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KINE 481 > Midterm 2: Chapters 1 & 10 > Flashcards

Midterm 2: Chapters 1 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A
  • skeletal muscle
  • smooth muscle
  • cardiac muscle
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2
Q

_______: voluntary, skeleton.

A

skeletal muscle

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3
Q

_______: involuntary, hollow organs.

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

_______: involuntary, heart.

A

cardiac muscle

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5
Q

the entire muscle is surrounded by and consists of?

A
  • surrounded by epimysium

- consists of many bundles (fasciculi)

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6
Q

what is the fasciculi surrounded by and consist of?

A
  • surrounded by perimysium

- consists of individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)

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7
Q

what is the muscle fiber surrounded by and consist of?

A
  • surrounded by endomysium

- consist of myofibrils divided into sarcomeres

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8
Q

_________: fuses with tendon, conducts action potential, maintains pH, transports nutrients.

A

plasmalemma also referred to as the cell membrane.

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9
Q

_______: cytoplasm of muscle cell, has unique features: glycogen storage, myoglobin.

A

sarcoplasm

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10
Q

______: a protein inside the muscle cell that carries oxygen.

A

myoglobin

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11
Q

_________: a protein that carries oxygen within the blood system.

A

hemoglobin

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12
Q

_________: extensions of plasmalemma, carry action potential deep into muscle fiber.

A

transverse tubules (T-Tubules)

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13
Q

________: calcium (ca 2+) storage.

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

_______: muscle -> fasciculus -> muscle fiber -> ? , sections known as sarcomeres.

A

myofibrils

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15
Q

______: basic contractile element of skeletal muscle, end to end for full myofibril length.

A

sarcomeres

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16
Q

what are the band parts of the sarcomeres referred to as?

A

~ a-bands: dark/blue stripes
~ I-bands: light/pink stripes
~ h-zone: middle of a-band
~m-line: middle of h-zone

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17
Q

what is the common boundary of the sarcomeres?

A

Z-disk (or Z-line)

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18
Q

______: show up lighter under microscope (red), I-bands contains only ?.

A

Actin (thin filaments)

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19
Q

Actin (thin filaments) actually composed of three proteins what are they?

A
  • actin
  • tropomyosin
  • troponin
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20
Q

_____: contains myosin-binding site.

A

actin

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21
Q

_____: covers active site at rest.

A

tropomyosin

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22
Q

_____: anchored to actin, moves tropomyosin.

A

troponin

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23
Q

_____: two intertwined filaments with globular heads.

A

myosin (thick filaments)

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24
Q

______: protrude 360 degrees from thick filament axis, will interact with actin filaments for contraction.

A

globular heads

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25
Q

muscle fiber contraction starts with?

A

nervous system

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26
Q

____: innervates muscle fibers.

A

alpha-motor neurons

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27
Q

_____: single alpha-motor neuron + all fibers it innervates, more operating motor units = more contractile force.

A

motor unit

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28
Q

fibers contract through sequence of events:

A

“excitation contraction coupling”

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29
Q

What would the process of a muscle contraction?

A
  1. action potential (ap) starts in brain
  2. AP carries at axon terminal, releases ACh
  3. Ash crosses synapse, binds to Each receptors on plasmalemma
  4. AP travels down plasmalemma, T-tubules
  5. Triggers Ca 2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum
  6. Ca 2+ enables actin-myosin contraction
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30
Q

When the action potential arrives at SR from t-tubule what happens?

A
  • SR sensitive to electrical charge

- causes mass release of Ca 2+ into sarcoplasm

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31
Q

what happens when Ca 2+ binds to troponin on actin?

A
  • at rest, tropomyosin covers myosin-binding site
  • troponin-Ca 2+ complex moves tropomyosin
  • myosin binds to actin, forming a cross-bridge. allowing a contraction to occur
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32
Q

how muscles create movement is the process of?

A

actin-myosin contraction

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33
Q

____: no actin-myosin interaction at binding site, myofilaments overlap a little.

A

relaxed state

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34
Q

type II fibers consist of?

A

type IIa and type IIx

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35
Q

type II fibers in general?

A
  • poor aerobic endurance, fatigue quickly

- produce ATP through anaerobic pathways

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36
Q

what are the characteristics of type IIa fibers?

A
  • more force, faster fatigue than type I

- short, high-intensity endurance events

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37
Q

what are the characteristics of type IIx fibers?

A
  • seldom used for everyday activities

- short explosive sprints (100 m)

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38
Q

________: myosin head pull actin toward sarcomere center (POWER STROKE), filaments slide past each other, sarcomeres, myofibrils, muscle fiber all shorten.

A

contracted state

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39
Q

according to the sliding filament theory what happens after power stroke ends?

A
  • myosin detaches from active site
  • myosin head rotates back to original position
  • myosin attaches to another site farther down
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40
Q

according to the sliding filament theory process continues until?

A
  • z-disk reaches myosin filaments

- AP stops, Ca 2+ gets pumped back into SR

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41
Q

_______: most influential in determining percentage

A

genetic factors

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42
Q

_____: can induce small (10%) change in fiber type, IIx -> IIa

A

training factors

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43
Q

______: muscles lose type II motor units

A

aging

44
Q

what would be the other predictors for athletic success, since fiber type is not the sole predictor?

A
  • cardiovascular function
  • motivation
  • training habits
  • muscle size
45
Q

muscle fiber recruitment is also referred to as?

A

motor unit recruitment

46
Q

what does “muscle fiber recruitment” mean?

A

when a motor unit is recruited, ALL of its fibers are activated

47
Q

what is the method for altering force production?

A
  • less force: fewer or smaller motor units (type I)

- more force: more or larger motor units (type II)

48
Q

what is the recruitment order?

A
  • smallest (type I) motor units
  • mid sized (type IIa) motor units
  • largest (type IIx) motor units
49
Q

T/F ? Motor units are recruited in the same order each time.

A

true

50
Q

________: order recruitment of motor units directly related to size of a-motor neuron

A

principle of orderly recruitment (size principle)

51
Q

_______: muscle produces force and changes length, joint movement produced.

A

dynamic contraction

52
Q

what are the two subtypes of muscle contraction?

A

concentric and eccentric

53
Q

______:

  • muscle shortens while producing force
  • sarcomere shortens, filaments toward center
A

concentric contraction

54
Q

______:

  • muscle lengthens while producing force
  • cross-bridges form but sarcomere lengthens
  • Ex.) lowering heavy weight
A

eccentric contraction

55
Q

______:

  • muscle produces force but does not change length
  • joint angle does not change
  • myosin cross-bridges form and recycle, no sliding
A

static (isometric) contraction

56
Q

the amount of force developed depends on?

A
  • number and type of motor units activated
  • size of the muscle
  • frequency of stimulation of each motor unit
  • muscle fiber and sarcomere length
    speed of contraction
57
Q

when more force is generated and more motor units are activated what happens to type II and type II fibers?

A
  • type I motor units = less fibers = less cross-bridges = less force
  • type II motor units = less fibers = less cross-bridges = more force
58
Q

single motor unit can exert varying levels of force dependent on _____ of stimulation.

A

frequency

59
Q

_____: contractile response to single electrical stimulus.

A

twitch

60
Q

_____: consecutive stimuli for greater force.

A

summation

61
Q

_____: continued stimulation resulting in peak force

A

tetanus

62
Q

process of varying levels is?

A

rate coding

63
Q

what is the length-tension relationship?

A

fibers have optimal length for force production
- optimal sarcomere length = optimal overlap of actin/myosin
> maximizes cross-bridge interaction
-too short or too stretched = little or no force develops

64
Q

what is the speed-force relationship?

A

ability to develop force also depends on speed of contraction

65
Q

_____: maximal force development decreases at higher speeds.

A

concentric

66
Q

_____: maximal force development increases at high speeds.

A

eccentric

67
Q

what is the sensory-motor integration?

A

process of communication and traction between sensory and motor systems
> sensory stimulation can give rise to motor response

68
Q

_____:
- fastest mode of response
> impulse does not travel up to the brain
- instant, preprogrammed response to a given stimulus
- only one response is possible
- occurs before conscious awareness

A

motor reflex

69
Q

specific reflexes that help control muscle function involving two special structures:

A
  1. muscle spindles

2. Golgi tendon organs

70
Q

what are muscle spindles?

A
  • group of 4-20 small, specialized intramural muscle fibers
  • different from normal (extrafusal) muscle fibers
  • innervated by y-motor neurons
  • sensory receptors for muscle fiber stretch
71
Q

when stretched, muscle spindle sensory neuron stimulated … ?

A
  • synapse in spinal cord with an a-motor neuron
  • triggers reflex muscle contraction
  • prevents further stretch
  • stretch reflex
72
Q

what are the Golgi tendon organs?

A
  • sensory receptor embedded in tendon
    > 5 to 25 muscle fibers attached to each GTO
    > sensitive to tension in tendon
73
Q

when stimulated by excessive tension, Golgi tendon organs … ?

A
  • inhibit agonists, excite antagonists
  • safety mechanism that prevents excessive tension in muscle/tendon
  • reduce potential for injury
74
Q

what should you know about “motor response” ?

A
  • a-motor neuron carries AP to muscle

- AP spreads to muscle fibers of motor unit

75
Q

_____:

  • fewer fibers per motor unit
  • extraocular muscles have innervation ratio of 1:15
A

fine motor control

76
Q

_____:

  • more fibers per motor unit
  • gastrocnemius has innervation ratio of 1:2000
A

gross motor control

77
Q

_____: fiber types not mixed within a given motor unit, either type I fibers or type II fibers

A

homogeneity of motor units

78
Q

explain hypertrophy versus atrophy …?

A
  • increase muscle size leads to an increase in muscle strength
  • decrease in muscle size leads to a decrease in muscle strength
  • but the association is more complex
79
Q

strength gains result from?

A
  • altered neural control

- increased muscle size

80
Q

according to the mechanisms of muscle strength gain what is neural control?

A
  • strength gain cannot occur without neural adaptations
    > strength gain can occur without hypertrophy
    > property of neuromotor system, not just muscle
81
Q

what are the factors that are important to strength gains?

A
  • increase motor unit synchronization and recruitment
  • decrease autogenic inhibition
  • reduced coactivation
82
Q

according to the mechanisms of muscle strength gain what is synchronization and recruitment?

A
  • motor units generally recruited asynchronously; not all engaged at the same instant
  • resistance training -> synchronous recruitment
  • synchronous recruitment -> strength gains
83
Q

_____ = more motor units fire at the same time

  • improves rate of force development
  • increases capability to exert steady force
A

synchronicity

84
Q

_____: normal intrinsic inhibitory mechanisms

  • e.g., Golgi tendon organs
  • inhibit muscle contraction if tendon tension too high
  • prevent damage to bones and tendons
A

autogenic inhibition

85
Q

training can _____ inhibitory impulses

- muscle can generate more force

A

decrease

86
Q

_____:

  • coactivation of agonists, antagonists
  • normally antagonists oppose agonist force
  • … may -> strength gain
A

reduced coactivation

87
Q

_____: increase in muscle size.

A

hypertrophy

88
Q

what are the two types of hypertrophy?

A
  • transient hypertrophy and chronic hypertrophy (long term)
89
Q

_____: (after exercise bout)

  • due to edema formation from plasma fluid
  • disappears within hours
A

transient hypertrophy

90
Q

_____: reflects actual structural change in muscle

A

chronic hypertrophy (long term)

91
Q

muscle hypertrophy is maximized by?

A
  • high-velocity eccentric training

- disrupts sarcomere Z-lines (protein remodeling)

92
Q

______ only training may limit muscle hypertrophy and strength gains.

A

concentric

93
Q

fiber hypertrophy may occur as a result of?

A
  • more actin, myosin filaments
  • more myofibrils
  • more sarcoplasm
  • more connective tissue
94
Q

resistance training leads to ______ in protein synthesis.

A

increase

95
Q

(T/F) ? according to fiber hypertrophy muscle protein content is always changing, during exercise synthesis decreases, while degradation increases, after exercise synthesis increases while degradation decreases.

A

true

96
Q

______: facilitates fiber hypertrophy

  • natural anabolic steroid hormone
  • massive doses of anabolic steroids + resistance training -> large increases in muscle mass
A

testosterone

97
Q

_____:

  • short-term increase in muscle strength
  • neural factors critical in first 8 to 10 weeks
  • due to increase voluntary ?
A

neural activation

98
Q

_____:

  • long-term increases in muscle strength
  • ? major factor after first 10 weeks
  • associated with significant fiber hypertrophy
  • net increases protein synthesis takes time to occur
A

hypertrophy

99
Q

atrophy and inactivity can lead to?

A

reduction or cessation of activity -> major change in muscle structure and function
- seen in: limb immobilization studies, detraining studies

100
Q

what happens after a client or patient is immobilized?

A
  • major changes after 6 hours
  • lack of muscle use -> reduced protein synthesis
  • first week: strength loss of 3 to 4% per day
  • ( decreased size/atrophy)
  • ( decreased in neuromuscular activity)
  • reversible
  • (recover when activity is resumed)
  • (but recovery period longer than immobilization)
101
Q

detraining can lead to?

A
  • decreases in 1RM
  • strength losses can be regained (~ 6 weeks)
  • new 1 RM matches or exceeds old 1RM
102
Q

once training goal is met, maintenance resistance program prevents detraining such as?

A
  • maintain intensity (most potent)

- reduced training frequency

103
Q

according to fiber type alteration the training regimen may not outright change fiber type, but?

A
  • type II becomes more oxidative with aerobic training

- type I become more anaerobic with anaerobic training

104
Q

according to the resistance trading for special populations: children and adolescents what would be considered a myth(s)?

A
  • unsafe due to growth plate injuries

- ineffective before puberty due to. lack of hormones.

105
Q

according to the resistance trading for special populations: children and adolescents what would be considered the truth?

A
  • safe with proper safeguards
  • children can gain both strength and muscle mass
  • EMPHASIZE PROPER LIFTING TECHNIQUE!
106
Q

(T/F) ? weight lifting or resistance training will be beneficial for the older population.

A

true

107
Q

how can weight lifting help benefit the older population?

A
  • helps restore age-related loss of muscle mass
  • improves quality of life and health
  • helps prevent falls
    increases in strength dependent primary on neural adaptations

KINE 481 (3 decks)

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