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Psych 275 > Midterm 1: Chapters 1-5 > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Chapters 1-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

6 Divisions of Biopsychology

A
  1. Physiological psychology
  2. Psychopharmacology
  3. Neuropsychology
  4. Psychophysiology
  5. Comparative Psychology
  6. Cognitive Neuroscience
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2
Q

What is Physiological Psychology?

A

studies the mechanisms of behaviour through direct manipulation

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3
Q

What is Psychopharmacology?

A

focuses on the manipulation of neural activity and behaviour with drugs

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4
Q

What is Neuropsychology?

A

studies the psychological effects if brain damage in humans

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5
Q

What is Comparative Psychology?

A

compare the behaviour of different species in order to understand the evolution, genetics, and adaptability of behaviour

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6
Q

What is Cogntive Neuroscinece

A

study of neural basis of cognition – thought, memory, attention, complex high level processes

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7
Q

What are 2 types of Bio psych research?

A

Human vs nonhuman

Experimental vs Non-Experimental

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8
Q

What are the 3 R’s

A

Reduction: reduce the animals being used

Refinement: refine the way experiments are done so that the animals are cared for

Replacement: replace experiments on animals with alternative techniques

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9
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the Vertebrate Nervous system?

A

Central Nervous system (brain and spinal chord)

Peripheral Nervous system
autonomic and somatic

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10
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system responsible for ?

A

Physiological responses

  • sympathetic (fight or flight)
  • Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
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11
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous system responsible for?

A

Interacts with the external environment

-composed of afferent and efferent nerves

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12
Q

What are Afferent nerves?

A

carry sensory signals from the skin, skeletal, muscles, joints, eyes, ears etc. to the central nervous system

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13
Q

What are Efferent Nerves?

A

Carry motor signals from the CNS to the skeletal muscles

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14
Q

What does Contralateral Mean?

A

the left hemisphere of the brain sends and receives information from the right side of the body and vice versa

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15
Q

What does Ipsilateral Mean?

A

right side of the brain controls the right side of the body

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16
Q

What percentage of blood flow from the heart goes to the brain?

A

20% of blood flow from the heart goes to the brain

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17
Q

What is Blood-Brain Barrier

A

the mechanism that impedes the passage of toxic substances from the blood into the brain

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18
Q

What are Meninges?

A
  • protective layers around brain
  • Dura mater
  • Arachnoid Membrane
  • Subarachnoid space
  • Pia mater
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19
Q

Describe Dura mater

A

the outermost layer (very tough)

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20
Q

Describe Arachnoid Membrane

A

second most outer layer spider-web-like membrane

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21
Q

Describe Subarachnoid Space

A

beneath the arachnoid membrane, contains many large blood vessels and cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

Describe Pia mater

A

the innermost layer, adheres to the surface of CNS

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23
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid and where is it?

A

protects the central nervous system, fills the subarachnoid spaces, the central canal of the spinal chord, and the cerebral ventricles of the brain
- supports and cushions the brain

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24
Q

What is the function of Choroid Plexus?

A
  • produces cerebral spinal fluid continuously in the lateral ventricles
  • part of the ventricular system
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25
Q

Which 2 -cephalons does the forebrain contain?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

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26
Q

What parts of the brain does the Telencephalon contain?

A

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system (emotions)

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27
Q

What parts of the brain does the Dienchephalone contain?

A

Thalamus (sensory relay center) and the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What 3 -cephalons does the midbrain and hindbrain contain?

A

Mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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29
Q

What does the Mesencaphalone contain ?

A

Tectum and tegmentum

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30
Q

What is the tectum?

A

the roof/ dorsal surface of the midbrain

-composed of two pairs of bumps: colliculi

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31
Q

What is the tegmentum?

A

contains 3 colourful structures of interests to biopsychologists:

  1. periaqueductal gray
  2. substantia nigra
  3. red nucleus
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32
Q

What does the Metencephalon contain?

