MIDTERM 1 (Until Feb 8th) Flashcards

Question

What is the World Health Organizations definition of health?

Answer 1

"a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being"

Answer 2

1. Physical - functioning of the body - short term (ex. cold, food poisoning) and long term (ex. arthritus) illnesses - acute (severe and begin quickly) & chronic (slower to develop) **society typically thinks of physical illness when thinking of health because its easier to SEE and DIAGNOSE 2. Mental - related to ones ability to cope with the regular problems and issues that come up in one's life - what is considered "normal" mental health differs between people 3. Social - research shows that the more integrated an individual is with others and institutions in society, the more healthy they will be.

Answer 3

YES! It helps to look at both to generate a deeper understanding

Answer 4

How and why different groups of people have different health outcomes and try to find larger social solutions to health problems within a population. ex. - poorer people tend to have much worse health than richer people

Answer 5

STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALIST (sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability)

Answer 6

Idea by Talcott Parsons He was interested in how illness can disrupt the usual social cohesion that characterizes society SICK ROLE = the patterns of behaviour that a sick person adopt in order to minimize the disruptive impact of illness

Answer 7

1. We don't blame the person for being sick 2. A sick person is not held personally responsible and entitled to certain rights and privileges (exempt from normal responsibilities) 3. A sick person is expected to take steps to regain health

Answer 8

Tuberculosis (TB) * if left untreated, 50% of those people in those cases die Health sociologists argue that we also have to look at the social forces and economic factors that lead to the high rates of TB in specific areas (such as INDIA)

Answer 9

- TB is much more likely to spread in poor housing conditions (why it's so common with Indigenous communities) **think about the lecture where prof was talking about TB in residential schools because the housing and overall health conditions were so awful

Answer 10

- social class specifically has a major effect on children (more $$ can provide an environment and resources that foster good health) EXAMPLES: - live in neighbourhoods with parks - buy healthy foods - live in good housing conditions (no mold, pests, etc) - more access to medical care when wealthy

Answer 11

- people with good education tend to be in a higher social class and make more $ - education tends to improve our ability to understand health information - education increases your feelings of EFFICACY (the belief that you can change what's around you)

Answer 12

- racism and discrimination affect the life experiences of visible minorities and Indigenous peoples in Canada - ethnicity and health relationships are shaped by social class (minorities tend to have lower earnings and wealth than white Canadians --> therefore effecting health outcomes)

Answer 13

1. poor housing conditions (specifically on reserves) 2. Access to safe and clean water 3. more likely to live in rural communities, limiting access to healthcare

Answer 14

Society socializes boys and girls in different ways (ex. "boys will be boys", "it's normal for boys to be aggressive" and "MAN UP") This risk taking behaviour leads boys to be: - 3x more likely to die from accidents - 4x more likely to die from suicide - 5x more likely to die from homocide

Answer 15

LIVE LONGER and REPORT POORER **women have higher rates of acute and non-fatal chronic conditions

Answer 16

1. Negative treatment (insults by health professionals) 2. Innapropriate language 3. Refusal of care **1/3 of trans people in Ontario say that their health needs are not met (specifically for the reasons above)

Answer 17

a BMI of more than 30.0

Answer 18

It's now common for people with less education to be overweight than those with higher education

Answer 19

1. Modern society tends to be very sedentary (little movement during day) 2. More technology = less reason to leave house 3. Modern society is characterized of being rushed

Answer 20

Where the government owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most doctors Britain & Sweden

Answer 21

**CANADA Where the government pays docs and hospitals for the services they provide according to a schedule of frees set annually by govs. Diff from the socialized medicine system because Canadian doctors are PRIVATE practitioners paid on a fee-per-service basis The health care system is national, but actually the provincial government sets standards and administer health care within the provinces

Answer 22

1. Universality (covers all Canadians) 2. Accessibility 3. Portability 4. Comprehensive coverage (must cover all necessary services) 5. Public administration (public body operates the system on a not-for-profit basis)

Answer 23

Critics say it doesn't fully live up to the 5 standards it sets ex. doesn't cover dental, drugs, ambulance transport, private hospital beds

Answer 24

"the decisions and actions that are undertaken to achieve specific health care goals" **basically just a policy aimed at improving the health of the population overall

Answer 25

SEMI-DEMOGRAPHIC ex . race, class, gender, etc.

