Midterm 2 grammar

Question 1

3rd declension MASCULINE nouns generally have what possible endings in nominative form?

Answer 1

• or
• ex
• ter (greek)

Question 2

3rd declension FEMININE nouns generally have what possible endings in nominative form?

Answer 2

• io
• tio
• sio
• ix
• tas

Greek: -itis

-is/-sis/-cos/-ios

Question 3

3rd declension neutral nouns generally have what possible endings in nominative form?

Answer 3

• men (-minis)
• us
• ma, -matis

Question 4

What is the singular accusitive case stem for 1st declension nouns? 2nd declension? 3rd declension*? *applies to most but not all

Answer 4

accusitive case 1st declension: -am

2nd declension: -um

3rd declension: -em**

this is a distinct division between the 3, where 3rd declension nouns can have all sorts of endings in the nominative case may be exceptions for Greek origin words

**this gets weird with the “-i stem” nouns

Question 5

what is the dictionary form for 3rd declension nouns?

Answer 5

(noun) -is (gender)

looks like: “mare -is n”

“calor -is m”

“caput -itis n” etc.

reflects singular nominative and genitive mare maris “mar-“ is root word, “-is” is genitive stem

Question 6

what is unique about neuter nominative and accusitive case stems in the 3rd declension?

Answer 6

they have the same stem. in singular, it matches whatever the nominative word is. in plural, the stem ends in -a for both of them, or -ia if they are “i stem” nouns

Question 7

what are the 3 nominative stem endings that likely indicate 3rd declension neutral “long i-stems”?

Answer 7

-ar -al -e like in calcar, animal, mare

as in, a pirate named Al: “Al, ar’ e’ goin’ piratin’ today?”

Question 8

what is the noticeable difference between normal neutral 3rd declension nouns and the i-stem words?

Answer 8

there will be an “i” in the ending somewhere if there isn’t normally one (like in “ibus”)

so -a endings will be come -ia

-um endings will become -ium

*if the nominative ends in -e then:

in singular ablative form, the stem is -i

this helps distinguish words that already have an -e stem in the nominative (like “mare”) in the ablative sense. otherwise there would be 3 forms of the word all with the same ending.

Question 9

what are the 3 types of 3rd declension adjectives?

Answer 9

1 termination

2 terminations

3 terminations

this indicates how many genders they take different forms in. 3 terminations = different for all 3 genders, 2 genders = same for male/female, different for neutral. 1 gender = same overall (other than neutral nominative & accusitive which are the same!)

examples: 1 vetus (veteris) 2 forte fortis 3 acer acris acre

in each of these, you drop the stem to replace it to match the noun that it describes in all but the nominative case. for the first declension example, “veteris” describes the genitive case, which is the one from which you cut the stem and replace to match the noun like “animalibus veteribus”

Question 10

in general, what changes with the conjugation of “i stem” 3rd declension nouns?

Answer 10

where there was an “a” or “um” in the stem, it changes to “ia” or “ium” sometimes the stems containing an “e” are replaced with “i,” as in what would be “em” is now “im” there are a lot of inconsistencies and exceptions here, and to a large extent individual words’ conjugations have to be memorized to be used “correctly”