A
  • cerebellum (movement, coordination, balance)

- pons

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33
Q

What does the Myelencephalon contain?

A

Medulla oblongata (heart rate, breathing)

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34
Q

What does the Telencephalon contain?

A

the cerebral cortex

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35
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the Cerebral Cortex, and what are their main functions?

A
  • Occipital lobe: vision
  • Partietal lobe: sensory integration, attention, visuomotor transformations
  • Temporal Lobe: auditory, memory, language, high-level visual processing
  • Frontal Lobe: motor output planning, problem-solving, complex social behaviour
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36
Q

What does the Limbic system include?

A

Cingulate cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, formic, septum and mammillary body

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37
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A

important for emotion and fear responses

38
Q

What is the function of the Hippocampus?

A

critical for forming new memories (spatial memory)

39
Q

What is the main function of the Thalamus?

A

the sensory relay centre

40
Q

What is the main function of the Hypothalamus?

and how does it do this?

A

Controls automatic system and the endocrine system
-controls the 4 F’s: fighting, fleeing, feeding, and fucking – also sleeping

  • nuclei in the hypothalamus send signals down to the pituitary gland to control the secretion of a variety of key hormones for controlling the functions of the internal organs of the body
41
Q

What does the Midbrain do?

A
  • alerts the brain
  • regulates consciousness
  • decense, aggression or reduction
  • influence motor control and cognition
42
Q

What plays a role in the sleep cycle?

A

Medulla and Pons

43
Q

What is independent – and processes various reflexes without brain input

A

Spinal cord

44
Q

What is the main function of the Spinal cord ?

A

distribute motor information to the appropriate muscles for motor production

  • collects somatosensory information and send it to the brain
45
Q

what are 2 neuroanatomical Techniques?

A

Golgi Stain and Nissl stain

46
Q

Describe the Golgi Stain

A

silver chromate is taken up by some neurons, dying them black

allows scientists to view the shapes of different neurons

47
Q

Describe Nissl Stain

A

uses cresol violet that allows cell bodies to be stained

allows anatomists to do cell counts in a given area

48
Q

What is Potential in a cell? and how is it measured ?

A

stored up energy (electrical energy)

measured by placing an electrode inside the axon and one outside

49
Q

what is the resting potential of a cell ?

A

-70 mV

50
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be Polarized?

A

It is at rest

51
Q

What does it mean for a cell to be Depolarized ?

A

if the charge is in the positives

52
Q

What does it mean if the cell is hyperpolarized ?

A

It means the charge is below -70 (roughly -80 mV)

53
Q

what does electrostatic pressure mean?

A

particles with the same charge will repel whereas particles with opposite charged attract one another

54
Q

What is Orthodromic conduction?

A

conduction of an action potential from the cell body along the axon to the terminal button (the normal direction)

55
Q

Antidromic Conduction

A

if sufficient electrical stimulation is applied at the terminal button, an action potential can be triggered travelling backwards up he axon toward the cell body

56
Q

what do Ionotropic Receptors contain?

A

contain activated ion channels

57
Q

What are Metabotropic Receptors?

A

receptors associated with signal proteins and G-proteins

58
Q

what is a G-protein?

A

a protein that conveys messages to other molecules when activated

59
Q

what are Autoreceptors?

A

receptors on the presynaptic side that monitor and control much of the neurotransmitters that are released

60
Q

What are 7 of the main Neurotransmitters?

A 
Serotonin 
dopamine 
acetylcholine 
anandimide 
norepinephrine 
GABA
Glutamte
61
Q

what is serotonin used for?

A

mood and temp regulation, aggression and sleep cycles

62
Q

what is dopamine used for?

A

Motor function and reward

63
Q

what is acetylcholine used for

A

muscle contraction, cortical arousal

64
Q

what is Anandimide used for?

A

pain reduction, increase in appetite

65
Q

what is Norepinepherine used for?

A

brain arousal and other functions, liike mood, hunger, and sleep

66
Q

what is GABAs main function?

