Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What are factors that increase to cancer? Order of prevalence
A
- Obesity increases risk
- Diet: Change in eating habits, more than double proper size portion and more regular processed/fast-food/restaurant food that contain carcinogen to attract you to keep eating
- Viruses that contain oncogenes
- Excess alcohol
- Lack of exercise
- Exposure to uv light
- Environmental exposure - man made
- Environmental exposure - natural sources (Tobacco)
- Genetics
- Radiation from medical procedures
2
Q
Obesity increases your risk for ____
A
Everything
3
Q
What are the changes in eating habits from the 1950s?
A
Regular eating out, processed food/fast food/ junk food/ and size portions are doubled
4
Q
Viruses responsible for about __ of cancer death
A
15%
5
Q
High risk viruses causing cancer target ____
A
p53 (tumour protein)
6
Q
Guardasil:
A
Vaccine for HPV induced cervical cancer
7
Q
What is used for HPV induced cervical cancer?
A
Guardasil
8
Q
Excess ____ increases risk for cancer/
A
Alcohol
9
Q
Why is alcohol a carcinogen?
A
Ethyl alcohol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase into acetaldehyde which is oxidized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid
10
Q
Yew bark extract was found to be ______
A
Cytotoxic
11
Q
What is the strategy for cancer chemotherapy?
A
To kill the cancer faster than you kill the patient (human cells). Has 100% guaranteed and severe side effects.
12
Q
Side affects in chemotherapy include
A
- Death
- Cancer
- Extreme nausea/vomiting
- Hair loss
- Immune suppression
- Sterility
13
Q
What was used in WW1 and what does it do?
A
Nitrogen mustards destroy tissue
14
Q
When was nitrogen mustards used?
A
In WW1
15
Q
Was nitrogen mustards actively used in WW2?
A
No, but it was brought on an American navel ship to Italy which was going to be stored in case of emergency. The ship ended up being air raided on bari, Italy.
16
Q
What happened to the soldiers that survived nitrogen mustards exposure?
A
Survivors had fewer white blood cells
17
Q
What was the first cancer drug?
A
Mustine, targets fast dividing cells(tumour cells) AND cancer cells. Its not too reactive thus normal cells can repair DNA damage.
18
Q
Why do cancer drugs cause death and cancer?
A
Because cancer drugs are carcinogenic and very toxic that kill of cancer cells and also other normal cells that happen to grow fast.
19
Q
Difference between normal and cancer cells.
A
Normal cells have time to repair damage from drugs Cancer cells reproduce before damage repaired
20
Q
Rapid cell growth provides _______
A
selectivity
21
Q
_______ provides selectivity
A
Rapid cell growth
22
Q
Plant dangerous to handle
A
Phorbol
23
Q
_____ extract was found to b cytotoxic in ____
A
Yew bark; 1964
24
Q
Cisplatin was first synthesized in ____
A
1845
25
Cisplatin’s inhibition of cell division was discovered in _______
1965
26
Cisplatin’s anti cancer activity was discovered in ______
1969
27
Cisplatin was approved for human use in _____
1978
28
The cure rate for testicular cancer by cisplatin is ___
90%
29
What is the drug that has a cure rate for testicular cancer by approx 90%?
Cisplatin
30
Today, cisplatin is used in ___ of all cancer patients
40-80%
31
Describe movement of cisplatin in normal cells vs cancer cells.
Normal cells: moves in and out of cells
| Cancer cells: gets activated inside and will stay inside cell
32
The usda searched for new poisons, they found:
Yew bark extract-cytotoxic
Taxol-toxic
33
Taxol manufacture from ______
Yew tress
34
How much bark gives 1 kg of taxol?
13000 kg
35
How many trees require per year to satisfy the total demand in North America for taxol?
360,000 trees/yr
36
Clear cutting the entire pacific north west would provide a supply of how many years for taxol?
5 years
37
People or trees/taxol or environment
Board doesn’t end up listing yew trees as endangered species because they believe humans are more important than trees
38
European yew:
Taxis baccata that is a semi-synthesis of taxol
39
What is the taxis baccata?
