Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KINE 481 > Midterm 2: Chapters 6 and 8 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: Chapters 6 and 8 Flashcards

1
Q

the cardiovascular system: what are the major functions?

A
  • delivers o2, nutrients
  • removes co2, other wastes
  • transports hormones, other molecules
  • temperature balance and fluid regulation
  • acid-base balance
  • immune function
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the cardiovascular system: what are the three major circulatory elements?

A
  1. a pump (heart)
  2. channels or tubes (blood vessels)
  3. a fluid medium (blood)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_____ grenerates pressure to drive blood through vessels.

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

_____ must meet metabolic demands.

A

blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does the blood flow through the heart?

A

from superior/inferior vena cavae -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs -> pulmonary veins -> LA -> mitral valve -> LV -> aortic valve -> aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

right side of the heart is the ?

A

pulmonary circulation

pumps deoxygenated blood from body to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

left side of the heart is the?

A

systemic circulation

pumps oxygenated blood from lungs to body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

myocardium itself needs blood and blood comes from?

A
  • right coronary artery supplies right side of heart

- left (main) coronary artery supplies left side of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

whenever you refer to myocardium you are referring to the ?

A

heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

myocardium: _____ muscle

A

cardiac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are some left ventricle (LV) characteristics?

A
  • must pump blood to entire body
  • thickest walls (hypertrophy)
  • LV hypertrophies with exercise and with disease
  • but exercise adaptations versus disease adaptations very different
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

skeletal muscle cells are?

A
  • large, long, unbranched, multinucleated
  • intermittent, voluntary contractions
  • Ca2 released from SR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

myocardial cells are?

A
  • small, short, branched, one nucleus
  • continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
  • calcium-induced calcium release
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

myocardial cells have one one fiber type similar to type I of skeletal muscle that include?

A
  • high capillary density
  • high number of mitochondria
  • striated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

cardiac muscle fibers connected by regions called?

A

intercalated discs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_____: hold cells together.

A

desmosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

____: rapidly conduct action potentials

A

gap junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the two main pathways of the heart?

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

intrinsic control of heart activity means the heart controls its self, this is also known as?

A

spontaneous rhythmicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

_____: special heart cells generate and spread electrical signal.

A

spontaneous rhythmicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the electrical signals that the spontaneous rhythmicity spread?

A
  • sinoatrial (SA) node
  • atrioventricular (AV) node
  • AV bundle (bundle of His)
  • purkinje fibers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

extrinsic control of heart activity consists of?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heart activity that is parasympathetic controls?

A
  • decreases force of contraction
  • decreased HR below intrinsic HR
    ( intrinsic HR: 100 beats/min, normal resting HR (RHR): 60 to 100 beats/min, elite endurance athlete: 35 beats/min)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heart activity that is sympathetic controls?

A
  • increases force of contraction
  • increases HR above intrinsic HR
  • determines HR during physical, emotional stress
  • maximum possible HR: 250 beats/min
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the cardiac cycle?

A

all mechanical and electrical events that occur during one heartbeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the cardiac cycle consists of?

A

diastole and systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_____: relaxation phase

  • chambers fill with blood
  • twice as long as systole
A

diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

_____: contraction phase

A

systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

during the cardiac cycle ventricular systole is 1/3 of the cardiac cycle time and what else is occurring?

A
  • blood ejected
  • during systole, blood ejected out, but some leftover
  • blood leftover in ventricle = end-systolic volume (ESV)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

during the cardiac cycle ventricular diastole is 2/3 of the cardiac cycle time and what else is occurring?

A
  • fill 70% passively, remaining 30% by atrial contraction

- at end, blood in ventricle = end-diastolic volume (EDV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

_____: volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

A

stroke volume (SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

ejection fraction (EF): ?

A

% of EDV that was SV
- SV / EDV = EF
- 60 mL / 100 mL = .6 = 60%
(normal for healthy, active young adult at rest)
- clinical index of heart contractile function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

_____: total volume of blood pumped per minute
- Q = HR * SV (use L/min)
- resting cardiac output (4.2 to 5.6 L/min)
(average total blood volume: 5 L, therefore, total blood volume circulate once every min)

A

cardiac output

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is involved in the vascular system?

