

A

Involves the criminal justice system and the media. Secondary deviance increases as the new label restrict employment opportunities, educational opportunities, and present as well as future relations with others

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28
Q

What is social identiy according to Erving Goffman

A

Refers to the personal and physical attributes of an individual, such as honesty, occupation, and courage, which assist members of society in placing that person in a category

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29
Q

What is the difference between social identity and economic resources, social prestige and social power?

A

Social identity only includes personal attributes, while economic resources, social prestige, and social power are external factors that contribute to an individual’s position in society

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30
Q

What are stigmatized individuals?

what are the 3 different stigmas

A

Those who are marked as different or deviant from the norm and face discrimination and prejudice

group you identify with [race, sex, nationality]

Physicality

Character traits

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31
Q

What are the two types of stigmatized individuals

A

The two types of stigmatized individuals are discredited and discreditable

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32
Q

There are two types of stigmatized people [discredited + discreditable]. What are the difference between the two?

A

Discredited
* Believe their difference are known and must be managed during social interactions with “normal” individualsto relieve tension

Discreditable
* Believe their differences are UNKNOWN and must interact in a way to AVOID detection of the stigma that would move them from the “normal” category into the discredited category

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33
Q

What are the three sources of stigma

A

Character traits
* dishonesty, criminality, deviance

group identity
* Gender, race, nationality

Physical attributes
* Body disformities, physical challenges

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34
Q

How do discreditable and discredited view each other

A

Those who are void of stigmas or who conceal their stigmas [discreditable] look down on those who identified stigmas [discredited]

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35
Q

What did John Braithwaite suggest about the impact of negative labels on individuals

A

Suggested that negative or stigmatizing labels used to identify or categorize individuals had to have an impact on the individual’s actions

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36
Q

What is disintegrative shaming - proposed by John Braithwaite

A

It is the type of shaming by society that leads to secondary deviance which is supported by earlier labelling models [edwin lemert]

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37
Q

What is reintegrative shaming - proposed by John Braithwaite

A

Suggest that when an offender is being released back into society, to remove or ease the disintegrative shame that has occurred, the offender should be reintegrated back to the community

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38
Q

What are the consequences of not reintegrating offenders back into society according to John Braithwaite

A

Offenders are likely to re-offend- recidivism [going back] is between 50-70 % within three yes

Happens the first year they are out, a percentage goes down as the years pass

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39
Q

During Sheldon + Eleanor Glueck’s study on non-delinquents and delinquents, what did they suggest is the reason why many stopped committing crimes

A

“Aged out” of committing the crime

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40
Q

What were some of the factors that Sheldon + Eleanor Glueck find about why individuals continued to commit a crime

A

Poor parenting skills/unloving parents

Discipline issues at school

Inability to maintain employment and relationships

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41
Q

According to Sheldon and + Eleanor’s study, what had the greatest impact on the reductio of criminal behavior

A

The passage of time

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42
Q

Robert Sampson + John Laub conducted a study called an age-graded theory. What is that theory

A

Suggest that individuals who have delinquent peers, discipline issues in school, and a weak bond to parents and family based on issues at home are more prone to delinquency that juveniles who don’t have those issues

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43
Q

Robert Sampson + John Laub conducted a study called an age-graded theory. What is that theory?

A

Suggest that individuals who have delinquent peers, discipline issues in school, and a weak bond to parents and family based on issues at home are more prone to delinquency that juveniles who don’t have those issues

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44
Q

According to the study done by Robert Sampson + John Laub, at what age do violent crimes typically peak according to the age-graded theory

A

violent crimes typically peak at the age of 26

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45
Q

What are the critiques of Sampson and Laub’s theory of age-graded

A

They explained that if an individual has high social capital that they will not commit the crime

This is FALSE - because white colour crime is a thing

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46
Q

What is instrumental Marxism?