The European yew tree which is a semi-synthesis of taxol
40
Who is the professor that patented his research?
Robert Hilton of Florida state university
41
Slide 119
Slide 119
42
Slide missing
120-122
43
Mark McGwire
MLB had no rules. USed enhancement improving drugs yet his 70 home runs has been hit with controversy.
44
How many home runs did mark McGwire hit?
70
45
Barry bonds
Hit all time 762 home runs had partnership with shady business that made him a suspect of performance enhancing drugs who would no longer be hired by any MLB leagues.
46
Marion Jones
Testified that she’d never taken any drugs, put in jail for purgory since slide 9
47
Olympics/athletes in Ancient Greece
Viewed drugs as a good thing, athletes were encouraged to take drugs(potions and herbs) to improve performance. No mention of drug because of fear from competitors.
48
Drug enhancement in zulu tribe
Zulu and Dutch war. Zulu would drink drop; a fermented drink to increase courage.
49
Dop vocabulary history
Zulu: dop-a drink
Afrikaans: doop-slang alcohol
English; dope/doping
50
Doping race horses
Fast horses were doped in order to make them slow, first doping tests were on horses since the horse race would lose money
51
What sport was notorious for doping?
Cycling by taking substances that were enhanced with “dope”, strychnine but other useless stuff like caffeine, cocaine, alcohol and nitroglycerine
52
Olympic marathon
Athletes were prevented from drinking water, competitors collapsed 3x and was stuffed with strychnine, egg white and alcohol,
53
Who was Thomas hicks trainer?
Charles L. J. Lucas
54
Slide missing:
Slide 23-24
55
Who discovered amphetamine?
Gordon Alles
56
When was amphetamine discovered?
1929
57
What was amphetamine’s side effect?
Keeping people awake at night, used by German army to attack from rear at night with soldiers that could stay awake 3-4 days
58
Slide
26-31
59
Amphetamine
Became useful and widely used by armies, it spilled over to civilians by expanding from pharmaceutical companies as a pick me up/feel good. Soldiers realized it could benefit in athletes as most were athletes, would continue sport with the use of amphetamine to improve performance.
60
First sports amphetamine use was in ______ Olympic Games
1952
61
The first studies of athletes’ use of amphetamines in______
1959
62
Example of amphetamine use by knud enemark Jensen
Knud enemark Jensen was a cyclist at the Rome olympics, he became fatigued, had trouble maintaining control, died to due skull fracture and blood with high amphetamine levels.
63
Tom Simpson
Cyclist in Tour de France, denied access for water, and used amphetamine to make up for lack of water, he collapsed twice where he end up dying from heat stroke and high dose of amphetamine. The amphetamine pushed his body over its limit.
64
Where is Tom Simpson’s monument?
Mont ventoux
65
Nervous system
Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous maintenance of body system, urine production, digestion,..
Our bodies use chemicals to send info by neurotransmitters. Sympathetic:
Para:
Amphetamine acts like chemical which activates fight or flight sympathetic nervous system
66
Amphetamine effect post
Short lasting substance that acts as adrenaline, which allows your body to stop pushing the body to its limit. Sets up a situation which leads to death
67
Who/when restricted drug use?
Olympics in 1967
68
First drug testing was done in athletes in ______, ____
Grenoble, 1968
69
Slid
50
70
Drugs were not banned because
- Not bc of unfair advantage
| - because of health(its harmful) people were dying
71
Who was their first athlete to lost their medal?
Hans-Gunnar liljenwall loses bronze medal from positive alcohol test even though alcohol was not a banned substance
72
People associate _____ with sport
Steroids
73
Fritz and Oskar Zoth
Injected themselves with bull testicle
| extract in 1896 and measured muscle strength using middle fingers
74
“The training of athletes offers an an
opportunity for further research in this
area…”
1896 by Oskar zoth
75
Charles eduard brown-sequard
```
1889, Injected himself with macerated dog testicles. Introduced “internal secretions” as physiological regulators now known as hormone. His experiment was to improve sexual after his marriage to 18yr old.
