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BU288- Organizational Behaviour > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are organizations

A

Social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort

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2
Q

What do members of an organization need to do to survive

A

Be motivated to join and remain
Carry out their work reliably (productivity, quality and service)
Be willing to learn and improve knowledge and skills
Be flexible and innovative

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3
Q

What is organization behaviour

A

The attitudes and behaviours of individuals in an organizational context
studies these attitudes and behaviours so they can provide advice about how organizations can manage them effectively

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4
Q

What are the goals of OB

A

Predicting OB
Explaining OB
Managing OB

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5
Q

What is management

A

The art of getting things accomplished through others in organizations
Managers acquire, allocate and utilize physical and human resources to accomplish goals

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6
Q

What is evidence based management

A

translating principles based on the best scientific evidence into organizational practices
separates OB from opinion and common sense

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7
Q

How do you conduct OB research

A 
Research question
Form hypothesis
Design a study
Collect data
Analyze data and report findings
=evidence based management
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8
Q

What are operationalizations

A

ways to measure the variables in the concept

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9
Q

What is reliability of measure

A

an index of consistency of a research subjects responses

the subject should respond roughly the same way for similar questions

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10
Q

What is validity of measure

A

an index of the extent to which a measure truly reflects what it is supposed to measure
(make sure your questions are measuring the right thing)

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11
Q

what are the 2 forms of validity of measure

A

convergent validity: when there is a strong relationship between different measures of the same variables
discriminant validity: when there is a weak relationship between measures of different variables

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12
Q

What are the 3 types of research going from least scientifically rigorous to most

A

observational research
correlational research
experimental research

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13
Q

what is observational research and its 2 types

A

research that examines the natural activities of people in an organizational setting by listening to what they say and watching what they do

1) participation observation- becomes a member
2) direct observation-observes without partaking

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14
Q

What is correlational research

A

research that examines the naturally occurring relationship among 2 variables

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15
Q

What is a negative and positive correlation and range of strength

A

negative- as x goes up, y goes down
positive- as x goes up, y goes up
strength- -1 to 1

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16
Q

What is reverse directionality in correlational research

A

when you don’t know which variable caused which

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17
Q

What is a third variable in correlational research

A

a variable that is causing a change that could be highly related to the variable that we came up with- the true cause of change

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18
Q

What is experimental research

A

to overcome the shortcomings of correlational designs because we can infer causation with experiments
2 essential features: manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment to the condition

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19
Q

What is manipulation in experimental research

A

in an experiment, a variable IV is manipulated or changed under controlled conditions, and the consequence DV of this manipulation for some other variable is measured
-also overcomes the reverse directionality problem

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20
Q

what is random assignment in experimental research

A

distributes all other variables equally among experimental groups (on avg.)
- overcomes the 3rd variable problem

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21
Q

what is internal validity

A

extent to which research yields clear casual information (confidence that changes int he DV are due to the IV)
Higher in experimental research

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22
Q

what is external validity

A

extent to which results generalize beyond current sample, setting, etc
higher in correlational research

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23
Q

what is a moderating variable

A

a variable that affects the nature of the relationship between the IV and the DV
this relationship depends on this variable

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24
Q

what is a mediating variable

A

a variable that EXPLAINS the relationship between the IV and the DV

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25
Q

What is personality

A

the relatively stable set of psychological characteristics that influences the way an individual interacts with their environment and how they think, feel and behave

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26
Q

What is the the big 5 dimensions

A 
O- Openness to experience
C- conscientiousness
E- Extraversion
A- Agreeableness
N- Neuroticism/ emotional stability
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27
Q

what are the characteristics of openness to experience

A

they think creatively, receptive to new ideas, open minded
high- albert einstien
low- donald trump

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28
Q

what are the characteristics

of conscientiousness

A

responsible, achievement oriented, orderly

low- mariah

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29
Q

what are the characteristics of extraversion

A

the extent to which a person is outgoing or shy
low- elon musk
high- oprah

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30
Q

what are the characteristics of agreeableness

A

the extent to which a person is friendly, compassionate, warm, outgoing
high- ellen
low- donald

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31
Q

what are the characteristics of emotional stability/ neuroticism

A

degree of emotional control
stable, confident,
low- depressed, anxious

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32
Q

what is the strongest predictor of overall job performance

A

conscientiousness

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33
Q

what is the dispositional approach to personality

A

people are predisposed to behave in certain ways, individuals possess stable traits or characteristics that influence their attitudes and behaviours

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34
Q

what is the situational approach

A

characteristics of the organization cause people to behave in certain ways
focuses on the situation, not the person

35
Q

what the interactionist approach to personality

A

OB is a function of both dispositions and the situation
- to predict and understand organizational behaviour, we need to know something about an individuals personality and the work setting

36
Q

what is the locus of control

A

a set of beliefs about whether ones behaviour is controlled mainly by internal or external factors
“i control my destiny” vs. others control my destiny

37
Q

what is self- esteem

A

the degree to which a person has a positive self- evaluation

38
Q

what is the behavioural plasticity theory in self- esteem

A

people with low self- esteem tend to be more susceptible to external and social influences
more impacted by events and people

39
Q

what is general self- efficacy

A

refers to an individuals belief in his or her ability to perform successfully in a variety of challenging situations
-motivational rather than affective

40
Q

what is learning

A

learning occurs when practice or experience leads to relatively permanent change in behaviour potential

41
Q

what are the 2 learning theories

A

operant learning theory

social cognitive theory

42
Q

what is operant learning theory

A

learning to operate on the environment to achieve certain consequences

43
Q

what are the 2 reinforcements that increase behaviour in operant learning theory

A

positive reinforcement: adding something pleasant (ex. praise)
negative reinforcement: removing something unpleasant (ex. nagging)