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venues, veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_____: carry blood away fro heart.

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

____: control blood flow, and waste exchange

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

____: site of nutrient and waste exchange

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

____: collect blood from capillaries

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

_____: carry blood from venues back to heart

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

_____: pressure exerted by blood on arterial walls.

A

blood pressure (BP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

_____:

  • highest pressure in artery (during systole)
  • top number, ~ 110 to 120 mmHG
A

systolic pressure (SBP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

_____:

  • lowest pressure in artery (during diastole)
  • bottom number, ~70 to 80 mmHg
A

diastolic pressure (DBP)

43
Q

_____:

- average pressure over entire cardiac cycle

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

44
Q

what are the general hemodynamics?

A

blood flow, pressure, resistance

45
Q

_____: required by all tissues

- ? = change in pressure / resistance

A

blood flow

46
Q

_____: force that drives flow

- provided by heart contraction

A

pressure

47
Q

_____: force that opposes flow

- provided by physical properties of vessels

A

resistance (R)

48
Q

_____: the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

A

vasoconstriction (VC)

49
Q

_____: the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure.

A

vasodilation (VD)

50
Q

_____: also known as resistance vessels

  • control systemic R
  • site of most potent VC and VD
A

arterioles

51
Q

what is the distribution of blood?

A

blood flows to where it is needed the most

52
Q

regions of _____ metabolism lead to ______ blood flow

A

increased; increased

53
Q

according to intrinsic control of blood flow arterial walls can respond to?

A

local control mechanisms

54
Q

_____: ability of local tissues to constrict or dilate arterioles that serve them

A

intrinsic control

55
Q

what are the three types of intrinsic controls?

A
  1. metabolic mechanisms (VD)
  2. endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD)
  3. myogenic mechanisms (VC, VD)
56
Q

_____:

  • strongest stimulus for release of local VD chemicals
  • buildup of local metabolic by-products ( decreased O2, increased CO2, K+, H+, lactic acid)
A

metabolic mechanisms (VD)

57
Q

_____:

  • substances secreted by vascular endothelium (arterial inner lining)
  • endothelium-mediated vasodilation
A

endothelial mechanisms (mostly VD)

58
Q

_____:

  • local pressure changes can cause VC, VD
  • decreased pressure causes VD
  • increased causes VC
A

myogenic mechanisms

59
Q

_____: redistribution of flow by the nervous system

A

extrinsic neural control

60
Q

what happens in the extrinsic neural control of blood flow?

A

sympathetic nervous system innervates smooth muscle in arteries and arterioles

61
Q

the baseline of sympathetic activity leads to?

A

vasomotor tone to maintain adequate blood supply

62
Q

_____ sympathetic activity leads to ____ VS of area. (blood flow to that area decreases)

A

increased; increased

63
Q

_____ sympathetic activity leads to ____ VC; passive VD (blood flow to that area increases)

A

decreased; decreased

64
Q

what is the distribution of Venous Blood?

A

venous reservoir can be liberated, sent back to heart and into arteries

65
Q

at rest, veins contain 2/3 blood volume which means?

A
  • high capacity to hold blood volume (capacitance vessels)
  • elastic, balloon like vessel walls
  • much less vascular smooth muscle
  • serve as blood reservoir
66
Q

what mechanisms assist venous return?

A

muscle pump and one-way venous valves

67
Q

integrative control of blood pressure is when?

A

blood pressure maintained by autonomic reflexes

68
Q

_____:

  • sensitive to changes in arterial pressure
  • afferent signals from ? to brain
  • efferent signals from brain to heart and vessels
  • adjust HR and arterial pressure back to normal
A

baroreceptors

69
Q

what are the three major functions of blood?

A
  • transportation (O2, nutrients, waste)
  • temperature regulation
  • buffers acids from anaerobic metabolism pH balance
70
Q

what is the blood volume in men and women?

A
  • 5 to 6 L in men

- 4 to 5 L in women

71
Q

? = plasma + formed elements

A

whole blood

72
Q

_____: (55 - 60% blood volume)

  • can decrease by 10% w/ dehydration in the heat
  • can increase by 10% w/ training, heat acclimation
A

plasma

73
Q

_____: (40-45% of blood volume)

  • % of volume composed of formed elements
  • erythrocytes (red blood cells): 99%
  • leukocytes (white blood cells): <1%
  • platelets: <1%
A

hematocrit

74
Q

red blood cells (RBCs) have?