Br own-Séquard applied Similia similibus • Treating an organ with itself
– Heart for courage
– Brain for idiocy
– Bile
– Blood
– Bone
– Feces
– Intestine
– Placenta
– Te e t h
```
76
Ayurveda of susruta
| Says: (year)
That testes can be used to treat impotence (1000 BC)
77
Isolation of testosterone
Occurred in 1926, in Chicago, isolated male sex hormone from bull testicles
78
Testosterone bull testicle to testosterone
40kg to 20 mg
79
What occurred after bull testicle-testosterone synthesis, to increase testosterone creation?
Semi-synthesis of testosterone in 1935, cholesterol into testosterone
80
Testosterone was used by Germans:
For inmate rehabilitation to regain bones and muscle
81
Who were the first users of testosterone?
Was hard to get in 1930s was first used by horse races, then used by soviet weight lifters in 1950s
82
Soviets-testosterone
They discovered fundamentals of testosterone use, the side effects, training methods, and training cycles
83
Dr. John Ziegler
found beneficial and side effects of extra testosterone, and designed artificial anabolic steroid (steroid without androgenic(side effects))
84
Effects of extra testosterone
Anabolic: muscle mass, strength, and bone growth
Androgenic: body/facial hair, enlarged vocal chords, heavy brow, acne, increased sex drive, testicle shrinkage, clitoral enlargement
85
Artificial anabolic steroid names+date
Dianabol-1958
| Stanozolol-1961
86
Slide 72-73
Shortens recovering time by helping increase muscle mass
87
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Mr.olympia for 6 consecutive years
88
Dr. Manfred hoppner
Director of sports medicine, East German Swim Team, swimmers were forced to take steroids
89
East Germany wins ___ at ___olymnpics
11/13 gold medals; 1976
90
Steroids were banned by ____ in ___
Olympics;1977
91
East Germany’s response to steroid ban
Established a doping lab in Kreischa which was accredited by IOC for Olympic testing, they gained access to testing protocols and developed masking techniques
92
How to mask steroid use
Won’t show up by injection of epitestosterone to alter T to E ratio, or lower the amounts by taking diuretics/water to mask total steroid amount, or add materials to interfere with testing of sample
93
Steroid testing uses ____
GC/MS where the Gas chromatograph sorts molecules for urine/blood sample, which is then passes through a tube containing a sticky substance. Sticky molecules will stick to sticky coating and slippery molecules will not stick to sticky coating, which sorts molecules using speed and times to measure the amounts MS: mass spectrometer that weighs molecules by throwing them in a magnetic field measuring how far a molecule moves along detector. Some end up falling apart as fragments can still be used to determine weight. Fingerprint used to identify compounds.
94
Pile
Peak
95
Steroid testing T to E ratio
Normal normal: 1:1
| Maximum ratio: 4:1
96
Urine switching
Empty athletes bladder and fill bladder with clean urine using catheter
97
Floyd landis
Claimed his 11:1 ratio was natural, thus Tour de France had to retest his testosterone origins and can be tested to see if its from an animal or plant source because they have different amounts of carbon-13 (13C) which had plant isotopes
98
Modern semi-synthesis of steroids
Diosgenin comes from Mexican yams
99
Cancer is ______ growth
Uncontrolled
100
Hyper-proliferative lesions can be ______
Benign or malignant, becoming fatal in developing countries
101
Total percent death of cancer in canada
29.9%
102
How many cancer deaths in canada?
72.5k
103
Over __% of all cancer cases occur after the age of __
75; 55
104
Cancer causes ____ deaths per year in North America
570k
105
_____ cells become cancerous
Normal
106
Normal cell division is __________, with a maximum of ___ cell divisions and must be touching _______
Closely regulated; 50; similar cells/tissue
107
Cancer cell division is _______&______, and has more than __ cell division meaning its _______, ands cells are _____
Uncontrolled; continuously; 50; immortal;mobile
108
Cells that are mobile are called?
Metastisis
109
How many deaths does second hand smoke cause in the US per year?
41,000, Canada would be approx. 4000
110
Second hand smoke is _______.
