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PNB 2XC3 > Midterm 1 (1-8) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (1-8) Flashcards

1
Q

Fly Learning & Human Mental Health

A

-Fruit flies = gen sim to humans

  • Put flies in chamber lined w/ elec coil & specific scent
  • -Given slight shock
  • Waiter 24hrs & re-tested
  • Flies chose b/w 2 chambers; chose chamber w novel scent
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2
Q

Uses of Animal Behaviour Research

A
  • Entertainment: pets, zoos, safaris, TV etc
  • Protection of rare, endangered animals
  • Model systems for human applications
  • Control of pests & damage-reduction
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3
Q

Canadian Geese; Species Identification

A
  • Mitochondrial DNA sequences from tissue samples matched known genetic material for CG
  • Knowing migratory paths can reduce risk of future collisions
  • -Integrating this info w bird migration patterns, bird-detecting radar & bird dispersal programs @ airports can minimize the risk of crashes in the future
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4
Q

Animal

A

-Organism that feeds on organic matter- typically having specialized sensory organs, nerv syst & able to respond rapidly to stimuli; multicellular

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5
Q

Microbiom

A
  • All organisms that live w/in us

- -Ie. inside our body –> inside our large intestines

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6
Q

Whooping Crane Video

A
  • Don’t want to humanize chicks
  • Imprinting: first thing they see/ smell = their parent
  • Humans taught them how to fly/ migrate
  • Learning
  • -Chicks imprint on caregiver
  • -Young learn migration route from adults
  • –Lead birds w/ planes
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7
Q

Why Do We Depend on Animals?

A
  • Pollination
  • Soil quality
  • Biological control (pests)
  • Protein
  • ETC-
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8
Q

Accupuncture & its Placebo Effect

A
  • Acupuncture = insert needles @ blocked Qi (chee = life energy) points & relieve stress
  • Similar results b/w actual acupuncture (51% better) & sham acupuncture (53% better)
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9
Q

Blind Experiment

A
  • Person who collects data is blind to subjects assignments to treatments
  • Relevant for all scientific disciplines
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10
Q

Double Blind Experiment

A
  • Data collector & subject are both blind
  • Relevant for human subjects only
  • -Humans = greatly bias!
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11
Q

House Finches & Plumage Colour

A

Proximately…

  • Plumage colour comes from carotenoid pigments ingested in food
  • +carotenoid = +pigment

Ultimately…

  • +ve correlation b/w male mating success & their colour intensity
  • Sexual selection; females estimate male quality based on their colour intensity
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12
Q

Animal Behaviour

A

Self generated movement of either a body part or the whole body in animals

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13
Q

Fruit Fly Courtship

A

-Males chase females who initially reject them
-Males sing to females
-After a while, female may accept male as a mate
=Copulation

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14
Q

Turtle Video Clip; Non-random Mortality

A

-Non-random mortality = the fast & strong = + likely to survive

  • Turtles need to get to the sea asap after hatching b/c of the high predation on land
  • -Small portion make it & reach sexual maturity
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15
Q

Grizzly Bear Video; Eating Patterns

A
  • Winter: hibernation, slowed pulse, no eating/ drinking, empty energy stores (~1mill cals)
  • Spring: wake up, find food quick- roots, grass etc
  • Summer: pack on the pounds to survive, salmon = protein & fat rich, clams etc
  • Fall: seasonal change = bears never feel full, eating anything & everything they find, need to store ~1mill cals for the winter
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16
Q

What Mechanisms Change Biological Traits?

A

Morphological Plasticity
-Go to gym & grow muscles

Experience Based Adaptation
-Pupil adaptation, acclimatization for temp/ altitude etc

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17
Q

Evolution

A

A change over generations in the proportions of individual organisms differing genetically in one or more traits

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18
Q

Galapagos Finch; Beak Size

A
  • Large/ small beaks = good for large/ small seeds
  • Dry weather = no small seeds = no small birds = increase in beak size
  • -Heritable variation in beak size
  • -Higher survival of individuals w larger beaks
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19
Q

Learning

A
  • Ability to acquire novel neuronal representations of new info
  • Is adaptive when there is sufficient assoc b/w cue & enviro @ some point in an individuals life span
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20
Q

Grasshoppers & Learning

A
  • Grasshoppers learn to eat a balanced diet w optimal proportions of nutrients (ie. carbs & protein)
  • Learning group was able to create association
  • -Learning allowed for a 20% higher growth rate
  • Random group couldn’t learn, but when they did find the balanced diet for that meal, they spent sufficient time eating it
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21
Q

Rats & Social Learning

A
  • Demonstrators = taken to another room & ate either cocoa or cinnamon flavoured food
  • -Taken back to original room & interacted w observer rat for 15min
  • –Observer was later more likely to consume the same type of food that its demonstrator had consumed
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22
Q

Social Learning

A
  • Learning through society

- Faster spread of learnt behaviour amongst individs that’s transferrable b/w gens

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23
Q

Individual Learning

A
  • Stays w/in that single individual & can’t be transferred to next gen
  • Majority of animals don’t show soc learning
  • Change w/in individs = measured on same individs & after some experience
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24
Q

Artificial Selection

A
  • Process by which humans selectively choose & breed animals w some preferred characteristics
  • The variation in reprod success (fitness) of individuals = determined by humans who decide which individs should reprod
  • Humans use selective breeding change & over time proportion of individs differs dramatically
  • -Lots of organisms we interact w have been artificially selected for
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25
Q

Evolution by Artificial Selection

A
  • Process by which humans using selective breeding change the proportions of individ animals differing genetically in 1+ traits over time
  • -Can only succeed w a trait w heritable variation
26
Q

Heritability

A
  • Contribution of genes to the observed variation in a trait
  • -Variation in fitness!
  • A heritable gene that can be passed down through generations
27
Q

Natural Selection

A
  • The variation in reprod success (fitness) of individuals is determined naturally
  • Needs heritable individual variation that corresponds to variation in fitness
28
Q

Fitness

A
  • Success of an individ in reprod
  • Direct fitness = offspring
  • Indirect fitness = helping those related to you
  • Inclusive fitness = Direct + Indirect
  • rb > c
29
Q

Evolution by Natural Selection

A
  • Change over time in proportions of individ animals differing genetically in 1+ traits that affect fitness
  • Heritable individual variation that corresponds to variation in fitness is a NECESSARY condition
  • -Animals traits like behav & cog traits = products of evolution & many traits keep evolving
30
Q

Red Deer Reproduction

A

Female
-Normal distribution

Male

  • Very few males w lots of reprod
  • Lots of males w very little reprod
  • Males fight for females; strongest & toughest get the most
31
Q

Guppies & Antipredator Behaviour

A

Low Predation

  • Bigger, less abundant, older @ maturity
  • Sexual selection & can afford bigger/ more spots
  • -Females prefer males w more spots
  • Guppies outgrow predators & spot size doesn’t matter

High Predation

  • Smaller, more abundant, younger @ maturity
  • Selection for less spots; don’t want to be noticed by predators

Lab-born fish
-High pred exhibited better anti-pred behav & stayed in bigger groups, further from predators & looked more

32
Q

Cricket Singing; Textbook

A
  • Crickets sing to females
  • Flies like the singing & attack crickets & kill them
  • Crickets who stopped singing got less females
  • Sneaky crickets who can’t/ don’t sing stole other singing crickets females
33
Q

Chromosom

A

-Long strand of DNA consisting of diff genes

34
Q

Gene

A

-Functional unit of heredity

35
Q

mRNA

A

-Messenger RNA

36
Q

Locus

A

-Site on chromosome occupied by specific gene

37
Q

Allele

A

-One of several forms of the same gene

38
Q

Mutation

A

Alteration of a DNA sequence

39
Q

QTL: Quantitative Trait Loci

A
  • Most traits are polygenic: many genes are involved in their expression
  • Mapping QTLs: If inheritance of a genetic marker is assoc w inheritance of a partic trait, the marker must be linked to that trait
  • Can ID genes that are assoc w partic traits
40
Q

Mice & QTLs for Emotionality

A
  • Mice don’t like being in open fields
  • Monitored level of activity & defecation
  • -Heritable & neg correlated
  • Found certain levels of emotions = adaptive
  • Higher anxiety mice survived longer in the field
41
Q

DNA Microarray

A
  • Array contains numerous copies of single-stranded DNA representing a gene
  • -Collect mRNA from 2 samples
  • Transcribe it into (more stable) cDNA
  • -Mark each w fluorescent label & apply to array
  • Binding = active gene
  • -Red = treated = active
  • -Green = untreated = active
  • -Yellow = both = equally active
  • -Black = both = inactive
42
Q

Forager Bees Experiment

A
  • Had hive w young colony
  • Add old bees = old bees will become foragers
  • -Because they’re used to being foragers
  • Add young bees = young resident bees will become foragers
  • -Because they’re more familiar w the hive
43
Q

Phototaxis in Fruit Flies & Artificial Selection

A
  • Phototaxis = attraction to light or dark
  • Adult fruit flies entered maze & had choice b/w light & dark 16X
  • Top 25 were trunked & bred: offspring then went into the mazes
  • Phototaxis can be artificially selected for b/c the offspring did well
44
Q

Relatedness

A
  • Fraction of genes that are identical by descent

- -Inherited by common ancestor

45
Q

Naked Mole Rats & Eusociality

A

Eusocial

  • Reproductive division of labour
  • Communal care of young
  • Overlapping generations

Mole Rats
-High degree of relatedness: result of inbreeding

46
Q

Phylogeny

A
  • History = constructed through phylogenetic trees
  • -All species = product of descent (w mods) from common ancestors
  • -Shows speciation
  • -Something more closely related = closer node
47
Q

Evolution of Agriculture

A
  • Insect agriculture = growing fungi on plant material & protecting their crop on undesired species
  • Ie. Leaf Cutting Ants
  • -Carry cut leaves back to nest
  • -Put leaves in garden where fungi feed
  • -Ants actively maintain this & use anti-biotic to suppress undesirable species
  • From ancestors –> Agriculture
  • -Ants & Termites = 1 common ancestor
  • -Beetles = 9 common ancestors

-No reversal back to life w/o agriculture

48
Q

Chemotaxis

A

-Successive comparison is used to sample environments & move from low –> higher conc

49
Q

Successive Comparison

A
  • Very simple; compare one location/ thing to a previous one and decide if it’s better or not
  • -Ie. Chemotaxis in bacteria
50
Q

Simultaneous Comparison

A
  • Difficult; comparing 2+ stimuli to reach a conclusion

- -Ie. Estimating time differences of incoming aud stimuli b/w ears to determine location

51
Q

Thermotaxis

A
  • Directing locomotion up or down a temp grad

- -Ie. Movement of sperm in uterus

52
Q

Innate Behaviour

A
  • Behavioural pattern that appears in its fully fcntional form the first time it’s performed
  • Genetics behind it, environmental onset, automatic
  • Sufficient when there’s strong assoc over many gens b/w cue & environmental feature
53
Q

Birds & Nest Building

A
  • Innate
  • Birds knows what material to use, where to get it, & how to build its specific nest
  • Better nest = +females = +fitness
54
Q

Damselflies & Pike Experiment; Innate & Learnt Behaviour

A
  • 3 Tanks
  • -Pike ate Minnows = antipred behav
  • -Pike ate Damselflies = antipred behav
  • -Pike ate Mealworms (damselflies aren’t familiar w mealworms!) = no antipred behav
  • Placed same damselflies in tanks w only Pike at Mealworm scent
  • -Damselflies from orig Minnows & Damselflies tank = learnt assoc w the scent of pikes & exhibited antipred behav
  • –Damselflies from mealworm group didn’t learn assoc
55
Q

Geese & Egg Rolling

A
  • Precise egg discrimination hasn’t been selected for in geese
  • Is an example of evolution over time
56
Q

Gull Chicks & Begging Behaviour

A
  • Innate to peck @ long & red stimuli

- Genetically, certain devel of neurons that have innate perception of response

57
Q

What are the Two Major Mechanisms that can change behaviour over time?

A

EVOLUTION & LEARNING

58
Q

Fruit Flies; Artificial Selection on Learning

A
  • Fruit flies avoid bitter (quinine) & lay there eggs somewhere else
  • Had pineapple + Q & orange in odd gens
  • Had orange + Q in even gens
  • -^ To avoid evolution of a smell + Q
  • Moderate learning abilities
  • Knew where to lay their eggs
59
Q

Mice & CREB

A
  • CREB = involved in mem performance
  • Treated mice w drug that increases CREB activity
  • Compared them to control & training trials
  • CREB increased mem activity right away
60
Q

Aplysia

A

-Simple nervous system & gill withdrawl reflex that has been used to study learning & memory

61
Q

Is Mass or Space Training More Effective?

A

-Spaced! Allows you to sleep on the information & retain more information

PNB 2XC3 (3 decks)

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