MIDTERM 2 (Feb 13th - Mar 8th) Flashcards

Question

Is it accurate to predict a student's post-secondary attendance based on their parental income?

Answer 1

Yes, high income = higher chance of post-secondary attendance

Answer 2

refers to being prepared for higher education (ex. tutors, trips, more books, etc.) **obviously higher class privileges

Answer 3

streaming is separating students into groups based on performance. this can generate a self-fulfilling prophecy for the children into thinking they are more or less than. **links to the Thomas principal - real consequences for the rest of their lives.

Answer 4

social capital = collective value of all your social networks cultural capital = behaviours, knowledge and values that come with a prestige and elite status *students with lots of cultural capital are typically rewarded in the education system because they have more opportunities outside of school to learn

Answer 5

there was a value shift in seeking out evidence before believing a claim *lead to a new way to visit problems

Answer 6

the most universal organizational form in government, businesses, education and religion (literally translates to the tule of the office/desk)

Answer 7

1. Hierarchically organized "offices" (ex. president, president advisors, and dean of arts at UBC) 2. Vertical chain of command (based on a particular type of LEGITIMATE authority) 3. Formal division of labour (dividing up work - think about how work is divided at UBC... RAs, Deans, Plant ops, etc.) 4. Dominated by technical qualifications (we need certain qualifications to have certain jobs, ex. doctor at hospital) 5. Impersonal decision-making (ex. what tules and procedures have you noticed at hospitals) 6. Staffed by full-time salaried employees (**there is different circumstances today, more of an 'old school' idea of bureaucracy from weber)

Answer 8

1. Traditional Authority (ex. the duke & duchess of Cambridge) 2. Charismatic Authority (ex. Oprah) 3. Rational-Legal Authority (ex. Justin Trudeau **MOST IN LINE WITH BUREACRACY

Answer 9

Weber - he thought of rationalization as the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behaviour in society with concepts based on rationality and reason.

Answer 10

Refers to Weber's observation of the decline in creativity and uniqueness

Answer 11

a suburb of mass-produced homes in Pennsylvania where: - homes are nearly identical - they produce the most housing at the lowest price - construction workers did the SAME tasks on each home "Little Boxes" protest song

Answer 12

Known as TAYLORISM - managing work SCIENTIFICALLY - maximum management control over work process - work broken into small tasks GOAL: to find the most efficient way to make a product

Answer 13

Created by Henry Ford ("Fordism") - standardization of products using moulds - specialized equipment rather than specialized workers ** - workers are CONTROLLED by the speed of the line (think about chocolate video)

Answer 14

Coined by George Ritzer - based on Weber's concept of "rationalization" - Essentially refers to society adopting the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant.

Answer 15

- high emphasis on speed, volume and low price - centralized training and control (hamburger university)

Answer 16

1. Efficiency: the best means to a given end (aka producing something in the least amount of time possible at the least cost) 2. Calculability: emphasis on things that can be counted or measured (ex. since quality is difficult to measure, quantity is measured to replace quality - "over 99 billion served") 3. Predictability: things that can be repeated with the expectation of the same result (ex. chicken nuggets taste the exact same in many countries) 4.Control: the enhanced certainty of an outcome, *usually technologically mediated (ex. automated timers on fry machines)

Answer 17

- wide range of goods and services - convenient - uniform quality - familiar

Answer 18

rationalized systems can create negative outcomes.

Answer 19

- Coined by Cherlin - the weakening of social norms concerning marriage and people's resulting doubt of their actions, and those of others, within an institution

Answer 20

1. Larger social movements (women's rights, gender rights, divorce rights, etc.) 2. Society is more tolerant of diversity (partly explains the rise of marriages between people from different racial, ethnic, or religious backgrounds) 3. Declining levels of religiosity in Canada and other Western nations. 4. Modern society is characterized by a rising tide of individualism (people pick jobs and romantic partners based on their own interests and preferences)

Answer 21

They focus on how a marriage will solidify ties between families and communities and benefit society as a whole. **not about the individuals need to be fulfilled, but are about the needs of society

Answer 22

argued that while people claim that love is their motive for marriage, they downplay or dismiss the constraints, rules, and expectations that shape our behaviour.