Harmful
111
What is a highly engineered drug delivery device?
Cigarettes
112
Cigarette filter
Majority of material passes through filter into lungs, only gives appearance with brown-orange colour
113
Charcoal filter in cigarette
Doesnt work any better than regular cigarette, just marketing to consumers
114
Cigarettes are engineered to deliver ______.
Nicotine
115
Nicotine pathway in cigarettes
Nicotine undergoes two different chemical pathways. First pathway: liquid Nicotine is heated to a gas which enters the lungs. Second Pathway: liquid nicotine react with acids that were made as a result of combustion to become solid nicotine and it is reversed back to liquid by ammonia.
116
Light cigarettes vs regular cigarettes
Same level of danger
117
Explain how the laboratory testing of cigarettes works
Vacuum is applied to filter of cigarette where the vacuum draws smoke into the tube that collects the smoke to measure what inside the smoke
118
What are learned behaviours that occur with light cigarettes in order to get ________.
2mg dose of nicotine by:
– People draw more deeply on light cigarettes
– People smoke more light cigarettes
– People cover the holes with fingers or lips
119
Ex of tobacco company suppressing info
Nothing about smoking cigarettes in relation to “how to stop a heart attack before it happens”, as time magazine is owned by a tobacco company, CBS owned by a tobacco company did not allow airing of a 60 minutes nicotine piece
120
Who are the actors/ what is the movie called about the behind the scenes of the 60 min nicotine story that never aired?
Its called “The Insider”, Al Pacino plays the reporter and Russell Crowe plays the scientist.
121
First settlement lost by a tobacco company
Rose cipollone won first settlement against a tobacco company: Phillip Morris in 1988
122
What state sued a tobacco company?
Florida in 1988
123
How did tobacco companies get away from being labelled as addicitve
Companies lobbied the government, intoxication was added to definition of addiction
124
What are symptoms that define an addiction in the government?
Dependence
Withdrawal
Tolerance
Intoxication
125
What were the potential concerns Health Canada warned about risk with vaping?
Risk of pulmonary disease
126
E-cigarettes safety
Claims that its a supposedly safer alternative to cigarettes, only available for 15 yrs not much data, gov. Is very conservative about safety of e-cig,
127
Mechanics of e-cig
The heater will generate an aerosol(mist) (nicotine is suspended as droplets in vapour) to stimulate texture of smoke, the nicotine gets absorbed in the lungs and remaining aerosol is expelled from the body.
128
An e-cig is also known as:
Specialized heater, eFluid or E-juice
129
How does a e-cig work?
It has a heater that generates an aerosol where there are droplets of fluid suspended in vapour in order to stimulate texture of smoke, any remaining aerosol is expelled an the nicotine will get absorbed in the lung
130
Contents of e-juice/eFluid
1. Solvent: propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)
2. Nicotine (0-41mg)
3. Flavour from artificial food flavour
131
Nicotine flavour
Bitter taste
132
Flavour in nicotine
Nicotine taste is masked using artificial flavour which is safe in food but some substances like buttery/popcorn flavour uses diacetyl which creates popcorn lung
133
Juul is designed for _______, to _________ by using ____________, pro/con?
replacement of cigarettes not for quitting;
to replicate the fast action of nicotine from cigarettes;
using nicotine salts which may be as or more addictive than cigarettes, the only possible benefit is that it reduces harm since there’s no combustion involved (combustion creates harmful material)
134
Nicotine speed of action in cigarette vs juul vs e-cig?
Cigarette: heated nicotine results in SMOKE consumed of *nicotine and acids*, lungs absorb nicotine salts creating FAST absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream
Juul: heated nicotine results in VAPOUR consumed of *nicotine and benzoic acid*, lungs absorb nicotine salts creating fast absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream
E-Cigarette: heated nicotine results in VAPOUR consumed of *nicotine*, lungs absorb nicotine creating SLOW absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream
135
```
How many mg of nicotine in:
Juul pods:
Vape:
Cigarette:
20 cigarettes (pack):
```
41 mg
0-41 mg
2 mg
41 mg
136
Info on artificial flavour effect in body
No long term data to conclusively determine that artificial flavours cause damage to lungs (but we know that there is no damage to food flavours in digestion)
137
Juul pods are designed to last for ______.
