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Metabolism Final > Midterm 2 Content > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Content Flashcards

1
Q

What enzyme is not in the mitochondrial matrix in the Krebs cycle?

A

succinate dehydrogenase, bound to inner mitochondrial membrane

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2
Q

How many NADH and FADH2 yielded in Krebs?

A

3 NADH + H+ and 1 FADH2

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3
Q

Three irreversible reactions in Krebs

A

oxaloacetate–> citrate
isocitrate –> alpha-KTG
alpha-KTG–> succinyl CoA

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4
Q

What inhibits PFK in the liver?

A

excess citrate

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5
Q

anaplerosis

A

act of “filling in the gaps” to replenish diminished levels of metabolic intermediates

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6
Q

3 anaplerotic reactions in Krebs

A
  1. pyruvate –> oxaloacetate
  2. PEP –>oxaloacetate
  3. pyruvate –> malate
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7
Q

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 will be used in oxidation of H2O into O2 T/F?

A

false, reduction of O2 into H2O

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8
Q

What drives ATP synthesis

A

proton gradient and reduction of O2

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9
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2 are oxidized in the mitochondrial matrix while free energy from electron transfer will phosphorylate ADP using Pi

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10
Q

Where are ETC complexes located?

A

embedded within the inner mitochondrial membrane

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11
Q

What elements carry electrons in ETC?

A

FAD, FMN, ubiquinone, iron sulfur centers, cytochromes

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12
Q

How many protons and electrons can (Q) ubiquinone accept?

A

2 protons and 2 electrons one of each at a time

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13
Q

How many electrons does Fe3+ accept?

A

1 to generate Fe2+, and pass it along the chain

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14
Q

How many electrons do cytochromes accept or donate?

A

1 electron associated with outer orbitals of iron atom

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15
Q

Prosthetic groups and activity of Complex 1

A

NADH dehydrogenase

FMN and Fe-S complexes

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16
Q

Prosthetic groups and activity of Complex 2

A

succinate dehydrogenase

FAD, Fe-S

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17
Q

Prosthetic groups and activity of Complex 3

A

ubiquinone: cytochrome c oxidoreductase

Heme, Fe-S complexes

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18
Q

Prosthetic groups and activity of Complex 4

A

cytochrome oxidase

Hemes, copper binuclear centers (2!)

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19
Q

How many H+ removed by complex 1?

A

4

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20
Q

How many H+ removed by complex 2?

A

0

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21
Q

How many H+ removed by complex 3?

A

4

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22
Q

How many H+ removed by complex 4?

A

2

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23
Q

proton motive force (PMF)

A

imbalance of charge between matrix and inter membrane space. electrical gradient and chemical imbalance. High H+ in inter membrane space creates PMF

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24
Q

NADH and H+ yields how many H+?

A

10

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25
Q

FADH2 yields how many H+?

A

6

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26
Q

Every 4 H+ yields how many ATP?

A

1

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27
Q

How does ATP/ADP shuttle between matrix and elsewhere?

A

ATP-ADP translocate, antiport

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28
Q

What happens when ATP synthesis is disrupted (uncoupled)?

A

heat is generated.

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29
Q

Physiological uncoupling

A

brown adipose tissue. proton gradient disrupted by uncoupling protein-1 (thermogenin)

30
Q

Chemical uncoupling

A

DNP, drug for weight loss, punched holes in the inner mitochondrial membrane disrupting the proton gradient

31
Q

PDH makes how many ATP?

A

5

32
Q

Krebs makes how many ATP?

A

20

33
Q

Glycolysis makes how many ATP?

A

2 (+3 or +5)

34
Q

NADH formed during glycolysis goes into what shuttles?

A

malate aspartate shuttle

glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle

35
Q

In malate aspartate shuttle what has to transport oxaloacetate and NADH?

A

malate

36
Q

How many ATP from malate aspartate shuttle?

A

5

37
Q

How many ATP from glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle?

A

3

38
Q

What inhibits cytochrome oxidase?

A

cyanide and carbon monoxide

39
Q

What uncouples phosphorylation from ET?

A

DNP and uncoupling protein 1

40
Q

Starting and end material for fatty acids?

A

acetyl-CoA

41
Q

What delivers fatty acids to tissues?

A

albumin

42
Q

Where does glycerol broken down form TAGs go?

A

glycolysis or gluconeogenesis!

43
Q

Fatty acid degradation (lipolysis)

A

FA–> acyl CoA –> transfer to inner mitochondrial membrane –> four enzymes break to CoA-2 and acetyl CoA

44
Q

When linked to carnitine, how do long chain fatty acids enter inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

carnitine acyltransferase I

45
Q

Step 1 FA oxidation

A

oxidation of beta carbon by acyl CoA dehydrogenase generating CoA and FADH2

46
Q

Step 2 FA oxidation

A

hydration of CoA by enol CoA hydratase generating L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA

47
Q

Step 3 FA oxidation

A

oxidation of L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA by L-3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase to generate 3-keotacyl CoA and NADH

48
Q

Step 4 FA oxidation

A

cleavage of 3-ketoacyl CoA by beta-ketothiolase to generate acetyl CoA and FA chain 2 carbons shorter

49
Q

How many bonds break in degradation in palmitate (16 C)?

A

7

50
Q

How many acetyl CoA will be formed ?

A

8

51
Q

How many molecules of ATP formed by oxidation of palmitate?

A

106 net. 108 total but uses 2

52
Q

Where does ketone body synthesis take place?

A

liver

53
Q

What intermediate in ketone body synthesis is used in cholesterol synthesis?

A

3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl CoA

54
Q

For FA synthesis, what is the carrier for the acetyl groups from mitchondria to cytoplasm?

A

citrate

55
Q

What is the enzyme that produces acetyl CoA from citrate?

A

ATP-citrate lyase

56
Q

Where does oxaloacetate formed from citrate shuttle go?

A

Krebs cycle

57
Q

What does citrate get turned into in the cytoplasm?

A

malonyl CoA

58
Q

What is the rate limiting enzyme of FA synthesis?

A

acetyl CoA carboxylase, BIOTON REQURING

59
Q

Fatty acid synthesis enzyme

A

fatty acid synthase

60
Q

What is used as an electron donor in FA synthesis?

A

NADPH

61
Q

At the end how many of __ in FA synthesis?

A

acetyl CoA: 8
ATP: 7
NADPH: 14

62
Q

What is the precursor for TAGs and phospholipids?

A

phosphatidate

63
Q

Phosphatidate + acyl CoA=

A

TAGs (Liver ER)

64
Q

Phosphatidate + alcohol =

A

phospholipids (ER)

65
Q

1st step of cholesterol synthesis

A

acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA to for 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA (cytosol)

66
Q

Rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis

A

HMG CoA reductase to form mevalonate

67
Q

How do phospholipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters transport?

A

packaged into lipoproteins

68
Q

What form of cholesterol is stored in the body

A

cholesteryl esters

69
Q

What is most important mechanism in managing heart disease?

A

controlling LDL

70
Q
A

Metabolism Final (3 decks)

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