Answer 23

As people in western societies choose love as the main thing to influence marriage, we do that because love is the motive that emphasizes personal choice and freedom for marriage. ex. study with American and Japanese students, American students reported making 50 more choices than Japanese students even though they had very similar days.

Answer 24

- Focus on the functions of the family and the ways families can help to create stability and order in society as a whole - From a structural functionalist perspective, the family performs a wide variety of important roles that fall into four main categories: reproduction, socialization, support, and regulation.

Answer 25

Persons was instrumental in developing STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST theory He argued that the nuclear family was very important (particularly for American society) because its structure frees individuals from the obligations of an extended family. It gives individuals in family units the mobility needed in industrial society Also argued that the nuclear family system works well to distinguish clearly between the “expressive” roles of women and the “instrumental” roles of men

Answer 26

1. It overemphasizes the family’s harmonious elements and tends to ignore the disharmony (ex. discord between parents and children, between siblings, etc.) 2. Many social problems arise (ex. abuse and mistreatment) that might be ignored by looking at only the functions of families.

Answer 27

Hiring family members to be present in situations where it is more socially acceptable to have a family member there puts emphasis on idealized notions of the nuclear family and the pressure to conform

Answer 28

- States that the family is an arena for gender conflict in which males have historically been more powerful. - There is conflict among opposite-sex partners, who struggle with their different roles in the relationship and the division of power and labour in the family unit (division of labour - chores, finances, etc.)

Answer 29

HUMOUR *Understanding humour requires a lot of background cultural knowledge and, for those not raised in Canada, this can make humour quite difficult to understand - this can effect the dating experience for immigrant daters.

Answer 30

SAME DIFFERENT **also found a slight increase in finishing high school and a large increase in attending university for children with same-sex parents

Answer 31

- that children need both male and female parental role models - that non-biological parents invest less effort in parenting their children - that children with same-sex parents are subjected to shame and bullying.

Answer 32

- Same-sex couples face more challenging barriers to parenthood and overcoming them may strengthen their commitment to parental roles. - Same-sex couples face minimal odds of becoming parents through accidental pregnancies, this can result in more positive parenting practices.

Answer 33

ENCHANTED world - People had very little understanding of why natural events occurred. - They saw the world as magical and invested with otherworldly forces. (ex. explained droughts and plagues by claiming that God was angry or Mother Nature was out of sync.) - The only way to “solve” these events was by God performing a ritual or sacrifice.

Answer 34

that rationalized systems can create negative outcomes.

Answer 35

- Produce huge amounts of waste, which is BAD FOR ENVIRONMENT - Lead to poor health outcomes, including obesity and chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Answer 36

RED TAPE ---> which is used to describe an excessive adherence to formal rules that hinders the functioning of organizations (ex. all the steps for approval of hanging posters in high school - so unnecessary and long debated)

Answer 37

An item of value and uniform quality produced in large quantities by many producers. Ex. consumer goods, such as clothing, cars, and food, are commodities.

Answer 38

The process of reducing social relations to an exchange relation (i.e., assigning them with a monetary value).

Answer 39

Marx called it “callous ‘cash payment.’” He focused on the commodification of the labour process, where the material activity of labour by individual workers changed into abstract labour (just another cost in the process of production) **basically that the cost of labour could be measured in hours and dollars

Answer 40

Turning ideas, customs, and behaviours into items that can be bought and sold. Ex. Pride Parades - what used to be simply an expression of defiance and rebellion and celebration, the parades began to contain floats from major companies

Answer 41

"Age of Reason"

Answer 42

What Durkheim argued that EARLY SOCITIES were based on Each unit (such as a family) basically provided for its own production and consumption needs, and units could survive in isolation from one another (grow it's own crops, make their own clothes, candles, etc.) ^^^However, these societies were held together by a shared sense of collective consciousness, the shared beliefs and sentiments that created solidarity between people. (ex. people from the same town usually shared the same religion)

Answer 43

What MODERN SOCIETIES were based on The type of solidarity that occurs when people in a society are dissimilar and specialized. They depend on one another to provide what they cannot supply for themselves - no group can survive on its own. HIGH DIVISION OF LABOUR

Answer 44

1. the standardization of products 2. the use of specialized equipment. This system of production relies on the use of specific machines and tools designed so that workers do not need specialized skills to work on the assembly line.