Many hours
138
Why is there a danger of overconsumption in vape?
Children may drink eFluid since there is a pleasant smell+flavour OR eFluid is vaped entirely
139
What the lethal dose of nicotine (in an dult)?
60mg
140
Is vaping safe than cigarettes?
```
Yes
Cigarette
• Carbon monoxide (most dangerous, in order)
• Polonium
• Combustion by products
• Particulates
• Nicotine
E-Cigarette
• Nicotine
• Carbonyl compounds
• Glycols
```
141
What is the harm reduction of vaping vs cigarettes?
95% harm reduction by smokers (not non-smoker)
142
Nicotine consumption in Wngland
There was a small recent increase in total amount of nicotine consumed 2014ish
143
Are e-Cigarettes worth switching to:
Are they safe?
Are they safer than cigarettes?
How much safer
No, yes, a value of 95% that is not conclusive
144
Why is gaining information for vaping difficult?
Marketing is faster than the science can catch up with. Each company has different heating technologies, different solvents, and different proportions. There are various flavours, nicotine strengths, and combinations. All these make testing harder.
145
Life expectancy of:
- Nonsmokers
- smokers
- vapers
84 yr; 73 yr; unknown
146
Are all cannabis products legal in canada?
No
147
What are the active ingredients of cannabis?
Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol
148
Prescription THC is used for
Cancer, severe infections, and treatment of anorexia since it increases appetite
149
What is the cannabis name for medical treatment for multiple sclerosis?
Sativex
150
Harmful effects from high dosage of THC
Heart attack, cancer, and death
151
THC _____ reaction times, effect is stronger for ________, government claims that ______.
Slows; occasional users; daily users can be impaired 30 days after
cessation
152
Edible cannabis products
Edible avoids harmful effects of smoking, has a slower onset and longer duration, its effects are different and can be stronger in comparison to smoked version, risk: easier to overdose since there is a delayed effect, children will not know difference between real food and edibles, and problematic side effects
153
How long do edibles take in effect?
~2hrs
154
Edible vs smoking
-different highs
-delayed effect (hours)
108
155
What product is not yet approved in canada, under what type of market is it in?
Cannabis vaping is in grey markey
156
Outbreak of vaping illness in 2019 resulted in:
2711 hospitalized
| 60 deaths
157
THC solutions when they are concentrated become _______ resulting in _____.
viscous/thick solution resulting in more THC
158
What type of test is used to judge quality of THC vape liquid?
Bubble test by inverting cartridge and seeing speed of air bubble where slow moving bubble means a lot of THC vice versa
159
What is used to thicken THC solution?
Vitamin E is used, which dilutes THC concentration, but it can cause chemical pneumonia since it prevents gas transport in the lungs because vitamin e is difficult for the body to remove from the lungs, vitamin e buildup in lungs will destroy lungs
160
Why is vaping (nicotine an cannabis) a grey markey product?
Little to no:
| Regulation, testing , and standards
161
Heavy use of _____ may lead to schizophrenia, it is triggered by _______, and ______ may seen self-medicating.
cannabis; use in adolescence; schizophrenics
162
Cancer is a disease mainly occuring in those who are _____.
older age
163
Main causes of death in 1900 vs 2000s?
Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza
Vs
Heart disease, cancer and stroke
164
Life expectancy 1900 vs 2004
44 vs 82
165
The main causes of death in the 1900s lasted until what decade?
The 1950s
166
What was cause of death was quite common throughout history?
Plagues
167
True or false: drugs were banned because of unfair advantages
False
168
How could you visualise the amount of20 mg testosterone?
Dust from a handprint
169
Dr. John Ziegler was part of ______ Club.
York Barbell
170
What were the effects desired for a steroid for sport use?
Anabolic effects only (muscle mass, strength, bone growth)
171
How long would a physician tell someone like Arnold Schwarzenegger to take steroids before competition for safety?