A

THeory that believes laws are created and enforced to protect the capitalist class, the rich have control over all aspects of the law

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47
Q

According to Instrumental marxism, why do indigenous people make up a disproportionate amount of those incarcerated

A

Indigenous people are believed to be underrepresented I the creation, interpretation, and enforcement of laws, leading to over-representation in jails

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48
Q

What is the role of the media in Instrumental Marxism

A

Used as a smoke screen by the rich to divert attention from their actions while bringing the rest of the people to the forefront

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49
Q

What is structural marxism

A

Thoery that believes laws were created to save the essence of capitalism as a whole [Structure] not just the capitalist class

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50
Q

According to structural marxism, why do the rich sometimes sacrifice their own to the law

A

Rich and powerful are not stupid, sometimes they use someone as a scape goat to show the rest of society that they are “not above the law”

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51
Q

What is left realism

A

a theory that was created in the 1970s that aims to bring science to conflict theory and prove it empirically [through means of observation, not just theory]

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52
Q

What is the criticism for other others from Marxism

A

marxism believes that theories tell you the problem but not fix it

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53
Q

What is a left realism’s alternative to jail

A

Most people in jail are in there because of their ethnicity, they proposed to put people to work [volunteer] instead of jail

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54
Q

What are other examples of alternative to jail proposed by left realism

A

Community service, restorative justice, Indigenous justice systems

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55
Q

Why did Left Marxism believe that marginalized groups need to be part of the law rulemaking

A

To be a part of the law rules to ensure a fair and just legal system

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56
Q

What is a communist manifesto

A

Document that outlines the theory for a new social movement termed comunism

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57
Q

What was the objective of the communist party according to Marxist-based radical or critical theories

A

Before the family was construct as a socialism where family worked for common good for each other, where wife and husband shared responsibilities

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58
Q

What happened with the progression of society, according to Marxist-based radical or critical theories

A

With progression of society, men were working outside the home, which caused the home and children to become the primary focus of women

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59
Q

What did Engels argue according to Marxist-Based radical or critical theory

A

Argued that women would not be equal until capitalism was destroyed and replaced with socialism

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60
Q

How many classes did Bonger suggested existed in society

A

Two classes

Middle class + workers

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61
Q

What did Bonger argue about the actions of those in the lower class

A

Argued that the actions of those in the lower class were more likely to be defined as criminal and were used as justifications for arrest and incarceration

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62
Q

What did automation and industrialization lead to according to Bonger

A

The disparity between middle class led to crimes based on the perception of injustice or the necesitity for survival

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63
Q

How did the middle class protect their statues, according to Bonger [think of what a marxist would think]

A

Protected their statues by passing laws controlling the lower class

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64
Q

Does Georg Simmel find to be a normal function of society

A

Found that conflict is a normal function of society

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65
Q

Does George SImmel believe that the result of conflict is related primarily to capitalism

A

No, Simmel does not believe that the result of conflict is related primarily to capitalism

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66
Q

What did George SImme argue abut the positive effects of conflict in society

A

Argued that conflict can unite members of a group and lead to positive results in society

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67
Q

What did Georg Simmel note about individual identity in relation to socialization into a larger group

A

Noted that individual identity is weakend or lost as one socializes into a larger group

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68
Q

Why did Ralph Dahrendorf believe that Marx and Engel’s radical perspective fail to account for modernization in society

A

Fails to account for modernization in society because it focuses to heavily on class conflict and overlooks other forms of conflict

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69
Q

what did Ralf danrendorf suggest was the flawed concept of functionalism

A

Conflict is related to power and authority

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70
Q

How did those lacking power and authority use conflict according to Ralf Dahrendorf

A

Used conflict to enhance their position in society

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71
Q

What did Ralf Dahrendorf call conflict that is used to enhance one’s position in society

A

Constructive conflict - harmful to sicety

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72
Q

What did Ralf Dahrendorf call the conflict that is used to enhance one’s position in society?

A

Constructive conflict - harmful to society

73
Q

What is Austin Turk’s theory of criminalization

A

Suggest that those who are defined and labelled as criminal by society are related more to class statues than to biological or psychological traits possessed by the individual

74
Q

According to Austin Turk, who are the two groups of individuals who pose the greatest threat to conflict in society

A

Authorities [those who enforce laws and norms]

Subjects [ those being subjected to the laws and norms]

75
Q

What is the lowest potential for conflict according to Austin Turk

A

When neither authority nor the subject have deep-seated beliefs about the law or norm being violated

76
Q

When does conflict escalate according to Austin Turk -think of the two types of people in this world

A

When the subject forgets or fails to acknowledge that the authority figure remains in charge throughout the interaction

77
Q

According to Max Weber, what is more, important than the procedure for law-making

A

law enforcement is more important than the procedure for law making

78
Q

What example did Max Weber use to illustrate his point about the importance of law enforcement

A

Used the example for the use of marijuana, suggesting that it will increase because it will not be enforced in select jurisdictions

79
Q

According to William Chambliss, what do those in power do for lower-class members?