Answer 26

It's dominated with stories of young, white, and middle-class people who have "succumbed" to opioid overdose EVEN THOUGH Indigenous people are 3x more likely to die from overdose than non-indigenous people but they are never represented in the media

Answer 27

"a mental or physical condition that limits a person's daily activities and restricts what they can do"

Answer 28

an approach that focuses on the individual and their abilities rather than limitations. ex. Say "people who are blind" > "blind people"

Answer 29

the term for discrimination against people who have a cognitive or physical disability on the basis of stereotypes about their limitations.

Answer 30

1. Physical barriers (ex. accessing hospitals) 2. Attitudinal barriers (ex. prejudicial attitudes from medical professionals) 3. Expertise barriers (ex. doctors not trained to handle specific challenges that people with disabilities face) 4. Systemic barriers (how the system defines disability and allocates resources to help those with disabilities)

Answer 31

The constitutional recognition of the rights of people with disabilities in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1981 **because of this, it is illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities

Answer 32

a convention signed by most countries around the world that set out a list of rights that people with disabilities have and how the states should work to protect their rights.

Answer 33

Based on the idea of pluralism, support for having various cultural or ethnic groups in a society; the belief that conflict is a central feature of societies and that ethnicity is an essential aspect of individual identity and group behaviour.

Answer 34

- focused on the management, not the elimination, of racial and ethnic conflict. - It pledges federal assistance in “bringing about equal access and participation for all Canadians in the economic, social, cultural and political life of the nation.”

Answer 35

Coined by JOHN PORTER term that he used to describe Canadian society that contains: 1. different ethnic, language, regional, and religious groups 2. that have unequal levels of status and power. **Porter wanted to examine the ways that ethnicity can shape the power of certain groups.

Answer 36

A group of people united based on shared language, ethnicity, or history

Answer 37

A group of people who share a physical territory and government.

Answer 38

Yes of course! Canada has a common territory made up of a diverse set of peoples from a variety of language, cultural, and ethnic groups.

Answer 39

Benedict Anderson Anderson’s term to describe members of a nation feeling a sense of community even though they will never know most of their fellow citizens. **This idea highlights the ways that nations, like racial and ethnic groups, are socially constructed.

Answer 40

Race = a social distinction based on perceived physical or biological characteristics (ex. hair texture, eye colour, nose shape, etc.) VS. Ethnicity = the shared language, religion, customs and history of a particular group.

Answer 41

1. Internalized (racism lies within individuals + prejudice) ^^this can apply to having negative beliefs about yourself based on race or beliefs of privilege 2. Interpersonal (racism occurs between individuals) ^^when discrimination occurs (prejudice in action!) 3. Institutional (racism occurs within institutions and systems of power) 4. Structural (racism is racial bias among institutions and across society)

Answer 42

the theory that some sort of "essential" element makes a person part of a particular race or ethnic group

Answer 43

KINSHIP = members of an ethnic or racial group feel they share characteristics, origins, or sometimes even blood relationships

Answer 44

because essentialism views race and ethnicity as fixed and permanent, it cannot account for the ways our ideas of different ethnic groups or races have changed (ex. how what is considered white today includes people from Greece and Eastern Europe)

Answer 45

1. All of humanity is 99.9% genetically similar 2. Within-group variation is much larger than between-group variation (ex. someone may be categorized as "black" but have lighter skin than a person who is categorized as "white")

Answer 46

Coined by Mary C. Walters a term for the individualistic type of ethnicity that some people can adopt with little social cost ^^in this way, white people can celebrate Oktoberfesr or St. Patricks Dat but can ignore the other ethnic holidays and traditions --> visible minorities don't have this privilege as they have no control over the ethnic labels assigned to them