6 weeks before competition
172
T to E ratio is
Testosterone to epitestosterone
173
How is smoke collected by smoker from cigarette vs light cigarette?
Reg: smoke goes towards vacuum/mouth through filter
Light: same but there are vent holes placed at the top of the filter allowing for air to enter through the vacuum/mouth
173
Smoking machine collects ______ amounts of smoke
Fixed
174
How are light cigarettes tested?
The vent holes are placed outside the machine connection (so it reads an addition of air too)
175
Nicotine substitutes to stop smoking include:
Nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, chantix, nicoderm, inhalator, nasal spray
176
E-cig use is ______.
controversial
177
Effectiveness of e-cig for quitting smoking is ________.
Similar effect to other methods
178
What are some concerns over e-cig use?
That it attracts usage from youths, its a gateway to smoking
179
Is the liquid heated or burned in e-cig/cigarettes?
E-cig: heated
| Cig: burned
180
What are the chemical name found in the solvent of an e-cig?
– Propylene glycol
– Glycerol (glycerin)
– Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
181
______ stimulates smoke in e-cig, why?
Solvent; it creates large water-soluble molecules in which the vapour condenses after heating causing droplets. These droplets create the appearance and texture of smoke
182
Some of the solvents in e-cig can create ______ when heated, which is a known ________.
Acrolein; carcinogen
183
Where is the ejuice stored in an e-cig?
In a fluid cartridge
184
Parts of an e-cig include:
```
Drip tip (mouthpiece)
Tank
E-juice
Atomizer
Box mod
Fire button
OLED screen display
Adjustment buttons
```
185
Nicotine poses a ________ risk because it __________.
Heart attack; is an acetylcholine agonist meaning that it stimulates the heart
186
Why are vape products less addictive?
They do not produce same “hit” as cigarette
187
Speed of action in cigarette vs juul vs e-cig?
Cig: fast
Juul: fast
E-cig: slow
188
Chemical name for nicotine salt is ________.
Nicotine benzoate
189
Vapour in juul pods
Vapour is very concentrated which the device has to compensate by releasing small amounts of vapour, which can cause faster overconsumption of the 2mg of nicotine from a cigarette.
190
Public health of England study was about __________.
Harm reduction of e-cigarettes with respect to cigarettes (1st generation)
191
What are some ideas that can improve eCigarettes?
1. Replace/reduce solvent (because texture is not important for replacing cigarettes ie. nicotine patch,spray,gum prove that)
2. Limit flavours (because some flavours are harmful, some are child-friendly)
3. Add software to control dosing
192
What feature can be reduced in an e-cig to provide easier testing?
Less flavours
193
What has Health Canada claimed about medical benefits about marijuana?
That they ease pain for those suffering from grave and debilitating illnesses but they are questionable since its about the same benefit as Tylenol.
194
THC side effects
Impairs memory
Slows reaction times
Long term residence time in body
195
THC impairs memory in those who are ______.
Long-term heavy cannabis users
196
Daily users of THC can be impaired for ___ after cessation.
30 days
197
What is a legal caveat in relation to cannabis and impaired driving?
That the THC can be checked within 2 hours of driving.
198
Driving under the influence:
___THC in blood within 2 hours of driving
– Maximum $___ fine
2 ng/mL
| 1000
199
```
Drug impaired driving
– ____ or more THC in blood within 2 hours
of driving
– Minimum $__ fine
– Maximum ___ years in jail
```
5 ng/mL
1000
10
200
Driving under the influence vs drug impaired driving
2 ng/mL vs 5 ng/mL
| No jail vs 10 yrs jail max.
201
THC in body
Dissolves in body fat and can be detected in blood 20 days after cessation
202
Avoid driving after THC use:
___ after smoking
___ after oral ingestion
4hrs; 6hrs
203
Smoke sources in THC and their possible effects
1. Carbon monoxide: heart attack
2. Carcinogens (polonium and combustion by-products): cancer
3. Toxins (cyanide)
204
THC: Edible vs smoking
Different high, edible more delayed effect (hours)
205
THC: edible vs smoking pathways
Smoking: smoke is Δ9THC >FAST absorption into lungs>FAST absorption into blood>FAST absorption into brain
Edible: various cannabinoids>SLOW absorption of 11-hydroxy-THC in liver> FAST absorption into blood> SLOW absorption into brain
206
Why is cannabis a grey market?