A

those in power make small ‘favours’ for lower class members but never enough that the capitalist class would lose power or prestige

80
Q

When those in power ‘make small favours’ what did this create for the lower class, according to William Chambliss

A

Little mobility for the lower class

81
Q

What did Wiliam Chambliss find regarding the “saints” and “roughnecks” in his study

A

Found that they committed the same deviant acts but the saints would apologize after getting caught while the roughnecks would become hostile and confrontational

82
Q

What was the outcome of the saints in William Chambliss study

A

the saints performed better since they were middle class, they went to college, and their deviance decreased

83
Q

What was the outcome for the roughnecks in Wiliam Chambliss’ study?

A

The roughnecks were openly deviant which led to stricter disciple or legal actions than the saints

84
Q

What did William Chambliss argue was the cause of boys accepting a deviant label and acting out the role as they were expected to perform

A

Chambliss argued that the reinforcement of negative labels caused boys to accept the deviant label, leading them to act out the role they were expected to perform

85
Q

What is a market society according to Elliot Currie

A

Is a society where people only pursue personal economic gain, which leads to the neglect of social factors such as family, neighbours, and community

86
Q

What are the seven factors related to violent crime that are associated with “market society”

A

Progressive destruction of livelihood

Growth of extremes of economic inequality and material deprivation

Withdrawal of public services and support [especially for families and children]

Erosion of informal and communal networks of mutual support, supervision, and care

spread of a materialistic, neglectful, and hard culture,

Unregulated marketing of the technology of violence

weakening of social and political alternatives

87
Q

What is Elliot Currie’s solution to reducing crimes related to “market society”

A

Employ those who are not capable of obtaining jobs in private sector, guaranteeing them jobs and benefits in public sector employment

88
Q

What is the focus of feminist theories

A

the suppression of women in many societies and how it relates to female offending or lack of reporting

89
Q

What are the three types of feminism

A

Liberal Feminism

Social feminism

Radical feminism

90
Q

What is the concept of liberal feminism

A

It involves the equal treatment of men and women

91
Q

is the focus of social feminism

A

It relates to gender roles and equal pay, and the lack of females in law enforcement or as judges or district attorneys

92
Q

What is the concept behind radical feminism

A

Relates marxism concept and argues that the capitalist system is designed to favour the haves and women being categorized with the have nots [minorities]

93
Q

What must be done to achieve feminism according to radical feminism

A

Massive overhaul of the structures in society, including the removal of the capitalist system in favour of a more socialist-orientated system of government

94
Q

What questions was asked regarding prostitution - feminist theories

A

Why were the men involved in the industry not punished

95
Q

What is the Liberation Theory of Female Criminality proposed by Freda Adler

A

The liberation theory of female criminality proposed by Freda Adler predicts that crime rates involving female offenders would increase as a result of the women’s liberation movement, due to the expansion of opportunities in the workforce and working outside the home, which came with increased opportunities for committing criminal and deviant acts

96
Q

What category of feminism is is Freda Adler’s work on the liberation theory of female criminality classified as

A

Liberal feminist perspective

97
Q

Does the LIberation theory of female criminality acknowledge that increased opportunity for women would lead to increased female crime rates?

A

Yes increased opportunities for women would lead to increased female crime rates

98
Q

According to Freda Adler, what is the relationship between women’s liberation and female criminality

A

Expansion of opportunities in the workforce and working outside the home, which came with the women’s liberation movement, led to increased opportunities for committing criminal and deviant acts, thus increasing female criminality rates

99
Q

What does the power control theory emphasize as a key component related to delinquency

A

Power control theory emphasizes parenting as a key component related to delinquency

100
Q

What economic power difference does the power control theory focus on, how does it relate to controlling children within the family -

Hint: Think feminism in the household

A

Focuses on the economic power difference between the husband and the wife and how the difference relates to controlling children within the family

101
Q

What are the two concepts of the power control theory

A

The two concepts of the power control theory are the patriarchal family and the egalitarian family

102
Q

How are female children socialized in the patriarchal family according to the power control theory, and how does it relate to their violations?

A

Female children are socialized for domestic tasks in the patriarchal family. The more attention they receive from their mother, the less likely they are to violate rules.

103
Q

How are male children socialized in the patriarchal family according to the power control theory?

A

Male children are socialized for outside employment in the patriarchal family.

104
Q

How does the egalitarian family prepare their children, regardless of gender?