Answer 47

a systematic collection and recording of data conducted by governments about the people living within their borders. (e.g. counts the population of the country) *Canada does a census every 5 years

Answer 48

Berger & Luckman

Answer 49

1. people categorize experience and then act on the basis of the classifications that are associated with that experience 2. they eventually forget the social origins of the categories and see them as natural and unchangeable

Answer 50

If we define a situation as real, it is real in it's consequences Ex. ghosts are not real, but when a child cannot sleep because he's worried about ghosts, they have REAL consequences

Answer 51

Coined by Peggy McIntosh defined as an unseen collection of unlearned assets that white people use in their daily lives but about which they are expected to remain oblivious

Answer 52

Asian and Muslim populations

Answer 53

- Canada wrote a report outlining 30 recommendations for acting against systemic racism & religious discrimination ^^ however only 2 recommendations were mentioned on islamophobia specifically :( - Declared January 29th as a national day of remembrance for victims of the mosque shooting

Answer 54

1. racism 2. immigration system

Answer 55

FN people make $15,000 less than White Canadians per year

Answer 56

Nearly 83%

Answer 57

a term of ethnicity that refers to the Indigenous people in what is now Canada who are NEITHER Metis nor Inuit

Answer 58

about 5% of the Canadian population

Answer 59

Not until 1960 Later than any other racial group in the country *Not until 1969 for provincial elections in Quebec

Answer 60

Status First Nations children living on reserve (53% poverty rate)

Answer 61

means being registered under the Indian Act which makes a person eligible for benefits, rights, programs + services

Answer 62

a negative ATTITUDE towards someone based soley on their membership in a group ex. disliking someone bc theyre poor, female, Korean, etc. *can lead to discrimination a lot of the time

Answer 63

the unfair TREATMENT of an individual based on his actual or perceived membership in a certain group or category

Answer 64

** coined by Adorno a term for a personality that is more likely to develop prejudicial attitudes people with this type of personality tend to see the world in terms of good and evil and strictly follow rules and orders.

Answer 65

He was one of the first social scientists to examine how SOCIAL CONTEXT shapes people's attitudes, particularly prejudice

Answer 66

** based off of the work of Bobo! the theory that prejudice originates from social groups competing over valued resources or opportunities. ex. if there is a limited # of good jobs, spaces in unis or neighbourhoods, many groups would compete for access over them.

Answer 67

Coined by Allport theory that states that increasing contact between antagonistic groups can reduce prejudice, lead to a growing recognition of similarities, and alter stereotypes about the other group.

Answer 68

1. social context is very important for the creating and reducing of prejudice 2. the study lends some support to realistic conflict theory 3. contact between groups is NOT enough to reduce conflict or prejudice (co-operation is tho)

Answer 69

Created by Kimberle Crenshaw and Derrick Bell in the 1980's

Answer 70

1. racism is an "ordinary", not unusual, part of society 2. many people benefit from racial hierarchies 3. race is based on socially constructed categories 4. race is fundamentally intersectional

Answer 71

1. economic (skilled workers, entrepreneurs, etc) 2. family class 3. refugees

Answer 72

For 2 consecutive years, Canada had the highest rates of refugee resettlement in the world **14.2% of all immigrants in Canada are refugees

Answer 73

private sponsorships by groups of 5+ average Canadian citizens/perm residents who live in the expected community of settlement and arrange to sponsor a refugee.

Answer 74

a subfield of sociology focused on HUMAN INTERACTIONS WITH ENVIRONMENT, and how human activities and institutions can shape, transform and protect this natural environment

Answer 75

a system of power that produces and maintains the repression and genocide of Indigenous Peoples, cultures, and institutions in a settler society it essentially adds a layer of institutional violence that contributes to environmental injustices faced by Indigenous Peoples **Canada is a settler colonial state

Answer 76

Benjamin Chavis - he coined it in 1982 as a civil rights activist environmental racism = a form of systemic racism whereby communities that are poor, politically marginalized, +/or racial minority/Indigenous suffer a higher likelihood of HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO HAZARDOUS POLLUTANTS. ^ these communities have disproportionate health risks due to regulations, polices, etc. that force them to reside in highly toxic regions.