44
Q

what is extinction and punishment in operant learning theory

A

extinction: removing the reinforcer (something pleaseant, ex. no praise)
punishment: adding something unpleasant (ex. fines)

45
Q

what are some points about using punishment effectively

A
  • it elicits strong negative emotional reactions
  • should only be warranted if unwanted behaviour is something they can not control
  • tell them what they should do
  • can reduce innovation, etc if was honest mistake
46
Q

what is social cognitive theory

A

learning can take place without reinforcement from the environment, as a result of individual cognitive processes

47
Q

what are the 3 groups in social cognitive theory

A

observational learning: observing and imitating the behaviour of others
self- efficacy: belief about ones ability to perform a specific task
self- regulation: people regulate their own behaviour by setting goals and working towards them

48
Q

steps in self regulation

A
  • set a goal: discrepancy production
  • monitor behaviour
  • compare current state to desired end state (goal)
  • modify behaviour to meet goal: discrepancy reduction
49
Q

3 ways to effectively train using social cognitive theory

A

provide a role model displaying the effective behaviours
provide opportunities for trainees to practice using those behaviours
provide feedback to trainees

50
Q

what is perception

A

the process of interpreting the messages of our senses to provide order and meaning to the environment
- our actions are based on our interpretation of reality from our perceptual system, rather than on reality itself

51
Q

what is the better than average effect in perception

A

the idea that most people think that they are better than avergage

52
Q

where do first impressions come from

A

what people say about themselves

what people dont say

53
Q

what can you judge at above change levels accurately

A

narcissism
extraversion
sexual orientation
the success of a CEOs company

54
Q

what is Bruner’s model about perception about and the steps

A

how first impressions turn into more permanent beliefs
unfamiliar target- openness to target cues- familiar cues encountered- target categorized- cue selectivity- categorization strengthened

55
Q

what are the 6 biases in person perception that can lead to inaccurate perceptions of another person

A 
primacy
recency
reliance on central traits
implicit personality theories
projection 
stereotyping
56
Q

what is the primacy effect

A

tendency to rely on early cues/ first impressions

57
Q

what is the recency effect

A

tendency to rely on recent cues/ last impressions

58
Q

what is reliance on central traits

A

to rely on personal characteristics of a target person that are of particular interest to a perceiver
ex. physical appearance

59
Q

what is implicit personality theories

A

personal theories people have about which personality characteristics go together

60
Q

what is projection

A

tendency to attribute ones own thought and feelings to others

61
Q

what is stereotyping

A

to generalize about people in a social category and ignore variations among them

62
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error

A

the tendency to overemphasize dispositional explanations for behaviour at the expense of situational explanations

63
Q

what are the 3 cues to determine whether we should attribute the behaviour to dispositional or situational causes

A

consistency: does this person consistently act this way
consensus: is this behaviour similar to other people in this situation
distinctiveness: does this person act this way across situations

64
Q

if the behaviour is because of a situational attribution then what is the inference about the person

A

inconclusive

65
Q

what are the 4 employee behaviours

A

task performance
organizational citizenship behaviour
counterproductive work behaviour
withdrawal

66
Q

what is task performance

A

are people doing the job they were hired to do

67
Q

what is organizational citizenship behaviour

A

voluntary behaviour that contributes to organizational effectiveness

68
Q

what is counterproductive work behaviour and its 4 points

A 
behaviour that intentionally hinders organizational goal accomplishment
production deviance: purposeful failure
sabotage: destroying
abuse against others
theft
69
Q

what is withdrawal and its 3 points

A

escaping from the workplace

  • lateness
  • absenteeism
  • turnover
70
Q

what are values

A

a broad tendency to prefer certain states of affairs over others
what we consider good and bad
value differences are generational and cultural

71
Q

what are the 2 types of cultures

A

independent cultures

collectivist cultures

72
Q

what was hofstedes study about

A 
questioned about work related values
discovered 4 basic dimensions along which work related values differed across cultures:
-power distance
-uncertainty avoidance
-masculinity/ femininity
-individualism/ collectivism
73
Q

what is power distance

A

the extent to which an unequal distribution of power is accepted by society members
-in large power distance cultures, this is natural and superiors are inaccessible

74
Q

what are attitudes

A

fairly stable evaluative tendency to respond consistently to some specific object, situation, person, or category of people
(job satisfaction, organizational commitment)

75
Q

what is job satisfaction

A

a collection of attitudes people have about their job

76
Q

what are the 4 determinants of job satsifaction

A
  • discrepancy- outcomes wanted vs. perceived current outcomes
  • fairness- 3 types
  • disposition
  • mood and emotion
77
Q

what are the 3 types of fairness

A

distributive fairness
procedural fairness
interaction fairness

78
Q

what is distributive fairness

A

when people receive the outcomes they think they deserve

79
Q

what is equity theory in distributive fairness

A

job satisfaction stems from a comparison of the inputs one invests in a job and the outcomes one receives, compared to another person/ group
perceived when my outcomes/ inputs=others outcomes/ inputs

80
Q

what is procedural fairness

A

when people perceive the process used to determine outcomes as fair
arent biased, used same procedure, etc

81
Q

what is interaction fairness

A

when people feel they have received respectful and informative communication about an outcome
the procedures were explained thoroughly, truthfully, etc

82
Q

what is organizational commitment in attitude

A

an attitude that reflects the strength of the linkage between an employee and an organization

83
Q

what are the 3 types of commitment

A

affective commitment: emotional attachment and identification
continuance commitment: the costs incurred if left and lack of other employment
normative commitment: a feeling of obligation

84
Q

what causes behaviour

A

personality, values, and fairness perceptions influence attitudes which then affects behaviour at work

BU288- Organizational Behaviour (2 decks)

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