- Some THC products are legal (ie. vaping is not really)
- only few authorised sources
- supply problems
- licensing issues
- many illegal sources
207
What are issues that may come across illegal sources of cannabis?
- purity
- adulteration
- support of organized crime
208
Marijuana content in 1960s vs today
```
1960s:
2% THC
2% Cannabidiol
Now:
Up to 20% THC
Almost no Cannabidiol
```
209
Cannabidiol has ___ activity
anti-psychotic activity
210
What might be a promising drug for neurodegenerative disorders?
Cannabidiol
211
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome is the result of a ________ due to _______. Symptoms include ________. Sufferers self-learn to treat with ____ through _____.
Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome is the result of a paradoxical reaction due to heavy marijuana use Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Sufferers self-learn to treat with heat through hot baths or showers.
212
Contents of a cigarette device
1. Filter
2. Burn rings
3. Reconstituted tobacco (NH3-ammonia and chocolate)
4. Engineered paper
213
Paper in cigarette
Is specially engineered with many chemical additives to control burning, has burn rings that regulate combustion
214
What occurs to burn paper when a cigarette is being smoked?
Drawing in air: Thin areas burn quickly
| Between puff: thicker areas burn slowly
215
What chemical keeps paper lit in cigarettes?
TiO2-titanium dioxide
216
Reconstituted tobacco
Is paper made from tobacco and cut into small strips. Tobbaco can be:
Whole tobacco plant
Blend of tobacco (small amount of high quality tobacco with cheap tobacco)
217
Is blend of tobacco or whole tobacco plant cheaper?
Whole tobacco plant is cheaper
218
What is the most dangerous substance in the world?
Tobacco
219
Tobacco kills ____ people per year in North America
480,000
220
Cause of death by tobacco follows ______.
Heart disease, then cancer then tobacoo
221
Smoking ____ life expectancy
Lowers
222
Quitting smokinf before age of 30 adds ____.
10 years to lifespan
223
Quittinf smoking beofre age __ adds 10 years to lifespan
30
224
Smoking accounts for ___ of health care costs
6-15%
225
______ discovers tobacco in ____
Columbus; 1492
226
Use of tobacco by natives
Natives drank smoke from tobbagos
227
What can be used to revive drowning victims?
Tobacco
228
Tobacco use in smoking clubs
Smoking was infrequent since it was expensive and has harsh taste due to acid
229
Tobacco use in eastern countries
Water pipes are popular which remove acid
230
Cigarette costs
Originally expensive since rolled by hand, but bonsack machine reduced production cost,
231
What reduced the production cost of cigarettes?
The bonsack machine
232
What reduced the harshness of smoke?
Flue-curing
233
Flue-curing use
To reduce the harshness of smoke irritants
234
How did cigarettes become dangerous?
1. Machine manufacturing reduced cost
– Could afford to smoke a lot
2. Flue curing reduced irritants in smoke
– Smoke brought deep into lungs
• Cigarettes now addictive
• These two factors increase exposure to toxic substances
235
What factors increase risk?
Toxicity with exposure
236
Average smoker smokes ___ cigarettes each year?
10,000
237
Cigarette consumption then and now
____ cigarettes/year
And smoking behaviour
```
Late 1800’s
– 80 cigarettes per year
– Did not inhale
Today
– 10,000 cigarettes per year
– Inhale deeply
– Hold smoke in lungs
```
238
What is the addictive substance in cigarettes?
Nicotine
239
How much nicotine is required per cigarette to addict smoker?
2 mg
240
How does nicotine chemical work in the body?
Nicotine acts on acetylcholine receptors. The messenger molecule sticks to a complimentary pocket on the receptor causing the receptor to change shape which triggers events inside the cell (received info).