Answer 77

the roots of the climate crisis lead back to the European model and enlightenment idea that humans are separate from nature and should seek to dominate nature. *this logic has been used to justify human exploitation (slavery) and the domination over Indigenous Peoples

Answer 78

global warming creates further risk and uncertainty for Inuit (including food insecurity) as ice and water patterns change along with animal and human movement patterns.

Answer 79

61 Indigenous reserves

Answer 80

a framework examining how an unequal distribution of certain environmental nuisances burden populations who already face multiple forms of oppression

Answer 81

Yes there is Hotter/drier conditions allow fires to spread more widely

Answer 82

6-7 MILLION

Answer 83

Increased from 0.8 - 1.2 degrees celcius 0.4 degree change!

Answer 84

About 1.4 million people die annually these preventable illnesses are associated with pathogen-polluted drinking water + inadequate sanitation

Answer 85

Human trafficking rises in areas where the natural environment is under stress they have also found links between gender-based violence and environmental crimes (such as wildlife poaching and illegal resource extraction)

Answer 86

9% Exposure to hazardous air pollutants contributes to COVID-19 mortality in the US

Answer 87

Mostly due to reduced driving ** greenhouse gas emissions fell 10 - 30% at the time

Answer 88

the mass slowdown of human activity in response to the COVID pandemic

Answer 89

Electricity increased a lot during COVID (air conditioning, zoom, netflix, etc.)

Answer 90

that we live in a world in which 1. human population and increased density & 2. increased globalization of travel and trade ... act together with climate change to produce a disease crisis that threatens technological humanity

Answer 91

1. it only applied to white-collar jobs in "developed" nations 2. People will switch from public transit to private cars to avoid covid exposure 3. those who can, will move further from city centres long term, and then travel to city for work ***HOWEVER, remember that these temporary shifts will not change the warming trajectory

Answer 92

initiative to take climate action and to base their covid recovery plans with avoiding fossil fuels and innovating in LOW-CARBON RESILIENT SOLUTIONS

Answer 93

Putting pressure on politicians and decision makers

Answer 94

Gross domestic product - measures the monetary value of final goods and services produced in a country in a given period of time Overall, wealthier countries (higher GDP) are correlated with higher life expectancies due to increased amounts of health care resources and higher quality of life resources in general. **However, wealthy countries with a larger wealth gap appear to have lower life expectancies than wealthy countries with a smaller wealth gap due to the stress associated with poverty.

Answer 95

1. Social Inequality 2. the role of social institutions 3. the study of social change.

Answer 96

Experiments that intentionally break a social rule or norm in order to reveal the common work done by individuals to maintain social order in day-to-day life. **developed by Garfinkel ex. in one of his experiments, he instructed his students to act as guests in their parents’ homes during their holiday visit. By behaving like strangers, the students undermined the expectations of how children should act toward their parents.

Answer 97

1. the family 2. education 3. religion 4. the economy 5. government. ***Other institutions, such as the media, medicine, science, and the military, are also important parts of Canadian society.

Answer 98

the process of religion losing its authority over individuals and social life in general. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Émile Durkheim, all argued that the modernization of society would ultimately involve a decline in religiosity. - Karl Marx was happy about this shift (he thought religion was just something to numb our pain) - Durkheim was not as pleased with the decline, thought religion was important that holds individuals together in society. - Weber focused on how new rational systems (ex. science and bureaucracies) would make religious answers to our questions less relevant.

