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PNB 2XC3 > Midterm 2 (9-13) > Flashcards

Midterm 2 (9-13) Flashcards

1
Q

Bumblebees & Flowers

A
  • Innate tendency to fly to flowers for food
  • Must sample flowers & learn which are of the best quality
  • Diff seasons/ areas/ species
  • -No point of innate tendency to visit a specific flower b/c of the constant change in abundance
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2
Q

Emperor Penguins

A
  • Females return to sea & leave eggs w males for winter
  • Males keep eggs warm on top of their feet
  • Huddle together & rotate positions
  • Females return after 4mo & males go eat
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3
Q

Kittiwake Sea Guls

A
  • Recognize chick by the location they store them in
  • Wouldn’t remember they had a chick if it moved from that spot
  • Wide variation amongst birds in learning to recog parents & chicks
  • Diff bird species learn distinct info that’s most valuable in specific ecological settings
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4
Q

Rats & Aversion Learning

A

Group 1

  • Drank water, lick = noise
  • Shock to foot
  • Later didn’t want to drink water during noise

Group 2

  • Drank tasty water & got sick (needles :[ )
  • Later chose to drink plain water > tasty water

Bayesian Inference
-Probability that sickness was due to taste is higher than that it was due to noise… innately tuned to the assoc b/w taste & sickness

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5
Q

Memory

A

-Neuronal representation of information

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6
Q

Spatial Memory & Voles

A

Meadow Vole

  • Polygamous, more mates, more land than females
  • Difference b/w spatial memory/ navigation in M & F is prevalent

Prairie Vole

  • Monogamous, one mate, equal land as mate
  • No difference in spatial memory/ navigation in M & F
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7
Q

London Taxi Drivers

A
  • Study ~2 years for a test to become a cab driver
  • Have larger hippocampal volume w experience
  • Shows how plastic the brian is
  • -Likely mechanisms = neurogenesis, survival or new neurons, synaptogenesis
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8
Q

Humans & Spatial Memory

A
  • Men w larger territories over evo time = ^fitness
    • +Mating opportunities
  • -Fossil evidence = maj leg bones in men = +remodelling, suggests + range size for men > women
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9
Q

What Falls Under the Category of Associative Learning?

A

Classical Conditioning

  • Assoc b/w conditioned stim & conditioned response
  • -Ie. Eye blink & tone experiment

Instrumental Conditioning
-Association for subject b/w a behaviour & result

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10
Q

Non-Associative Learning

A

Sensitization

  • Increased response to stimuli following the presentation of a prominent stimulus
  • -Ie. Aplysia, dog bite

Habituation

  • Decreased response to a stim following repeated presentation of that stim
  • -Ie. shoch & shadow experiment w worm
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11
Q

Extinction

A
  • CS without US

- -Ie. Tone w/o air puff (classical)

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12
Q

Bayes’ Theorem

A

Probability
-Chance a subject has HIV if test is +

Prior Probability
-Chance for HIV before any event

Posterior Probability
-Outcome = the probability for HIV given + test

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13
Q

Variation

A

-Variation in life ie. school & course quality, friends, moods, potential mates etc

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14
Q

Uncertainty

A

-Inconclusive ie. the weather next weekend, summer employment, source for tuition $ etc

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15
Q

Rescorla-Wagner Model

A

-When a CS & US are paired, the change in strength of their association changes proportionally to the learning rate & the difference b/w the max strength possible & the current strength

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16
Q

Anticipatory Learning

A
  • Do we learn to assoc cues w events that assoc the two?
  • Prior to the event itself?
  • Anticipate something & adapt physiologically
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17
Q

Alcohol & Unfamiliarity

A
  • Subjects assoc famil cures w anticipated ned effects & take (unconscious) physiological measures to counteract such effects
  • Learning helps to anticipate & prep bod for events w strong physiological impacts
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18
Q

Solitary Wasps

A
  • Individual learning

- Rarely interact w other wasps (unless fighting)

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19
Q

Inadvertent Social Information

A
  • Emit info to others by doing something
  • Others pay attention & do similarly
  • -Ie. skating on an iced lake
  • You are cued
20
Q

Local Enhancement/ Social Facilitation

A
  • Observers increase the likelihood of visiting a place frequented by others, or are more likely to perform a behaviour performed by others
  • No explicit soc learning
  • Benefit = joining a model that prob is rich in resources & safe
  • -Ie. Milk-bottle opening by blue tits
21
Q

Signals

A

-Consist of intentionally communicated information

22
Q

Rat Breath Experiment

A
  • Social learning is provided w observer
  • Preference order = Powdered face -> Powdered Rear -> Dead powdered face -> plastic rat
  • ^ In order of most living
  • Did chemical analysis… Carbon disulfide = influential factor for soc learning
23
Q

Pine Seeds & Rats

A
  • Difficult to learn how to open pine cones w/o being shown

- Mothers show children… social learning? (mother-offspring social learning)

24
Q

What do Cheetahs, Peregrine Falcons & Merekats have in Common?

A

Mother-Offspring Social Learning

  • Mothers provide “processed prey” to kin
  • Progressively increase difficulty in killing the remains of the offspring
  • Offspring eventually learn
25
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

-Attribution of human traits to non-human animals

26
Q

Imitation/ Observational Learning

A
  • Observer learns a new behaviour by watching a demonstrator
  • Majority of animals don’t do it but humans do it effortlessly

-Mirror Neurons: in pre-motor cortex = active when an observer observes & executes an action

27
Q

Imitation in Quail

A

Control = watched door randomly slide & quail ate food
-No assoc b/w matched directional movement of the screen

Imitation = watched quail slide screen & eat food
-Assoc b/w matched directional movement of the screen

28
Q

Tandem-running Ants & Teaching

A
  • Leaders new location of food, but students = naive
  • -Leader kept moving only if student tapped on her leg or abdomen
  • Cost to teacher = 4X slower movement
  • Benefit to student = find food faster than when searching alone (201 vs 310 sec)
29
Q

Teaching

A
  • Not many cases of teaching & hard to find examples
  • Must have dedicated leader
  • Cost to teacher & benefit to student
30
Q

Culture

A

-Suite of local tradition that uniquely identifies a certain population

31
Q

Tradition

A

-Distinctive behav prattern shared by 2+ individs in a soc unit, which persists over time & that new practitioners acquire in part through soc learning

32
Q

Chimps & Harvesting Termites

A
  • First stick = thick & breaks into tunnel
  • Second stick = brush tip to extract termites
  • Set is unique to specific groups
33
Q

Chimps & Pan Pipe

A
  • Shown poke, lift or no technique to open pan pipe & acquire food
  • A lot of people shown to lift, poked instead
  • -Is poking a tradition unique to that group?
34
Q

Relative Brain Size

A
  • Positive linear association b/w brain & body weights
  • -Bigger body = Bigger brain
  • -Humans have a larger brain size than expected for their body size
35
Q

What’s Brain Size Influenced By?

A

Innovation
-Creative & novel solutions to enviro or soc problems

Social Learning

Executive Brain
-Brain structures involved in soc learning & innovation

Positive correlation b/w innovation, soc learning & the relative volume of the executive brain

36
Q

What are the Five Types of Taste?

A
  • Sweet: simple carbs
  • Bitter: prob poisonous
  • Salty: high in Na
  • Sour: prob spoiled
  • Umami: free glutamate = protein
37
Q

How Prevalent are Spices Depending on Geo Area?

A
  • Higher temp = more spices

- -Therefore spicier recepies

38
Q

Energy Intake vs. Energy Expenditure

A
  • We used to have to fight for our food & it wasn’t very abundant
  • Now, it is very accessible & we don’t need to move around a lot for it
  • We are fat now lol
39
Q

What is the Correlation Between Neurogenesis and Exercise in Mice?

A

-Positive correlation between an increase in neurogenesis and exercise

40
Q

Optimal Fat Reserves in Animals

A
  • Animals show adaptive fat storage
  • Fat = insulation & insurance
    • = reduced mobility, predated more
41
Q

What Should Animals Focus on When it Comes to Food?

A
  • Encounter rate: # of items encountered/ unit time
  • Energy content: calories
  • Handling time: time from capture to complete ingestion
  • Predation Risk
42
Q

What is the Optimal Diet Model?

A

-Mathematical model that allows us to predict what prey types a forager should eat based on energy content, encounter rate & handling time

43
Q

How Long Should an Animal Stay in a Patch of Food?

A

-Until that said patch of foods net rate of energy intake is the same as the average of others

44
Q

What is the Moose Solution?

A
  • Moose balance a great diet
  • Should spend ~18% of their foraging time on sodium-rich, energy-poor aquatic plants

^^ This is approximately what the moose does!

45
Q

Pica: Video

A
  • Canadian species from the rockies
  • Collects variety of plants
  • Forages close to shelter to avoid predation & takes several hundred trips daily to collect & stack plants
  • -Spends all day feeding and storing food for the winter
  • Food is low cal and contains poisonous plant compounds

PNB 2XC3 (3 decks)

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