Answer 45

Increased efficiency and productivity

Answer 46

The operation of equipment with minimal or reduced human intervention. Benefit: saves labour and can improve quality and precision of the labour process Disadvantages: loss of jobs and changes to working in assembly lines with machines, not other people

Answer 47

Contracting work, usually manufacturing or supporting processes, to another country. ^^ when labour is divided into small components, companies can separate the production processes and this often involves moving their parts of their business to another country in an attempt to save money.

Answer 48

Educational services, hospitals, and scientific jobs are the least likely to be automated Food sales are the most likely along with resource extraction (such as mining, forestry, and fishing)

Answer 49

1. Transforms an original social and collective activity into an activity about pursuing one’s own interests. 2. Workers create wealth through their labour and the goods they produce, but they get only a small portion of this money. 3. As the division of labour in jobs increases, more surplus is created for capitalists. 4. capitalism distorts work because it separates workers from the product they make, the production process, other workers, and themselves. (ALIENATION)

Answer 50

workers in white-collar positions—e.g. management, the professions, or clerical work—report higher levels of work stress than blue-collar workers and are more likely to identify work as their main source of stress

Answer 51

1. Few stressors (WC) 2. Multiple stressors (BC) 3. Physical (BC) 4. Monotonous (BC) 5. Chaotic work (WC) *WC = white collar, BC = blue collar occupations (put in brackets because that type of job is more likely to experience that stressor)

Answer 52

1. PRIMARY SECTOR: concerned with extracting or harvesting products from the earth. (ex. agriculture mining, forestry, and fishing) 2. SECONDARY SECTOR: manufactures finished goods. (ex. metalwork, automobile production, textile production, and engineering industries) 3. TERITARY SECTOR: provides services to the general population and to businesses. (ex. Retail sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment, banking, health care, and law) **hires the most ppl in Canada but usually pays the least

Answer 53

Employment in dead-end, low-paying, and insecure jobs (sometimes called McJobs) Employers have full control over the labour process (hire and fire employees with ease and frequency because the work is easily replaceable) *Precarious labour is characterized by the “three Ds”: dirty, dangerous, and demeaning.

Answer 54

25% Racialized Canadians, women, Indigenous people, older adults, people with disabilities and immigrants are overrepresented in these jobs in Canada

Answer 55

Work (especially in the service sector) that requires emotional performances from employees. ^^This labour is commodified and controlled by management. ** HOCHSCHILD (1983) defines the term as the result of work that involves direct contact with the public. ^^her original study focused on flight attendent's emotional labour

Answer 56

That it leads service workers to become alienated (isolated) from themselves and their own emotions in the workplace

Answer 57

The human NEED for creative activity People engage with the world around them by transforming it, working on it, and turning into something that is a reflection of themselves.

Answer 58

Marx argued that although scientific management and rationalized techniques under capitalism were very productive, they also distorted the process of work, something that should be creative and enjoyable for the worker (ALIENATION)

Answer 59

Estrangement from.... 1. The product of one’s labour (no control over what happens to the product; reproducing the conditions of own oppression) 2. The act of production within the labour process (standardized, simplified, repeated, monitored, controlled) 3. One’s body, time, and emotions **Commodified: assigned monetary value (become means of survival) 4. Other workers and other classes (competition, rigid divides, loss of humanity)

Answer 60

The process whereby an object or a condition becomes defined by society as a physical or psychological illness. **think about the conceptions of childbirth and how natural and healthy birth processes lead to an "illness" that requires some sort of intervention.

Answer 61

“Lying supine [flat on your back] with legs in the air, bent and wide apart, supported by stirrups” *Originally used for surgeries involving the pelvis and lower abdomen, but evolved into being used for childbirth as well

Answer 62

Iron Bars (traps us): - Lack of personal consideration - Standardization of experiences - Expansion of biomedical systems and silencing of other conceptions of health (Midwifery) Velvet Bars (comfort us): - creates a world that is familiar, predictable, and impersonal (which some ppl like) - With childbirth, this can be seen as the mothers and doctors knowing what to expect, where the stages of labour are standardized Rubber Bars (bends us): - People can get around the system by escaping and personalizing - Ex. working with midwives in the hospital or planning for home birth

Answer 63

the average number of children per woman over her lifetime