Answer 99

Benefits: - Provides standardized ways of doing things which means that our actions will be regularized, patterned and reproduced. - Helps our society run smoothly. - Socializing us and teaching us rules of our society. Drawbacks: - Maintain and reinforce inequality. - Standardized methods become routines, they can reinforce differences between people.

Answer 100

Intergration is how much people participates in communities. Regulation is how people are control and react to the laws being set.

Answer 101

The propensity of individuals to make friendships and other social ties with people who share their characteristics, such as race, class, or religious beliefs.

Answer 102

"damage-centered" research operates from a theory of change that establishes harm or injury in order to be able to fix the very problem they caused. Damage-centered research effects Indigenous communities because it results in Indigenous people seeing themselves as damaged. The result is the same: we understand Indigenous communities and people to be broken, needing to be fixed.

Answer 103

The larger social factors that shape the kind of lives we lead and the health of those lives. - They include the conditions in which we are born and raised as well as where we live and work. - The factors are shaped by larger distributions of money and power at the local, national, and global levels.

Answer 104

POORER HEALTH It is not simply that the poor are better off in societies that are more equal. Interestingly, even rich people are healthier in equal societies. ^^ due to less crime and violence and less stress/anxiety by society in general

Answer 105

age, sex, and other genetic factors ^^they are not examples of social determinants of health which are the larger social factors that shape the kind of lives we lead and the health of those lives.

Answer 106

Japanese men who are living in America are much less connected to their personal culture than Japanese men living in Japan. ^^This impacts one's health, showing that when an individual is less integrated in their community, they are less happy, resulting in having less fruitful personal health.

Answer 107

a term used to describe the phenomenon whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged.

Answer 108

The neo-colonial discourse depicts Indigenous peoples as people who have drug issues, therefore high rates of poverty, unemployment and mental health issues. In reality it is a colonial world that has caused this level of drug abuse, not the personal failings of the community.

Answer 109

Today the media claims that “customers bought pure fentanyl and other dangerous drugs online directly from Chinese factories, and inexperienced users would overdose because they didn't realise the potency of the opioids”. Placing the blame outwards other than on the drug user themselves, this is similar to the 1920s racism in opium discourse as White middle-class society believed that Chinese Canadians were preying on White youth, turning them into drug users.

Answer 110

women and disabled people have all been relegated to the private sphere, AWAY FROM THE PUBLIC EYE Wendall makes the connection between feminist and disability scholarship when discussing physical ‘imperfections’ of disability (ex. that being disabled can “spoil” a woman, making her seem unattractive) ^^ Emphasizes the social construction of gender, viewing women as only worthy if they are the standard of beauty

Answer 111

The pace of life in a society is generally suited for the non-disabled. Those with a disability become viewed as “slow” if they are unable to meet up with the general pace that society moves in.

Answer 112

She suggests that society deconstructs disability, rather than hoping that everything will be “curable” in the end. She believes that a society should be designed for the “widest practical range of human abilities.”

Answer 113

Impairment: the term used to refer to medical conditions, or differences from normal bodily or cognitive functioning Disability: disadvantages or restrictions of activity caused by contemporary social arrangements. Also includes social reactions to impairment (experiences of discrimination, oppression, social exclusion, and marginalization)

Answer 114

Corntassel critiques reconciliation with the idea of how settlers have legitimized the idea of reconciliation in communities. Argues how reconciliation without meaningful restitution merely reinforces the status quo without holding anyone accountable for the ongoing injustices of Indigenous peoples. also brings up how the Truth and reconciliation commission use the word reconciliation in hopes of appealing to Indigenous people.

Answer 115

Acts of resurgence may involve a personal vow only to eat food that has been hunted, ﬁshed, or grown by Indigenous peoples, and/or speaking one’s language to family members or in social media groups, or even growing traditional foods in your own backyard.

Answer 116

The politics of distraction “diverts our energy and attention away from community resurgence and frames community relationships in state-centric terms”. They are used by colonial groups to separate indigenous people from their traditional lands, cultures, and communities. They manifest via rights, reconciliations, and resources.