A

The egalitarian family prepares all their children, regardless of gender, for employment outside the household.

105
Q

How does the power dynamic within the family change in the egalitarian family, according to the power control theory?

A

As the mother gains power in the family, the daughter gains freedom in the egalitarian family.

106
Q

What are the two approaches suggested by Daly and Chesney-Lind for studying crime from a feminist perspective?

A

ne approach is to study male-based theories and modify them to account for female offending. Another approach involves attempting to explain the difference in offending rates between the two genders and researching why crime rates for men far exceed those for women.

107
Q

What is the problem with attempting to research the difference in offending rates between genders?

A

The problem is that there are not enough women criminals to make a valued test group.

108
Q

What does rehabilitation imply about crime?

A

Rehabilitation implies that the crime has already been committed and that efforts are being made to find a different path in life besides a criminal career.

109
Q

What is rehabilitation?

A

Rehabilitation is the process by which an individual involved in criminal activity is corrected away from that behavior while at the same time being restored to being a law-abiding member of society.

110
Q

What is the goal of rehabilitation?

A

The goal of rehabilitation is to eliminate or reduce future victimization.

111
Q

When does rehabilitation occur in the criminal justice system? - Before or after a crime?

A

Rehabilitation occurs after the crime has already occurred.

112
Q

: When is not the ideal point for intervention in the criminal justice system?

A

once an individual enters the corrections system.

113
Q

Victimization

A

process of being victimzed or becoming a victim

114
Q

What is the difference between being victimized and becoming a victim?

A

victimized refers to the experience of being targeted or harmed by another person or group, while becoming a victim suggests that this harm has resulted in a lasting or ongoing impact on the individual.

115
Q

What are some examples of victimization?

A

physical assault, emotional abuse, sexual harassment, discrimination, and financial exploitation.

116
Q

What are some factors that can contribute to victimization?

A

poverty, social isolation, discrimination, and exposure to violence or trauma.

117
Q

What are some ways to prevent or address victimization?

A

include increasing awareness and education about the problem, providing support and resources for victims, and promoting policies and practices that reduce inequality and promote safety and well-being.

118
Q

What is recidivism?

A

Recidivism is the tendency for an offender to continue to commit criminal acts.

119
Q

How can punishment hinder an individual’s ability to be rehabilitated?

A

Punishment can hinder an individual’s ability to be rehabilitated by creating a negative environment and reinforcing criminal behavior, rather than focusing on positive behavior change

120
Q

What are the three things needed for deterrence to work?

A

certainty of punishment, swiftness of punishment, and severity of punishment.

121
Q

Deterrence Theory

A

Suggest that punishing criminal behavior will lead to a reduction in that behavior because the person will suffer more losses than gains from their behavior

122
Q

Conditional Release

A

Occurs when the remainder of a prison sentence is served in the community and is granted to inmates who have shown progress in rehabilitation and are not deemed a threat to society if released

123
Q

Punitive Approach

A

Known as retributive justice where punishment is generally quite severe
This is something that might work contrary to the rehabilitive approach

124
Q

What does reintegration mean?

A

Reintegration means being reintegrated into society after being punished or being released from jail.

125
Q

Can reintegration only happen after being in jail?

A

No, reintegration can also happen after being punished by a judge without being sent to jail.

126
Q

Why might someone not be well integrated into society even if they were not sent to jail?

A

Someone might not be well integrated into society even if they were not sent to jail because they could still be doing deviant actions.

127
Q

What is the problem with using the word “reintegration”?

A

The problem with using the word “reintegration” is that some people were never really integrated into society in the first place, especially career criminals.

128
Q

What word should be used instead of “reintegration”?

A

The word “integration” should be used instead of “reintegration”.

129
Q

Why is integration difficult for someone who has been locked up for a long time?

A

Integration is difficult for someone who has been locked up for a long time because they may have to “fix” their mindset and deal with symptoms such as anxiety and depression.

130
Q

What might happen if someone’s mindset is not “fixed” after being locked up for a long time?

A

If someone’s mindset is not “fixed” after being locked up for a long time, they may have a hard time avoiding recommitting crimes because their mind may still be in a state of confusion or turmoil.

131
Q

What is institutionalization?

A

Institutionalization is the process by which individuals who are incarcerated become more entrenched in criminal behaviors as a result of their prolonged exposure to an incarceration environment.

132
Q

How does incarceration contribute to institutionalization?

