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PMCOL 343 > Midterm 2 Drugs > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Verapamil

A

Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat angina, hypertension and supraventricular arrhythmias (class IV anti-arrhythmic drug)

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2
Q

Diltiazem

A

Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat angina, hypertension and supraventricular arrhythmias (class IV anti-arrhythmic drug)

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3
Q

Nifedipine

A

Dihydropyridine
Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat hypertension and angina

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4
Q

Thapsigargin

A

Inhibits the SERCA pump

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5
Q

Ryanodine

A

Alkaloid
Activates the ryanodine receptor at low doses (nM concentrations)
Inhibits the ryanodine receptor at high doses (uM concentrations)

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6
Q

Caffeine

A

Methylxanthine
Sensitizes the ryanodine receptor causing calcium release at physiological calcium concentrations

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7
Q

Dantrolene

A

Inhibits the ryanodine receptors
Used to treat malignant hyperthermia due to genetic abnormalities in the ryanodine receptor (can be precipitated by general anaesthesia)

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8
Q

Quinidine

A

Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug

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9
Q

Procainamide

A

Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug

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10
Q

Dysopyramide

A

Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug

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11
Q

Propafenone

A

Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug

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12
Q

Encainide

A

Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug

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13
Q

Flecainide

A

Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug

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14
Q

Vernakalant

A

Class I and class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Administered intravenously

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15
Q

Lidocaine

A

Class IB anti-arrhythmic drug
Blocks sodium channels in cardiac myocytes
Use-dependant effect
No effect on contractility or healthy ECG
Good for ventricular arrhythmias, not supraventricular arrhythmias

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16
Q

Propranolol

A

Class II anti-arrhythmic drug, anti-angina and anti-hypertensive
Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
Contraindicated in patients with asthma, acute heart failure or arrhythmias with AV block
Useful for treating angina after a myocardial infarction

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17
Q

Metroprolol

A

Class II anti-arrhythmic drug and anti-hypertensive
Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
Contraindicated in patients with asthma, acute heart failure or arrhythmias with AV block

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18
Q

Amiodarone

A

Class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Iodine can cause lung/liver/thyroid toxicity

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19
Q

Dronedarone

A

Class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Less iodine toxicity than amiodarone

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20
Q

Sotalol

A

Class II and III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Used in patients that cannot tolerate amiodarone

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21
Q

Terfenadine

A

An anti-histamine
Pro-drug metabolized to fexofenadine by CYP3A4
If not metabolized can cause Torsades des Pointes by blocking HERG channels

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22
Q

Terfenadine

A

An anti-histamine
Pro-drug metabolized to fexofenadine by CYP3A4
If not metabolized can cause Torsades des Pointes by blocking HERG channels

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23
Q

Digoxin

A

Cardiac glycoside
Increases parasympathetic activity in heart (indirect activity)
Slows AV conduction and decreases heart rate
Reduces edema by increasing glomerular filtration
Increases intracellular calcium by blocking the sodium potassium pump (direct activity)
Increases contractility of the ventricles
Increases automaticity and excitability of Purkinje fibers
Very narrow therapeutic index
Used to treat atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure

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24
Q

Dopamine

A

Adrenoceptor agonist
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Used to treat acute heart failure

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25
Q

Dobutamine

A

Adrenoceptor agonist
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Used to treat acute heart failure

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26
Q

Amrinone

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Increases cAMP levels
Increases contractility
Decreases peripheral resistance
Used to treat chronic heart failure
Administered orally or intravenously

27
Q

Milrinone

A

Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Increases cAMP levels
Increases contractility
Decreases peripheral resistance
Used to treat chronic heart failure
Administered orally or intravenously

28
Q

Empagliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes

29
Q

Canagliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes

30
Q

Dapagliflozin

A

SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes

31
Q

Nitroglycerine

A

Glyceryl trinitrate
Anti-angina drug also used in the emergency treatment of myocardial infarction
Decreases preload by dilating veins and reducing venous return
Decreases stroke volume and cardiac workload
Decreases afterload by dilating arterioles
Produces coronary vasodilation without coronary steal
Adverse effects include headache and tolerance

32
Q

Aspirin

A

Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA)
Used in the emergency and prophylactic treatment of myocardial infarction

33
Q

Altepase

A

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
Used in the emergency treatment of myocardial infarction

34
Q

Hydrochlorothiazide

A

Thiazide diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance

35
Q

Furosemide

A

Loop diuretic or high ceiling diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, cirrhosis, edema and nephrotic syndrome
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis and ototoxicity

36
Q

Spironolactone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics and hyperaldosteronism
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and antiandrogenic effects

37
Q

Amyl Nitrate

A

Recreational drug
Poppers
Fast acting NO donor
Dilates arterioles and veins causing hypotension and reflex tachycardia

38
Q

Captopril

A

ACE inhibitor
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Lowers preload and afterload
Adverse effects include dry cough, angioedema, taste disturbances and COVID-19 susceptibility

39
Q

Enalapril

A

ACE inhibitor
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Lowers preload and afterload
Adverse effects include dry cough, angioedema, taste disturbances and COVID-19 susceptibility

40
Q

Losartan

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors

41
Q

Candesartan

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors

42
Q

Telmisartan

A

Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors

43
Q

Hydralazine

A

Arterial vasodilator
Used in the treatment of hypertension

44
Q

Nitroprusside

A

Powerful arteriolar and venous vasodilator
Used in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies

45
Q

Fluoxetine

A

SSRI anti-depressant (Prozac)
Increases swimming behaviour in the Porsolt forced swim test

46
Q

Reboxetine

A

An NRI anti-depressant (Erndonax)
Increases climbing behaviour in the Porsolt forced swim test

47
Q

Lorazepam

A

Benzodiazepine
Anxiolytic drug
Increases time spent in open arms and decreases latency to leave closed arms in the elevated plus maze

48
Q

Yohimbine

A

α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist
Anxiogenic drug
Decreases time spent in open arms and increases latency to leave closed arms in the elevated plus maze

49
Q

Scopolamine

A

Inhibits learning and memory
Impairs performance in the Morris water maze

50
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

Inhibits learning and memory
Impairs performance in the Morris water maze

51
Q

Donezipil

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor
Stimulates memory and learning

52
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Cholinesterase inhibitor
Stimulates memory and learning

53
Q

Memantine

A

Regulates glutamate activity
Stimulates memory and learning

54
Q

Quinpirole

A

D2 receptor agonist
Used to mimic OCD in animal models

55
Q

Apomorphine

A

Non-selective DA receptor
Used to mimic schizophrenia in animal models

56
Q

Edaravone

A

Free radical scavenger used to treat strokes

57
Q

Acetazolamide

A

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Used in the treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy and high altitude related disorders
Adverse effects include metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia

58
Q

Mannitol

A

Osmotic diuretic
Used in the treatment of high intracranial pressure, cerebral edema and glaucoma
Adverse effects include diarrhea (if taken orally)

59
Q

Bumetanide

A

Loop diuretic or high ceiling diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, cirrhosis, edema and nephrotic syndrome
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis and ototoxicity

60
Q

Chlorthalidone

A

Thiazide-like diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance

61
Q

Indapamide

A

Thiazide-like diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance

62
Q

Amiloride

A

Potassium sparing diuretic
Blocks the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the cortical collecting duct
Used to treat hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia

63
Q

Eplerenone

A

Potassium sparing diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
Used in the treatment of hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics and hyperaldosteronism
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and antiandrogenic effects

64
Q

Tolvaptan

A

ADH antagonist
Used in the treatment of hyponatremia
Adverse effects include thirst and polyuria

PMCOL 343 (2 decks)

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