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Metabolism Final > Midterm 1 Content > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Content Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of precursor into smaller, simpler products.. release energy (convergent)

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2
Q

anabolism

A

small, simple precursors built into larger products .. requires energy (divergent)

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3
Q

Is ATP a storage molecule?

A

No. Broken down at high rates

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4
Q

The use of ATP is has a delta G of ?

A

-30.5 kJ/mol

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5
Q

zymogen

A

precursor to enzyme

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6
Q

trypsinogen

A

zymogen that activates trypsin

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7
Q

secretin

A

releases sodium bicarb which neutralizes stomach acid

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8
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and secretion of bile salts from gallbladder

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9
Q

How can GERD be treated?

A

inhibitors of H+-K+ ATPase , omeprazole

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10
Q

What specific proteins are in gluten that are resistant to digestion in Celiac?

A

proline and glutamine

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11
Q

What breaks alpha 1,4 bonds on starch?

A

alpha- Amylase

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12
Q

lipoprotein transport particles

A

chylomicrons

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13
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed?

A

intestinal cells

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14
Q

The more reduced a carbon atom is, the more free energy is released upon oxidation T/F?

A

true

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15
Q

Biological reactions of reduction and oxidation are ___?

A

coupled

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16
Q

What vitamin is apart of CoA structure?

A

Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid

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17
Q

What vitamin is apart of FAD structure?

A

B2, riboflavin

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18
Q

What vitamin is apart of NAD+ structure?

A

B3, nicotinic acid

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19
Q

What vitamin is also known as biotin?

A

B7

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20
Q

Glycolysis delta G

A

-77 kJ/mol, will never go backwards

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21
Q

What do kinases in glycolysis require?

A

Mg2+

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22
Q

Why is step 1 in glycolysis irreversible?

A

glucose can leave a cell but glucose 6-phosphate cannot, so trapped in the cell

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23
Q

How many GAPs are formed from 1 F-1,6-BP?

A

2

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24
Q

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

A

ethanol, lactate, further oxidation

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25
Warburg effect
cancer cells carry out anaerobic glycolysis even if O2 levels are abundant. Cancer cells uptake FDG more rapidly than non-cancer cells bc rate of anaerobic glycolysis is so rapid. FDG is phosphorylated by hexokinase to 6-phospho-FDG
26
What is PFK inhibited by in the liver?
excess citrate
27
What is PFK activated by in the liver?
F2,6 BP (F2,6BP is generated by PFK2 in excess of F-6P)
28
PFK directly inhibits hexokinase when there is an accumulation of F-6P
False, INDIRECTLY inhibits
29
GLUT2 function
found in liver, pancreatic islet cells, intestine, kidneys. Removes excess glucose and regulates insulin release. Has high Kt value of 17mM and is never saturated
30
GLUT4 function
found in muscle, adipose, and heart. In fed state responds to insulin to stimulate glucose uptake. In fasted state, increases lipolysis. Kt value of 5mM and works at Vmax
31
GLUT5 function
found in intestine, testis, and kidney. Regulates fructose transport Kt is 6mM
32
Insulin independent?
GLUT2
33
Insulin dependent?
GLUT4
34
Gluconeogenesis
non-carbohydrate precursors to carbohydrates. important during fasting or starvation
35
2 sites of gluconeogenesis in mammals
1. liver 2. kidney cortex
36
Where does conversion of pyruvate to lactate occur?
liver
37
1st step of gluconeogenesis
pyruvate --> oxaloacetate --> PEP - oxaloacetate --> malate (mitochondria) - malate --> oxaloacetate (cytosol)
38
What coenzyme does pyruvate carboxylase use?
biotin
39
Where does gluconeogenesis occur?
cytoplasm
40
Irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis
1. pyruvate carboxylase 2. fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase 3. glucose 6-phosphatase
41
Where does conversion of glucose 6-phosphate --> glucose occur?
lumen of ER of liver bc glucose 6-phosphatase on inner surface of ER
42
F-2,6- BP is high in fasted state T/F?
False
43
F-2,6- BP stimulates and inhibits ..?
stimulates: PFK-1 inhibits: F-1,6- BP
44
Cori cycle
conversion of lactate into glucose in liver after heavy muscle work
45
What is core of glycogen?
glycogenin
46
glycogen phosphorlyase
degrades glycogen from alpha-1,4 (nonreducing ends)
47
debranching enzyme
cleaves alpha-1,6 bond at branch point
48
allosteric factors regulating glycogen phosphorylase
epinephrine, glucagon, insulin
49
Diff between liver and muscle for glycogen degradation
liver maintains glucose homeostasis for entire body while muscle uses glucose to produce energy for itself
50
It is clear that glycogen depletion is an actual cause of fatigue T/F?
False
51
What is the monomer that is used to extend glycogen chain in synthesis?
UDP-glucose= activated form of glucose bc will donate glucose
52
Key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis
glycogen synthase= transfers glucose from UDP glucose to form alpha-1,4 bond
53
What forms alpha-1,6 linkages?
branching enzyme. Takes block of 7 glucoses and synthesizes an alpha-1,6 linkage
54
How many molecules of ATP are required to incorporate dietary glucose into glycogen?
2 ATP. Yields 31 molecules of ATP
55
What inhibits glycogen synthesis?
glucagon and epinephrine
56
What stimulates glycogen synthesis?
insulin. By transduction pathway and increase GLUT4 transporters
57
Pyruvate transport is a symporter T/F?
true. transports pyruvate and H+ into mitochondrial matrix
58
E1 of PDH complex
thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)
59
E2 of PDH complex
lipoic acid
60
E3 of PDH complex
FAD
61
What does PDH complex produce?
CoA, NADH + H+, CO2
62
How do arsenic and mercury act?
target reduced lypollysine in E2 by associating with its sulfhydryl groups
63
Arsenite comes from?
natural mineral in mines and chemotherapeutic agent
64
Mercury comes from?
thermometers, soften and shape fur for hats

Metabolism Final (3 decks)

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