Midterm 2 Drugs Flashcards
Verapamil
Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat angina, hypertension and supraventricular arrhythmias (class IV anti-arrhythmic drug)
Diltiazem
Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat angina, hypertension and supraventricular arrhythmias (class IV anti-arrhythmic drug)
Nifedipine
Dihydropyridine
Blocks voltage-gated calcium channels
Used to treat hypertension and angina
Thapsigargin
Inhibits the SERCA pump
Ryanodine
Alkaloid
Activates the ryanodine receptor at low doses (nM concentrations)
Inhibits the ryanodine receptor at high doses (uM concentrations)
Caffeine
Methylxanthine
Sensitizes the ryanodine receptor causing calcium release at physiological calcium concentrations
Dantrolene
Inhibits the ryanodine receptors
Used to treat malignant hyperthermia due to genetic abnormalities in the ryanodine receptor (can be precipitated by general anaesthesia)
Quinidine
Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug
Procainamide
Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug
Dysopyramide
Class IA anti-arrhythmic drug
Propafenone
Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug
Encainide
Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug
Flecainide
Class IC anti-arrhythmic drug
Vernakalant
Class I and class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Administered intravenously
Lidocaine
Class IB anti-arrhythmic drug
Blocks sodium channels in cardiac myocytes
Use-dependant effect
No effect on contractility or healthy ECG
Good for ventricular arrhythmias, not supraventricular arrhythmias
Propranolol
Class II anti-arrhythmic drug, anti-angina and anti-hypertensive
Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
Contraindicated in patients with asthma, acute heart failure or arrhythmias with AV block
Useful for treating angina after a myocardial infarction
Metroprolol
Class II anti-arrhythmic drug and anti-hypertensive
Negative chronotropic and inotropic effects
Contraindicated in patients with asthma, acute heart failure or arrhythmias with AV block
Amiodarone
Class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Iodine can cause lung/liver/thyroid toxicity
Dronedarone
Class III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Less iodine toxicity than amiodarone
Sotalol
Class II and III anti-arrhythmic drug
Prolongs refractory period
Used in patients that cannot tolerate amiodarone
Terfenadine
An anti-histamine
Pro-drug metabolized to fexofenadine by CYP3A4
If not metabolized can cause Torsades des Pointes by blocking HERG channels
Terfenadine
An anti-histamine
Pro-drug metabolized to fexofenadine by CYP3A4
If not metabolized can cause Torsades des Pointes by blocking HERG channels
Digoxin
Cardiac glycoside
Increases parasympathetic activity in heart (indirect activity)
Slows AV conduction and decreases heart rate
Reduces edema by increasing glomerular filtration
Increases intracellular calcium by blocking the sodium potassium pump (direct activity)
Increases contractility of the ventricles
Increases automaticity and excitability of Purkinje fibers
Very narrow therapeutic index
Used to treat atrial fibrillation and chronic heart failure
Dopamine
Adrenoceptor agonist
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Used to treat acute heart failure
Dobutamine
Adrenoceptor agonist
Positive inotropic and chronotropic effects
Used to treat acute heart failure
Amrinone
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Increases cAMP levels
Increases contractility
Decreases peripheral resistance
Used to treat chronic heart failure
Administered orally or intravenously
Milrinone
Phosphodiesterase inhibitor
Increases cAMP levels
Increases contractility
Decreases peripheral resistance
Used to treat chronic heart failure
Administered orally or intravenously
Empagliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes
Canagliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes
Dapagliflozin
SGLT2 inhibitor
Protects from heart failure and sudden cardiac death
May reduce late sodium channel currents
May increase levels of circulating ketones
Also used as a diuretic and to treat type II diabetes
Nitroglycerine
Glyceryl trinitrate
Anti-angina drug also used in the emergency treatment of myocardial infarction
Decreases preload by dilating veins and reducing venous return
Decreases stroke volume and cardiac workload
Decreases afterload by dilating arterioles
Produces coronary vasodilation without coronary steal
Adverse effects include headache and tolerance
Aspirin
Acetyl salicylic acid (ASA)
Used in the emergency and prophylactic treatment of myocardial infarction
Altepase
Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)
Used in the emergency treatment of myocardial infarction
Hydrochlorothiazide
Thiazide diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance
Furosemide
Loop diuretic or high ceiling diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, cirrhosis, edema and nephrotic syndrome
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis and ototoxicity
Spironolactone
Potassium sparing diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics and hyperaldosteronism
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and antiandrogenic effects
Amyl Nitrate
Recreational drug
Poppers
Fast acting NO donor
Dilates arterioles and veins causing hypotension and reflex tachycardia
Captopril
ACE inhibitor
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Lowers preload and afterload
Adverse effects include dry cough, angioedema, taste disturbances and COVID-19 susceptibility
Enalapril
ACE inhibitor
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Lowers preload and afterload
Adverse effects include dry cough, angioedema, taste disturbances and COVID-19 susceptibility
Losartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors
Candesartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors
Telmisartan
Angiotensin receptor blocker
Used in the treatment of heart failure and hypertension
Fewer adverse effects than ACE inhibitors
Hydralazine
Arterial vasodilator
Used in the treatment of hypertension
Nitroprusside
Powerful arteriolar and venous vasodilator
Used in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies
Fluoxetine
SSRI anti-depressant (Prozac)
Increases swimming behaviour in the Porsolt forced swim test
Reboxetine
An NRI anti-depressant (Erndonax)
Increases climbing behaviour in the Porsolt forced swim test
Lorazepam
Benzodiazepine
Anxiolytic drug
Increases time spent in open arms and decreases latency to leave closed arms in the elevated plus maze
Yohimbine
α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist
Anxiogenic drug
Decreases time spent in open arms and increases latency to leave closed arms in the elevated plus maze
Scopolamine
Inhibits learning and memory
Impairs performance in the Morris water maze
Benzodiazepines
Inhibits learning and memory
Impairs performance in the Morris water maze
Donezipil
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Stimulates memory and learning
Rivastigmine
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Stimulates memory and learning
Memantine
Regulates glutamate activity
Stimulates memory and learning
Quinpirole
D2 receptor agonist
Used to mimic OCD in animal models
Apomorphine
Non-selective DA receptor
Used to mimic schizophrenia in animal models
Edaravone
Free radical scavenger used to treat strokes
Acetazolamide
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
Used in the treatment of glaucoma, epilepsy and high altitude related disorders
Adverse effects include metabolic acidosis and hypokalemia
Mannitol
Osmotic diuretic
Used in the treatment of high intracranial pressure, cerebral edema and glaucoma
Adverse effects include diarrhea (if taken orally)
Bumetanide
Loop diuretic or high ceiling diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, hypertension, cirrhosis, edema and nephrotic syndrome
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic acidosis and ototoxicity
Chlorthalidone
Thiazide-like diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance
Indapamide
Thiazide-like diuretic
Used in the treatment of heart failure, edema, kidney stones and hypertension
Adverse effects include hypokalemia, hyponatreimia, hyperuricemia and impaired glucose tolerance
Amiloride
Potassium sparing diuretic
Blocks the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in the cortical collecting duct
Used to treat hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia
Eplerenone
Potassium sparing diuretic
Aldosterone antagonist
Used in the treatment of hypokalemia caused by non-potassium sparing diuretics and hyperaldosteronism
Adverse effects include hyperkalemia, metabolic acidosis and antiandrogenic effects
Tolvaptan
ADH antagonist
Used in the treatment of hyponatremia
Adverse effects include thirst and polyuria