A

Incarceration contributes to institutionalization by exposing individuals to an environment where criminal behaviors are more prevalent and normalized.

133
Q

What is an example of how someone could become more entrenched in criminal behaviors while incarcerated?

A

An example of how someone could become more entrenched in criminal behaviors while incarcerated is by meeting other people with worse crimes and being easily influenced to become more bad.

134
Q

How does the Shaw Shank Redemption relate to institutionalization?

A

The Shaw Shank Redemption explores how incarceration can contribute to institutionalization and the negative impact it can have on prisoners.

135
Q

What is the Canadian approach when dealing with criminals

A

Combination of punishment and rehabilitation

136
Q

What percentage of the budget is typically put into programs in a correctional setting

A

Less than 5% of the budget is typically put into programs in a correctional setting

137
Q

Why do many prisoners choose not to participate in programs?

A

Many prisoners choose not to participate in programs because they may seem “weak” in the eyes of other prisoners.

138
Q

What do “good jails” do to encourage prisoners to seek help?

A

“Good jails” create a mindset in the eyes of the prisoner that it is okay to seek help.

139
Q

Why do programs not run during a lockdown?

A

Programs do not run during a lockdown because the jail is in a state of trouble, such as a riot. - this stops people seeking for help in getting help

140
Q

What is the problem with the wait time for programs?

A

The problem with the wait time for programs is that there are not enough time and resources for people to get access to the crime.

141
Q

What is the issue with many programs not being specific?

A

they fail to address the underlying societal factors that may be contributing to the prisoner’s criminal behavior.

142
Q

What is the real problem behind some criminal behaviors, according to the passage?

A

The real problem behind some criminal behaviors is poverty.

143
Q

How can some programs actually increase crime?

A

Some programs can actually increase crime by putting multiple people in a room, where one person may have just one problem and another person may have all possible problems, which could influence the “good” person to become worse.

144
Q

Why is it difficult to find staff to work in correctional settings?

A

It is difficult to find staff to work in correctional settings because it is not a desirable profession and the pay is not good.

145
Q

Why might a prison environment not be the most relaxing place to counsel someone?

A

A prison environment might not be the most relaxing place to counsel someone because it is a stressful and potentially dangerous environment.

146
Q

What is the definition of rehab challenges in a COMMUNITY SETTING

A

An effort to rehabilitate or correct a person’s behavior in the community rather than in a correctional facility through programs such as anger management, shoplifting courses, and parenting courses

147
Q

What is the most significant barrier to achieving this type of rehab?

A

The lack of available resources and support, including financial resources, transportation, and child care.

148
Q

How much is the general budget for all of Alberta for rehabilitation and reintegration?

A

The general budget for all of Alberta for rehabilitation and reintegration is 21 million dollars.

149
Q

How does the budget for rehabilitation and reintegration compare to the budget for a single police department in Edmonton?

A

The budget for rehabilitation and reintegration in Alberta is significantly lower than the budget for a single police department in Edmonton, which is 400 million dollars.

150
Q

What are some challenges related to transportation and child care in rehab programs?

A

Some people who want to attend rehab programs are unable to get there due to a lack of affordable transportation. Additionally, single mothers may struggle to attend programs due to a lack of available child care.

151
Q

What is one reason for long wait times in rehab programs?

A

One reason for long wait times in rehab programs is a lack of funding.

152
Q

What is the colonial approach to rehab programs?

A

The colonial approach involves running programs and services that reflect white European culture, rather than the culture of the society being served.

153
Q

Why is the colonial approach problematic in rehab programs?

A

The colonial approach can be problematic because it may not be culturally appropriate for all individuals, particularly those from diverse ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, the definition of “better” may be established by colonials, which can perpetuate systemic biases and inequalities.

154
Q

What percentage of the Canadian prison population is Indigenous, and how does this compare to their representation in the overall Canadian population?

A

Indigenous people make up 30% of the Canadian prison population, but only represent 6% of the overall Canadian population.

155
Q

What is needed for succesful reintegration at the micro level?

A

Strong social support, good friends and family waiting for someone coming out of jail

156
Q

What is needed for successful reintegration at the macro level?

A

Strong community support, including organizations that provide counseling and food stamps, legitimate means to attain goals, and adequate rehabilitation.

157
Q

What is an example of legitimate means to attain goals at the macro level?

A

An example of legitimate means to attain goals is providing job opportunities for people with criminal records.

