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Metabolism Final > Midterm 1 Content > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Content Flashcards

1
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of precursor into smaller, simpler products.. release energy (convergent)

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2
Q

anabolism

A

small, simple precursors built into larger products .. requires energy (divergent)

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3
Q

Is ATP a storage molecule?

A

No. Broken down at high rates

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4
Q

The use of ATP is has a delta G of ?

A

-30.5 kJ/mol

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5
Q

zymogen

A

precursor to enzyme

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6
Q

trypsinogen

A

zymogen that activates trypsin

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7
Q

secretin

A

releases sodium bicarb which neutralizes stomach acid

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8
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from pancreas and secretion of bile salts from gallbladder

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9
Q

How can GERD be treated?

A

inhibitors of H+-K+ ATPase , omeprazole

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10
Q

What specific proteins are in gluten that are resistant to digestion in Celiac?

A

proline and glutamine

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11
Q

What breaks alpha 1,4 bonds on starch?

A

alpha- Amylase

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12
Q

lipoprotein transport particles

A

chylomicrons

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13
Q

Where are chylomicrons formed?

A

intestinal cells

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14
Q

The more reduced a carbon atom is, the more free energy is released upon oxidation T/F?

A

true

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15
Q

Biological reactions of reduction and oxidation are ___?

A

coupled

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16
Q

What vitamin is apart of CoA structure?

A

Vitamin B5, pantothenic acid

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17
Q

What vitamin is apart of FAD structure?

A

B2, riboflavin

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18
Q

What vitamin is apart of NAD+ structure?

A

B3, nicotinic acid

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19
Q

What vitamin is also known as biotin?

A

B7

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20
Q

Glycolysis delta G

A

-77 kJ/mol, will never go backwards

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21
Q

What do kinases in glycolysis require?

A

Mg2+

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22
Q

Why is step 1 in glycolysis irreversible?

A

glucose can leave a cell but glucose 6-phosphate cannot, so trapped in the cell

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23
Q

How many GAPs are formed from 1 F-1,6-BP?

A

2

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24
Q

What are the 3 fates of pyruvate?

A

ethanol, lactate, further oxidation

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25
Q

Warburg effect

A

cancer cells carry out anaerobic glycolysis even if O2 levels are abundant. Cancer cells uptake FDG more rapidly than non-cancer cells bc rate of anaerobic glycolysis is so rapid. FDG is phosphorylated by hexokinase to 6-phospho-FDG

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26
Q

What is PFK inhibited by in the liver?

A

excess citrate

27
Q

What is PFK activated by in the liver?

A

F2,6 BP (F2,6BP is generated by PFK2 in excess of F-6P)

28
Q

PFK directly inhibits hexokinase when there is an accumulation of F-6P

A

False, INDIRECTLY inhibits

29
Q

GLUT2 function

A

found in liver, pancreatic islet cells, intestine, kidneys. Removes excess glucose and regulates insulin release. Has high Kt value of 17mM and is never saturated

30
Q

GLUT4 function

A

found in muscle, adipose, and heart. In fed state responds to insulin to stimulate glucose uptake. In fasted state, increases lipolysis. Kt value of 5mM and works at Vmax

31
Q

GLUT5 function

A

found in intestine, testis, and kidney. Regulates fructose transport Kt is 6mM

32
Q

Insulin independent?

A

GLUT2

33
Q

Insulin dependent?

A

GLUT4

34
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

non-carbohydrate precursors to carbohydrates. important during fasting or starvation

35
Q

2 sites of gluconeogenesis in mammals

A
  1. liver
  2. kidney cortex
36
Q

Where does conversion of pyruvate to lactate occur?

A

liver

37
Q

1st step of gluconeogenesis

A

pyruvate –> oxaloacetate –> PEP
- oxaloacetate –> malate (mitochondria)
- malate –> oxaloacetate (cytosol)

38
Q

What coenzyme does pyruvate carboxylase use?

A

biotin

39
Q

Where does gluconeogenesis occur?

A

cytoplasm

40
Q

Irreversible enzymes of gluconeogenesis

A
  1. pyruvate carboxylase
  2. fructose 1,6- bisphosphatase
  3. glucose 6-phosphatase
41
Q

Where does conversion of glucose 6-phosphate –> glucose occur?

A

lumen of ER of liver bc glucose 6-phosphatase on inner surface of ER

42
Q

F-2,6- BP is high in fasted state T/F?

A

False

43
Q

F-2,6- BP stimulates and inhibits ..?

A

stimulates: PFK-1
inhibits: F-1,6- BP

44
Q

Cori cycle

A

conversion of lactate into glucose in liver after heavy muscle work

45
Q

What is core of glycogen?

A

glycogenin

46
Q

glycogen phosphorlyase

A

degrades glycogen from alpha-1,4 (nonreducing ends)

47
Q

debranching enzyme

A

cleaves alpha-1,6 bond at branch point

48
Q

allosteric factors regulating glycogen phosphorylase

A

epinephrine, glucagon, insulin

49
Q

Diff between liver and muscle for glycogen degradation

A

liver maintains glucose homeostasis for entire body while muscle uses glucose to produce energy for itself

50
Q

It is clear that glycogen depletion is an actual cause of fatigue T/F?

A

False

51
Q

What is the monomer that is used to extend glycogen chain in synthesis?

A

UDP-glucose= activated form of glucose bc will donate glucose

52
Q

Key regulatory enzyme in glycogen synthesis

A

glycogen synthase= transfers glucose from UDP glucose to form alpha-1,4 bond

53
Q

What forms alpha-1,6 linkages?

A

branching enzyme. Takes block of 7 glucoses and synthesizes an alpha-1,6 linkage

54
Q

How many molecules of ATP are required to incorporate dietary glucose into glycogen?

A

2 ATP. Yields 31 molecules of ATP

55
Q

What inhibits glycogen synthesis?

A

glucagon and epinephrine

56
Q

What stimulates glycogen synthesis?

A

insulin. By transduction pathway and increase GLUT4 transporters

57
Q

Pyruvate transport is a symporter T/F?

A

true. transports pyruvate and H+ into mitochondrial matrix

58
Q

E1 of PDH complex

A

thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)

59
Q

E2 of PDH complex

A

lipoic acid

60
Q

E3 of PDH complex

A

FAD

61
Q

What does PDH complex produce?

A

CoA, NADH + H+, CO2

62
Q

How do arsenic and mercury act?

A

target reduced lypollysine in E2 by associating with its sulfhydryl groups

63
Q

Arsenite comes from?

A

natural mineral in mines and chemotherapeutic agent

64
Q

Mercury comes from?

A

thermometers, soften and shape fur for hats

Metabolism Final (3 decks)

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