A
  • no nucleus, cannot reproduce

- hemoglobin (Hb)

75
Q

______:

  • replace regularly via hematopoiesis
  • life span ~4 months
  • produced and destroyed at equal rates
A

RBCs

76
Q

_____: oxygen-transporting protein in RBC

A

hemoglobin

77
Q

_____: thickness of blood (due to red blood cells)

A

blood viscosity

78
Q

if hematocrit _____, then viscosity ______.

A

increases; increases

79
Q

what are the two main baroreceptors that sense pressure?

A

aortic and carotid artery baroreceptors

80
Q

What are the normal ranges for resting heart rate (RHR)?

A
  • untrained HR: 60 to 80 beats/min

- trained HR: as low as 30 to 40 beats/min

81
Q

what affects resting heart rate?

A

affected by neural tone, temperature, altitude

82
Q

_____: HR increases above HR at rest just before start of exercise

A

anticipatory response

83
Q

according to cardiovascular responses. when resting heart rate is going through parasympathetic withdrawal what is happening?

A

vagal tone is decreasing

84
Q

according to cardiovascular responses, when resting heart rate is going through sympathetic stimulation what is happening?

A

catecholamine is increasing

85
Q

heart rate during exercise is?

A

directly proportional to exercise intensity.

86
Q

_____: highest HR achieved in all-out effort to volitional fatigue.

A

maximum HR

87
Q

_____:

  • point of plateau
  • optimal HR for meeting circulatory demands at a given submaximal intensity
  • if intensity increases, so does ?
  • adjustment to new intensity takes 2 to 3 min
A

steady-state HR

88
Q

_____: basis for simple exercise tests that estimate aerobic fitness.

A

steady-state HR

89
Q

_____: increases with increased intensity up to 40 to 60% VO 2 Max

A

stroke volume (SV)

90
Q

what are factors that increase stroke volume?

A
  • increased venous return and preload
  • increased contractility
  • decreased afterload
91
Q

_____:

- increased stretch leads to increased contraction strength; known as the “Frank-Starling mechanism”

A

increased venous return and preload

92
Q

increased norepinephrine or epinephrine leads to?

A

increased contractility

93
Q

less aortic resistance due to a decrease in total peripheral resistance (vasodilation of vessels in exercising muscle)

A

decreased afterload

94
Q

what is the Fick Equation?

A

O2 consumption of a tissue depends on blood flow to the tissue and the amount of O2 extracted by that tissue.

95
Q

what is the blood oxygen content when the blood is resting?

A

~ 6 mL O2 per 100 mL blood

96
Q

what is the blood oxygen content when you are hitting max exercise?

A

~ 18mL O2 per 100 mL blood (almost triple)

97
Q

according to cardiovascular responses blood pressure during endurance exercise . . . ?

A
  • systolic BP increases proportional to exercise intensity
  • diastolic BP does not change or slightly decrease
  • mean arterial pressure (MAP) increases
98
Q

_____: leads to periodic large increases in MAP

  • up to 480/350 mmHg
  • more common when using valsalva maneuver
A

resistance exercise

99
Q

what is the proper breathing technique?

A
  • concentric: exhale

- eccentric: inhale

100
Q

_____:

  • involves expiring agents closed epiglottis and contraction of trunk musculature
  • increases intraabdominal and intrathoracic pressure
  • can hinder venous return, causing: dizziness, disorientation, excessively high BP, syncope
A

avoid valsalva maneuver

101
Q

When there is an increase in cardiac output that leads to increased available blood flow, because there is an increase in blood flow to areas with greatest metabolic need (exercising muscle) this is referring to?

A

blood flow redistribution

102
Q

_____: shunts blood away from less-active regions

  • kidneys
  • splanchnic circulation (liver, pancreas, GI)
A

sympathetic vasoconstriction

103
Q

_____: permits additional blood flow in exercising muscle.

A

local vasodilation

104
Q

sympathetic vasoconstriction in muscle offset by?

A

sympatholysis

KINE 481 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions