Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 275 > Midterm 2 chapters 6-8 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 chapters 6-8 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

Light can be thought of as …

A
  • Particles of energy (photons)

- waves of electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the smallest possible unit of light energy?

A

A photon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an Electromagnetic Spectrum?

A

a continuum of energy produced by electric charges is radiated as waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do Colours work?

A

certain objects reflect specific wavelengths of light and these wavelengths create a pattern of firing photorecepetors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where is light projected onto in the eye?

A

light is projected onto the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what part of the retina represents the object we are looking at?

A

The fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What focuses the image onto the retina?

A

The cornea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What part of the eye is fixed?

A

the lenses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What kind of photoreceptors line the retina?

A

Rods and Cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What part of the eye is rich in cone receptors?

A

the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the fovea specialized for?

A

it is specialized for seeing fine metals and colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do photoreceptors do?

A

they convert light into nerve impulses aka transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Transduction?

A
  • when we take some outer stimulus (light or sound etc) and translate it into something the brain can understand which is an action potential
  • the process of turning light into electricity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is an Opsin?

A

long protein strand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Retinal?

A

a light sensitive molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What helps improve eyesight?

A

Vitamine A and Retinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are visual receptors?what happens at the visual receptors?

A
  • outer segment
  • where light acts to create electricity
  • transduction occurs when retinal absorbs light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When does Isomerization occur?

A

occurs when retinal changes shape, sticking out from opsin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Visual Pigment Bleaching?

A
  • when retinal separates from the opsin

- the retina then becomes lighter in colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Visual Pigment Regeneration?

A
  • as light remains on, more and more of the retinal is detached, but more and more are regenerated
  • opsin and retinal are rejoined
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the biggest difference between Rods and Cones?

A

Cones are Photopic (daytime vision)

rods are Scotopic (nighttime vision)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe Cones

A
  • found mostly in the fovea
  • high-acuity (sharpness)
  • colour vision
  • needs a lot of light
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe Rods

A
  • found mostly in periphery
  • low-acuity (blurry)
  • gray scale vision
  • needs little light
  • more convergence
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Convergence?

A

when we have more than one neuron all converging their inputs into one neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is Selective Reflection?

A

some wavelength are reflected more than others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is Transmission?

A

only some wavelengths pass through the object or substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two main theories that attempt to explain how we perceive colours?

A
  1. trichromatic theory: colour vision depends on activity of three different colour receptor types (red, green, blue)
  2. Opponent process theory: colour vision is related to opposing responses by blue-yellow and red green
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Protanopia?

A

a colour deficiency where your missing the long wavelength (red) pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is Deuteranopia?

A

a colour deficiency where your missing the wave medium length (green) pigment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is Tritanopia?

A

possible missing the short wavelength pigment ?

extremely rare

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a soundwave?

A

the alternating increases and decreases in pressures creating soundwaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the components of the Auditory Signal?

A

Frequency (pitch), Amplitude (volume), Complexity (timber)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is Frequency?

A

the rate at which waves vibrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Amplitude?

A

the intensity of the sound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is Complexity?

A

most sounds are a mixture of frequencies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What amount of Hz are humans most sensitive to?

A

2,000 -4,000 Hz which is frequenct range for most speech sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what does the ear canal do?

A

helps amplify the sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does the eardrum do?

A

pass vibration to the malleus, incus, stapes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the Vestibular System?

A
  • it is needed for balance
  • there is a canal for each plane we can be in
  • tells your head where it is relative the the ground
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where is the Organ of Corti located?

A

the cochlea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What do the cilia do?

A

produce electrical signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What kind of frequency sounds does the bases of basilar membrane code?

A

High frequency sounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the two Primary Biaural Cues?

A

Interaural Time Difference (ITD)

Interaural Level Difference (ILD)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is Interaural Time Difference?

A

based on the fact that there can be differences in the time it takes sound to arrive at one ear compared to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is Interaural Level Difference?

A

localization for high frequency is accomplished using intensity difference

46
Q

True or False: Cochlear nuclei are ipsilateral.

A

True

47
Q

True or False: Damage to the ear itself, or auditory canal, or middle ear, or cochlear nucleus will lead to complete deafness in both ears

A

False: in one ear

48
Q

What are the Main components of the Somatosensory System?

A

Nocioception
Hapsis
propioception
balance

49
Q

What is Nocioception?

A

the perception of pain and temperature

50
Q

What is Hapsis?

A

perception of objects using touch and pressure

51
Q

What is Propiocpetion?

A

knowledge of the position of your limbs in space

52
Q

What is balance?

A

controlled by the vestibular system in the inner ear

53
Q

What does the superior colliculus receive information from?

A

The superior colliculus receives information from the retina

54
Q

What does the inferior colliculus receive information from?

A

the inferior is receiving information from the superior olivary nuclei

55
Q

What part of the thalamus receives auditory information?

A

The Medial Geniculate Nucleus (MGN)

56
Q

What are neurons in the auditory cortex tuned based on?

A

they are tuned based on input and experience

57
Q

Describe Rapidly adapting receptors

A

they respond quickly to sudden changes but adapt quickly

58
Q

Describe slowly adapting receptors

A

a stronger stimulus takes longer to adapt

example: if you push down hard on your arm it will take a long time to adapt

59
Q

What do sensory receptors respond to?

A

they respond to pressure, stretch, or vibration

60
Q

Are Merkel receptors slow adapting or fast adapting?

A

merkel receptors slow adapting

61
Q

Are Meissner Corpuscle fast adapting or slow adapting?

A

Meissner Corpuscle are fast adapting

62
Q

What are the two main sensory Pathways?

A

Medial Lemniscus System and spinothalamic

63
Q

What is medial lemniscus system?

A

large fibers, used for fine touch, proprioception

64
Q

What is spinothalamic?

A

smaller fibers, used for pain a temperature

65
Q

What are the 4 Homunculi?

A

fast adapting, slow adapting, proprioception, temp and pain

66
Q

What are tactile Receptive fields?

A

neurons in the ventral posterior nucleus

67
Q

What are receptive fields?

A

the location on the skin that, when stimulated, causes the receptor to fire

68
Q

What is the Direct pathway model and what is a con of this theory?

A

researchers assumed that pain responses were created in receptors in the skin and sent directly to the brain

Problem: pain can occur when there is no stimulation on the skin ex phantom limb

69
Q

What is the Gate control Model?

A
  • pain signals enter the spinal cord are sent to S1

- additional pathways can act as a “gate” to increase or decrease pain signals leaving the spinal cord

70
Q

What do S-Fibers do?

A

carry pain signals from nocioceptors

71
Q

What do L-fibers do?

A

carry information about tactile stimulation (no pain)

72
Q

What do T-Cells do?

A

Transmit pain signals to the brain

they determine amount of pain experienced: more activity, more pain

73
Q

Whats is central control?

A

signals coming from the brain to help reduce pain sensation

74
Q

What neurotransmitter activates the same receptor as opiates? and how does it work?

A

Endorphins, they both block incoming pain signals

75
Q

What does Macrosmatic mean? What are some examples?

A

species that have a very keen sense of smell for survival

Ex dogs, cats

76
Q

What does Microsmatic Mean? and give an example.

A

Species who depend less on their sense of smell for survival

ex humans

77
Q

What is detection threshold?

A

the lowest concentration at which an odour can be detected

78
Q

What is recognition threshold?

A

odor has to be increased by a fact of 3 for quality to become apparent

79
Q

Where do smell receptors reside in?

A

the Olfactory Mucosa

80
Q

True or false: there are new olfactory receptors created every few weeks to replace the receptors that have deteriorated

A

True.

81
Q

Whats are the 5 main qualities of taste?

A

Bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness, umami (savoury)

82
Q

What are taste buds?

A

receptors in tongue and oral cavity in clusters of about 50

83
Q

What is Filiform?

A

shaped like cones and are found over entire surface giving it its rough appearance, they do not contain taste buds

84
Q

True or False: action potentials from taste cells are transmitted via sensory nerves

A

False: action potentials from taste cells are transmitted via cranial nerves

85
Q

What is Ageusia?

A

the inability to recognize common tastes

86
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex good for?

A

the posterior parietal cortex is good for integrating sensory information, and send it to the frontal cortex

87
Q

What is the order of operation for the Motor Cortical Network?

A

Posterior sensory cortex sends goals

then the prefrontal cortex plans movements

then the premotor cortex organizes movement sequences

then the motor cortex executes actions

88
Q

What is the posterior parietal cortex used for?

A

the posterior parietal cortex is used for attention (helps direct/disengage attention)

89
Q

What is Proprioception?

A

Monitors limbs

90
Q

What is Optic Ataxia?

A

damage to the posterior parietal area, difficulty reaching toward and grasping objects

91
Q

What is Limb Apraxia?

A

when you can’t perform purposeful movement in the absence of primary motor deficit

92
Q

What does Ideomotor mean?

A

incorrect execution of the action

93
Q

What does Ideational mean?

A

when you lose knowledge of the goal of the action

94
Q

What is Pantomime?

A

asking the subject to generate a movement without an object present

95
Q

What is Imitation?

A

asking the subject to imitate your movement

96
Q

What is Ideomotor apraxia?

A

when people have deficits in their ability to plan or complete motor actions that rely on semantic memory . they can explain how to perform an action, but unable to “imagine” or act out a movement

97
Q

What is Ideational/conceptual apraxia?

A

when people can’t conceptualize a task and struggle to complete multistep actions

98
Q

What does somatotopic Mean?

A

more cortex devoted to body parts that make complex movements

99
Q

What 3 nuclei is the Basal ganglia comprised of?

A

caudate, putamen, globus pallidus

100
Q

what does the basal ganglia play a critical role in?

A

the basal ganglia plays a critical role in managing the force of movements and motor learning

101
Q

What does the cerebellum play a critical role in?

A

maintaining balance and posture, helps coordinate and accurately time motor output

102
Q

What happens when someone has a cerebellar lesion?

A

do not adjust movements as easily

103
Q

What are the 4 descending motor pathways?

A

two dorsolateral

  • corticospinal
  • corticorubrospinal

two ventromedial
-corticospinal
cortico-brainstem-spinal tract

104
Q

What is a Corticospinal dorsolateral tract?

What does it control?

A

descend through the medullary pyramids, then decussate

it controls the wrists, hands, fingers, toes

105
Q

What is a corticorubrospinal dorsolateral tract?

what does it control?

A

synapse at red nucleaus and cross before the medulla

it controls some face muscles and distal muscles of arms and legs

106
Q

What is a cotricospinal ventromedial tract?

A

descends ipsilaterally, axon branch and innervate interneuron circuits bilaterally in multiple spinal segments

107
Q

what is cortico-brainstem-spinal ventrolmedial tract?

A

interacts with various brainstem structures and descends bilaterally carrying information from both hemispheres

108
Q

What are the differences between dorsolateral and ventromedial?

A

dorsolateral terminates in one contralateral spinal segment, controls distal muscles, and controls limb movements

ventromedial is bilateral innervation, controls proximal muscles, posture and whole body movement

109
Q

What are muscle spindles?

A

they are embedded in muscle tissue, they detect changes in the muscle length

110
Q

What are golgi tendon organs?

A

embedded in tendons, detect muscle tension

Psych 275 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions