Midterm 2 Flashcards
What is a group
2 or more people interacting interdependently to achieve a common goal
“teams”
Group members rely on each other to accomplish goals
What is the group development stage model
forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
FSNPA
“For Sure Not Performing Acrobatics”
What does forming mean in the group development stage model
testing the waters, peoples personalities, purpose
What does storming mean in the group development stage model
sorting roles/ responsibilities
conflict is most likely to emerge here
What does norming mean in the group development stage model
norms are agreed to, group becomes cohesive, conflicts resolved
What does performing mean in the group development stage model
achievement, creativity
What does adjourning mean in the group development stage model
group disbands, evaluation of success
what are additive tasks and what type of group is best for it
where sum total matters, performance is dependent from contributions from each member, therefore bigger groups better
what are disjunctive tasks and what type of group is best for it
best contributor matters
ex. trivia- someone w right answer is all that matters, therefore bigger group is best
what are conjunctive tasks and what type of group is best for it
worst contributor matters, performance is based on weakest member, therefore small group is best
What is process loss
where an individual has outperformed the group, failure to recognize true expertise or conflict avoidance
What happens to performance when group size gets bigger
actual performance increases with size up to a point and then falls off
motivation and coordination becomes more difficult
less participation
What are the differences between surface (homogenous) group diversity and deep (heterogeneous) group diversity
Homogenous: less conflict, faster team development, performs better on cooperative tasks, better coordination
Heterogeneous: more conflict, longer team development, performs better on complex problems, more creative
What are factors influencing group cohesiveness
threat/ competition success group size member diversity toughness of initiation
what are the consequences of cohesiveness and what even is cohesiveness
consequences: participation in group activities, conformity, success
cohesiveness: the degree to which a group is attractive to its members
What is social loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when performing a group task than working alone
what is the free rider effect in social loafing
people lower their effort to get a free ride at the expense of their group members
what is the sucker effect in social loafing
people lower their effort because of the feeling that others are free riding (trying to restore equity in the group)
how to get rid of social loafing
make individuals accountable
make work interesting/ meaningful
increase performance feedback
What is self regulation
adapting ones behaviours, emotions, and cognitions to meet a goal
self control, emotion regulation, grit, impulse control
what is grit
passion and sustained persistence applied toward long-term goals
what is motivation
the extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal
what are the 2 motivation theories
content theories- focus on the NEEDS that must be met in order to motivate individuals
Process theories- focus on the underlying processes involved in motivating employees
what are the 4 theories in content theories
maslows theory
alderfers ERG theory
McClellands theory
self determination theory
what are the 3 process theories
expectancy theory
equity theory
goal setting theory
content theory: What is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
bottom to top: physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualization (a persons motivation to reach their full potential
content theory: what is McClellands Motivational Needs
the need for power
the need for affiliation
the need for achievement
content theory: what is self- determination theory
2 types of motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic
3 basic psychological needs: competence, relatedness, autonomy
what is intrinsic motivation
internal drives that motivate us to behave in certain ways, including our core values, interest and personal sense of morality
what is extrinsic motivation
a drive to behave in certain ways that comes from external sources and results in external rewards
what are the 3 basic psychological needs in self determination theory
competence; need to be effective in dealing with environment
autonomy; need to control the course of their lives
relatedness;need to have a close, affectionate relationship with others
-if all achieved; become self- determined and intrinsically motivated
process theories; what is goal setting theory
goals are motivational when they are specific, challenging, accepting, and feedback is provided
what are 2 principles of goal setting
higher goals are good; lead to greater effort
specific goals are good; specific and difficult goals are better than vague
process theory: what is equity theory
motivation stems from a comparison between the inputs one invests in a job and the outcomes one receives in comparison with the inputs and outcomes of another person
process theory: what is expectancy theory
motivation is determined by the outcomes people expect to occur as the result of their actions on the job
expectancy on effort put in, instrumentality on how you perform (1st level outcome) and valence (will the outcome be satisfying)
what is the rational decision making process
identify problem search for relevant information develop alternative solutions to the problem evaluate alternative solutions choose best solution implement chosen solution monitor and evaluate chosen solution
what is perfect rationality in the rational decision making process
completely informed
completely logical
based on economic gain
what is bounded rationality
relies on limited information
reflects time constraints
political considerations
what is confirmation bias
seek out information that conforms to ones definition of, or solution to, the problem
what is escalation of commitment
continuing to pursue a failing course of action because of sunk costs
decision making bias: what is framing
framing refers to the manner in which objectively equivalent alternatives are presented
in a loss frame we are risk
seeking
in a gain frame we are risk
averse
decision making bias: what is overconfidence
don’t accurately perceive risk, willing to take risk
what is anchoring
the inadequate judgement of subsequent estimates from an initial estimate that serves as an anchor
people do not adjust their estimates properly bc they are overly influenced by the anchor
where is the anchoring effect in the rational decision making process
in the develop alternative solutions to the problem step
what are sunk costs
permanent losses of resources incurred as the result of a decision
tendency to invest additional resources in an apparently failing course of action
how to avoid escalation of commitment
actively seek disconfirming information about a chosen alternative, reframe losses as gains to prevent risk- seeking, dont consider expended resources when making decisions
why do people conform
to be right and to be liked
what is group polarization
group discussion polarizes or exaggerates the initial position of the group
if people already favour, they will favour more, if people are against, they will be against even more
if your group was on the risky side to begin with, what does group polarization do
make riskier decisions as a group
what is groupthink
the capacity for group pressure to damage the mental efficiency, reality testing and moral judgement of decision making groups
what are the causes of groupthink
group cohesiveness
concern for approval
isolation of the group
promotion of decision by leader
some symptoms of group think
illusion of unanimity; must be me that thinks this way
mindguards; protect the group from anything that can change their decision
stereotyping; groups think they are superior to other groups, ignore information coming from other groups
ways to avoid groupthink
devils advocate
objective leaders (dont state preference first)
norms that encourage dissent and communication
What is negotiation
a decision making process among interdependent parties who do not share identical preferences
3 characteristics of negotiation
parties engage in communication to divide and exchange resources
parties make offers and counteroffers until an agreement is reached
parties have incomplete knowledge about each other’s interests
How do you negotiate
-assess personal goals, consider other’s goals, develop strategy
-identify target and resistance points
Target: what one would like to achieve
resistance: lowest outcome acceptable
-Identify BATNA
What is the settlement range in negotiation
where both parties get an acceptable outcome
-in between partys resistance point to others resistance point
What is BATNA
best alternative to a negotiated agreement
- the better the BATNA, the more power you have
- lets you know whether or not you should accept an offer
- try to figure out the other party’s BATNA
what is considered a successful negotiation
one where both parties walk away with a good deal (the deal falls within the settlement range, which is determine by each party’s target and resistance points)
Why is planning for negotiation important
it will tell you when to walk away from the table and when an agreement is acceptable
What is distributive negotiation
Win-lose negotiation
“your (my) gain is my (your) loss”
fixed amount of resources (fixed pie) to be divided
What is integrative negotiation
win-win
each party has different priorities so they can both get what they want
-problem solving can create mutually beneficial outcomes (expand the pie)
what is distributive, integrative and compatible negotiation issues
distributive- win/ lose
integrative- win/ win
compatible- both parties want the same thing
what are distributive negotiation tactics
tactics that help you claim value for yourself
-threats/ promises, firmness, persuasion
what are integrative negotiation tactics
tactics that help you create value
- exchange info.
- frame differences as opportunities
- cut costs
- expand the pie (bring more offers to the table)
- find superordinate goals (ideals that both sides want that can only be achieved through collab.)
What is the first common mistake in negotiation
irrational escalation of commitment
-continuing a previously chosen course of action beyond what a rational analysis would recommend
what is the second common mistake in negotiation
belief in the mythical fixed pie
-negotiators assume that the party’s interests are directly opposed to each other
what is the third common mistake in negotiation
an anchor is a standard against which future adjustments are measured, but often the choice of an anchor is based on faulty or incomplete information
What is job scope breadth and depth
breadth: number of different activities performed
depth: degree of discretion or control over how tasks are performed