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter

67
Q

What is Glutamate Used for?

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter, participates in relay sensory information and learning

68
Q

what are the 3 classes of small-molecule neurotransmitters? what is the bonus 4th class?

A

amino acids, monoamines, and acetylcholine

unconventional neurotransmitters

69
Q

what neurotransmitters are considered amino acids?

A

Glutamte, GABA

70
Q

Which Neurotransmitters are Monoamines?

A

Dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine

serotonin

71
Q

What is associated with low Serotonin levels?

A

mood and anxiety disorders

72
Q

What makes Unconventional neurotransmitters unconventional?

what is the con of studying these?

A

they do not bind to receptor sites

they are produced in the neuron’s cytoplasm

hard to study because they only exist for a few seconds

73
Q

Name the 5 Neuropeptides

A 
Pituitary peptides 
hypothalamic peptides 
brain-gut peptides 
opioid peptides 
miscellaneous peptides
74
Q

what are two ways Drugs influence neurotransmitters?

A

Agnostic: facilitates the effects of a neurotransmitter

Antagonist: interferes with the effect of a neurotransmitter

75
Q

If a patient has positive symptoms of schizophrenia, what type of drug will help these symptoms? Hint: patients with schizophrenia have too much dopamine

A

drugs that are dopamine antagonists

76
Q

If a patient has parkinsons disease what type of drug will help? Hint: patients with parkinsons do not have enough dopamine

A

drugs that are dopamine agnostics

77
Q

What does caffeine do to GABA receptors? explain how it works

A

acts as an antagonist to the neurotransmitter adenosine

adenosine builds up during the day resulting in sleepiness, caffeine blocks the build up so you feel more awake

78
Q

what is Spatial summation

A

the integration signals that originate at different sites on the neurons membrane to form greater EPSP and IPSP, if EPSP and IPSP fire at the same time they cancel each other out

79
Q

Describe Computerized Axial Tomography (CT Scan)

A
  • Uses Xrays from different angles, and the tissues absorb different amounts of X-rays
  • creates 8-9 2d images are created to make a full 3D Image
80
Q

What are pros and cons of the CT scan?

A

Pros: cheap, fast, and can identify lesions, tumours

Cons: Images are only on a horizontal plane and its low resolution

81
Q

Describe Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

A

measures radio-frequency waves that hydrogen atoms emit as they align with the magnetic field

82
Q

What are Pros and Cons of MRI’s

A

pros: non-invasive (no X-rays), anyone can do it (kids), high-resolution 3D images, can look at the brain from sagittal, frontal, and horizontal angles

Cons: expensive, cannot have metal in your body, doesn’t show timing information or connectivity of the network, limited availability to scientists

83
Q

Describe Audiography

A

animal is injected with radioactive 2dg, the areas that are active used more 2dg, the animal is then euthanized and the brain is treated in a solution, the brain is then sliced and stored in developed like films

84
Q

Describe Functional MRI (fMRI)

A

produces images representing the increase in oxygenated blood flow to active areas of the brain

85
Q

Describe Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)

A

it is a form of MRI

Measurement of the restricted diffusion of water in order to produce neural tract images

86
Q

What are 3 versions of fixation sectioning?

A

perfusion
fixation
sectioning

87
Q

What is perfusion?

A

the blood is removed from the vessels and replaces by the saline solution

88
Q

What is Fixation?

A

the brain is placed in a fixative which hardens and preserves the tissue

89
Q

What is sectioning?

A

slicing the brain into sections for further examination

90
Q

Describe Electroencaphalographic Recording (EEG)

A

macro electrodes placed at different position of the scalp, measures activity of many neurons in an area

  • can reveal different states of consciousness
91
Q

Describe Magnetoencelography (MEG)

A

Measures the magnetic properties of action potentials

-expensive

92
Q

Describe Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

magnetic pulse is used to temporarily disrupt neural firing in the cortex

-can draw causality

Psych 275 (2 decks)

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