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geo 403 qw > midterm 2 for 3 > Flashcards

midterm 2 for 3 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. In a favored phrasing, the IPCC report states that since the last report in 2014 heatwaves, droughts, wildfires and other extreme events have all increased in intensity and frequency “f____ b_______ n________ v_________.”
A

far beyond natural variability

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2
Q
  1. Briefly, define ‘net-zero’.
A

carbon emission + carbon capture
the balance between carbon emission and carbon take out

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3
Q
  1. According to the IPCC, what sector is the most important to decarbonize as fast as possible?
A

power sector

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4
Q
  1. What are the three key policies for cities to pursue reductions in their transport sector emissions levels?

i.

ii.

iii.

A

i. high population density
ii. non-car travel
iii. electrify transportation

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5
Q
  1. In the Vox video, the graph that breaks down the carbon emissions in the US by sector has what percentages for the following? (28, 28, 21, 14, 12)

Residential ____%

Electricity ____%

Industrial ____%

Transportation ____%

Commercial ____%

A

14
28
21
28
12

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6
Q
  1. Provide a succinct definition of ‘tipping point’ as it relates to climate change.
A

threshold passed/crossed, irreversible changes, faster destructions

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7
Q
  1. The effects of drought on ecosystems and people are sometimes referred to as H________________ S____________.
A

hydrological stress

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8
Q
  1. List three of the negative impacts of fires discussed in lecture.

i.

ii.

iii.

A

1.public health, smoke inhalation
2. pushing animals in contact with humans
3. destructive to humans, animals and infrastructures

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9
Q
  1. The biggest fear many analysts now concerns the predominance of a few basic crops in the global diet, their geographical concentration of production, and the growing possibility of simultaneous M_______________ B____________ F____________ .
A

multiple breadbasket failure

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10
Q
  1. With estimates rising, how many people does air pollution kill each year, according to recent research?
A

10 million

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11
Q
  1. What are two other non-GHG related benefits of reducing deforestation and forest degradation?

i.

ii.

A
  1. protects biodiversity
  2. helps with soil quality
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12
Q
  1. What was the ‘simple strategy’ at the core of REDD+ ambitions?
A

rich countries pay poor countries to protect their forest

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13
Q
  1. (a) Which type of countries pushed to include in the Paris Agreement a separate section on loss and damage? (b) Which country most strongly opposed such a section? (c) And what was the final compromise?

a.

b.

c.

A
  1. small island countries
  2. U.S
  3. calls for fund but no legal liability
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14
Q
  1. T/F. While often it has had a minimal focus in previous climate agreements, the Paris Agreement articulates a clear commitment to adaptation, even calling for ‘a balance’ between investments oriented towards adaptation and mitigation.
A

T

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15
Q
  1. What are two of the key criticisms of the Paris Climate Agreement listed in lecture?

i.

ii.

A
  1. it is not legal binding
  2. poor accountability
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16
Q
  1. What was the key factor to keep the Paris Agreement intact while the US left the Agreement during the Trump administration?
A

set up of China

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17
Q
  1. What are two of the significant signs of progress post-Paris Agreement listed in lecture?

i.

ii.

A
  1. technologies break through of solar and air energy
  2. increase in EV
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18
Q
  1. This year’s COP 29 has been called the “F____________ COP.”
A

Finance

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19
Q
  1. Briefly summarize the dispute between developed and developing countries over who should bear the burden of climate financing.
A

developing countries thinks that developed countries should pay
developed countries thinks that China should pay too

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20
Q
  1. What is the nickname of the Amazon, given for its role in the world’s oxygen-carbon dioxide cycle?
A

lungs of the planet

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21
Q
  1. Explain why the poor in Pakistan have been suffering the most from the shake-up in its national energy sector.
A

they cant afford to shift to solar, also needs to have the high price of energy

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22
Q
  1. Forest scientists argue that some of the damage from the fires is due to changes in Portugal’s forest management, including a shift in many areas away from a M_____________ landscape towards a M______________.
A

mosaic, monoculture

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23
Q
  1. T/F. Luckily, in contrast to many poor countries in which post-disaster response is hampered by areas affected by poverty and lack of development, the US response has not struggled to reach any of the places hit by the storm.
A

F

24
Q
  1. What two countries now consumer the vast majority of the world’s coal? (circle two)

China Japan

Russia India

A

China, India

25
Q
  1. Microsoft is signing a 20 year lease with a nuclear energy company to provide power for what kind of facility?
A

data center

26
Q
  1. What are the two aspects of a “Climate Hawk”?

i.

ii.

A
  1. top priority on climate change
  2. supports aggressive policy actions
27
Q
  1. What are the three scenarios in the IEA reports?

i.

ii.

iii.

A
  1. net zero by 2050
  2. announced pledges
  3. stated polices
28
Q
  1. What are the Net Zero targets for the following countries/organizations.

China ______ EU _______ India _______ US _______ Paris Agreement ______

A

2060, 2050, 2070, 2050, 2050

29
Q
  1. T/F. The IEA has become more confident in the use of carbon capture technology in the near future due to recent impressive advances in its research and development.
A

F

30
Q
  1. The IEA insists that rich developed countries must commit to a fast P________-O_______ of fossil fuels.
A

phase out

31
Q
  1. List three features of US environmental laws from the 1970s (including specific policies, agencies, or programs) that have been internationally influential for designing environmental regulations.

i.

ii.

iii.

A
  1. EPA, environmental protection agency
  2. clean air act, water pollution control act
  3. phase out lead use gasoline, endangered species act
32
Q
  1. The core insight of the Environmental Kuznets Curve can be summed up in the phrase “the S__________ to P___________ is economic growth.”
A

solution to pollution

33
Q
  1. What are two criticisms made of the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

i.

ii.

A
  1. rich countries export deforestation activities to poor countries (developed to developing)
  2. total consumption of energy level continues to rise in rich countries
34
Q
  1. Briefly explain what a ‘Green Bond’ is.
A

debt issued to fund environmental projects

35
Q
  1. What are two of the benefits of public climate spending projects?

i.

ii.

A
  1. spur private spending
  2. large scale and long term planning
  3. provide public goods
36
Q
  1. (a) What is a principal reason it is so hard for governments to get rid of consumption subsidies? (b) What is a principal reason it is so hard for governments to get rid of production subsidies?

a.

b.

A
  1. if goods get expensive it might angers the voters/consumers
  2. strong political influence of the industry
37
Q
  1. In the 1970s a really big push on research and development in alternative energy was made in response to what crisis?
A

oil crisis

38
Q
  1. Briefly explain Germany’s feed-in tariff program.
A

deploy solar at scale, guarantee producers a premium price

39
Q
  1. List three benefits of carbon tax programs as discussed in lecture.

i.

ii.

iii.

A
  1. reduce emission
  2. spur innovation
  3. increase revenue to redistribute
40
Q
  1. T/F. Canada’s version of carbon pricing is an example of “carbon fee and dividend”, as it offsets the higher costs to most consumers through tax refunds.
A

T

41
Q
  1. T/F. The US was an early innovator of successful cap and trade programs.
A

T

42
Q
  1. In a cap and trade program, polluters that expect to emit more than their permits allow must do one of what two actions?

i.

ii.

A
  1. buy from other countries
  2. innovate, do climate project, reforestation, tech transfer
43
Q
  1. What are two reasons China’s climate vulnerability is very high?

i.

ii.

A
  1. lots of poor people
  2. rapid urban development, cities are poorly built
44
Q
  1. What are three of the reasons listed in lecture that China has recently become serious about addressing climate change?

i.

ii.

iii.

A
  1. growing awareness of its vulnerability
  2. growing sense of global responsibility
  3. energy security, reduce anergy dependency
45
Q
  1. Briefly explain how China’s red alert warnings for workers during heat waves demonstrates the socially unequal impact of climate change.
A

unequal access to air condition

46
Q
  1. Briefly explain why the North China Plain is such a worrying region for many analysts of climate change’s effects on China.
A

it is the breadbasket of the world

47
Q
  1. To make up for the energy deficits during recent droughts, China massively expanded its use of what energy source?
A

coals

48
Q
  1. List three causes of China’s water scarcity issues.

i.

ii.

iii.

A
  1. inefficient agriculture
  2. ice sheet melting
  3. industrial pollution
49
Q
  1. What are two regions where China’s water and dam policies are provoking geopolitical tension?

i.

ii.

A
  1. Mekong river delta
  2. Himalayas
50
Q
  1. In the face of severe deforestation in some regions, what policy has China pursued that has provoked intense public backlash?
A

ecological migration program

51
Q
  1. Briefly, explain why desertification in China has become a source of geopolitical tension.
A

rise of dust storm, higher frequency and intensity, spreading to other countries affecting air quality, affecting health of humans and animals

52
Q
  1. Briefly, explain how the West is not immune from criticism for the problems of pollution in China.
A

lack of environmental law/regulation, U.S locates its manufacturing in China

53
Q
  1. Small rural Chinese towns suffering from high rates of severe illness from high levels of pollution exposure have been called what?

C________________ V_________________

A

cancer villages

54
Q
  1. The Vox Video on cement said that “C___________ C____________ D____________ can chip away at cement’s emissions.”

C___________________ C__________________ D__________________

A

climate conscious design

55
Q
  1. T/F. China is increasingly optimistic about its achievement of a shift towards more low carbon building methods, even recently moving up its peak building emission deadline from 2030 to 2025.
A

F

geo 403 qw (4 decks)

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