158
Q

What is needed for successful reintegration even if someone has strong social and community support, legitimate means to attain goals, and adequate rehabilitation?

A

Adequate housing and employers willing to hire people with criminal records are needed for successful reintegration.

159
Q

Why is it important to have employers willing to hire people with criminal records for successful reintegration?

A

Without employers willing to hire people with criminal records, they may resort to stealing or other illegal activities to attain their goals.

160
Q

Why is it important to have renters willing to rent to people with criminal records for successful reintegration?

A

Without renters willing to rent to people with criminal records, they may struggle to find stable housing, which can contribute to recidivism.

161
Q

What are the three main challenges of reintegration?

A

The three main challenges of reintegration are trauma from involvement in the criminal justice system and institutionalization, negative public opinion of reintegration, and insufficient community support.

162
Q

What is one of the traumas that individuals may experience from being incarcerated?

A

Individuals may receive PTSD from incidents that occur in prison.

163
Q

What is one basic life skill that incarcerated individuals may miss out on? - think of kye

A

Incarcerated individuals may miss out on positive social interaction with pro-social associates, which can contribute to a loss of identity and social skills.

164
Q

What is NIMBY in the context of reintegration?

A

NIMBY stands for “not in my backyard” and refers to the public’s overall fear or hatred of offenders, which can lead to denial of jobs, lodging, and basic human courtesy.

165
Q

What is strain theory in the context of insufficient community support for reintegration?

A

Strain theory suggests that individuals have legitimate goals within society but lack sufficient means to achieve them, which can contribute to a loss of social skills and income.

166
Q

What is needed for reintegration to work?

A

Rehabilitation is needed for reintegration to work.

167
Q

What is one benefit of successful reintegration for the individual?

A

One benefit of successful reintegration for the individual is that they get legitimate means to obtain their goals and become more independent and self-sufficient.

168
Q

What is one benefit of successful reintegration for the criminal justice system and the community?

A

One benefit of successful reintegration for the criminal justice system and the community is that resources are saved for other things, resulting in cost savings.

169
Q

What is bail and what are the conditions that come with it

A

Bail is a form of pretrial release from jail. The conditions that come with bail may include rehab, staying within the city or province, appearing in court, abstaining from substances, and following a curfew. It is supervised on the provincial level.

170
Q

What is probation and what are the benefits of it?

A

Probation is a sentencing option that allows an individual to avoid spending time in jail during their sentence. It is less costly and more effective than incarceration and allows individuals to maintain ties with their community. However, it is only effective if the individual receives support to address the root cause of their crime. It can be included with a fine and follows a provincial prison sentence.

171
Q

What is parole and when is it given?

A

Parole is a form of conditional release for federally incarcerated inmates serving fixed-term sentences. It is given to individuals when there is a belief that they will be successful in the community and will not reoffend. It is not given by a judge and an individual needs to go to jail first to get parole.

172
Q

What are the different types of parole from the start of arrest to the finish of arrest? - 4 types of parole

A

The different types of parole include day parole, full parole, statutory release, and warrant expiry

173
Q

What is day parole - when are you allowed to apply for day parole

A

Day parole allows an individual to leave during the day and return at night and on weekends.

1/6 of your time has been served or 1/3 - 6 months

174
Q

What is full parole

A

Full parole allows an individual to be released from jail entirely.

175
Q

What is statutory release

A

is automatically awarded to federally incarcerated individuals once they serve ⅔ of their sentence - unless otherwise ordered

176
Q

What is warranty expiry

A

Warrant expiry requires an individual to stay in jail for the entire sentence given by a judge.

177
Q

What are halfway houses and what is their purpose?- which of the four types of parole would let you stay at a halfwayhouse

A

Halfway houses are community-based residential facilities that create a bridge between institutional care and the community. They provide services such as counseling and monitoring to ensure that individuals are behaving appropriately in society. They are given to people who have spent the most time in jail and there are four types: private home/satellite apartments, non-structured residence, structured program facilities, and special program/treatment facilities.

178
Q

What are healing lodges and who are they intended for?

A

Healing lodges are minimum security prisons that were created to address the overrepresentation of Indigenous persons and to address the unique needs of Indigenous persons. They are intended for Indigenous people who are deemed to be minimum security. According to recidivism rates, they should be offered to those who have higher classifications than minimum. Slow reintegration is done through Indigenous cultural practices and ways.

SOC 225 (2 decks)

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