241
Nicotine is an ____ at low doses, and an ____ at high doses
Agonist; antagonist
242
Nicotine as an agonist
Acts as a stimulant, it sends signal without normal messenger, resulting in normal signals being amplified.
243
Is nicotine dangerous?
No, its the chemical additives that are harmful
244
Smokers regulate the dose for desired effect:
At low doses agonist: more hyper – stimulates acetylcholine little puff
At high doses antagonist: relaxing effect big drag
245
Messenger-receptor interaction
Receptors are sent from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane. Messenger typically stays on the outside. It sticks to the protein and changes its conformation and ultimately results in a biological response.
246
2 basics why drugs interact with the receptor
Agonist: you can send messages using a drug molecule that your body doesn’t normally send, if your body doesn’t send enough. It increases the number of signals your body sends. Agonists send messages without the normal messenger
Antagonist: also stick to same pocket of receptor that normal messenger does. Stick in a different way so the receptor doesn’t change shape or doesn’t change in a normal way.
247
Antagonist vs agonist
Nicotine is an antagonist at high doses
No signal going through.
Antagonists block chemical messages.
Agonists replace signals.
248
Why does smoking cues add to the addiction?
Nicotine stimulates dopamine release
Stimulates brain to cause it to release dopamine.
Acts on primitive part of the brain - Part of the brain that’s right at the top of the spinal cord and looks like a lizard. Responsible for emotions/learning. Dopamine is part of our learning system. This is why smokers smoke- chemical reward from smoking. Feels good
249
Lethal dose of nicotine in an adult
60 mg
250
What is a common form of poisoning in children?
Consumption of a cigarette
251
Lethal dose of cyanide in adult
70 mg
252
Is nicotine a big contributor to health effects?
No
253
What compound is able to kill large animal?
Nicotine darts are able to poison the animal
254
Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke effect
CO blocks O2 transport by sticking to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport contributing to heart attack, damaged heart tissue and blood vessels
255
_____ kills more smokers than cancer.
Heart attacks
256
__% of heart attacks are from smokers
5
257
T/F: nicotine increases the heart rate
T
258
Polonium in tobacco smoke effect
Cancer
259
Combustion by-products in tobacco smoke effect
Strong carcinogen will react chemically with DNA causing damage and mutations, acts as an electrophile when attached with DNA
260
Combustion by-product examples:
```
– Benzopyrenes (PAH’s)
– Nitrosamines
– Aldehydes
– Epoxides
– Aza-arenes
– Trace metals
```
261
Alton Ochsner
Linked cancer to smoking in 1919
262
Lung cancer now vs then
Then: 400 cases due to chimney sweeps
Now: 190,000 cases due to smoking
263
Tobacco company marketing in US
Emphasized glamour, paid stars to smoke in movies, were provided free to soldiers
264
Tobacco advertising for women
Started in 1950s because it was just men who did it, Women start smoking to stay slim. they do not cause you to lose weight in any form or shape
The reason is when people stop smoking; they eat more because it gives dopamine. They replace one addiction with the other. The name of the cigarette was designed to target women.
265
Name for cigarette brand
“Virginia slims”
266
Why does smoking cause wrinkles/aged skin?
The carbon monoxide destroys collagen (elasticity)
267
Tobacco kills ____ people worldwide per year
2 million
268
Tobacco kills more people in ______ than North America.
China and India
269
First shipment of tobacco was from ____ to ____.
Spain; Tobago
270
Jean Nicot
Introduced tobacco to europe as l’herbe nicotaine
271
5 main cause of death now
Heart disease; Cancer; Stroke; Lower respiratory infection; Traffic accidents
272
3 main causes of death in 1900s lasting until the ___s
Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Influenza;1950
273
Life expectancy in canada has doubled in the last ____yrs
100
274
Causes of death have shifted from ______ to “_____”
infectious disease to “wear and tear”
275
Historically people lived their entire lives in an ____ state because of ___
Unhealthy; parasites
276
Why dont we die today from little cuts that used to be deadly?
Because of antibiotics
277
__% of the population died from the plague
25
278
Effectiveness of plague treatment/cures
Useless and dangerous
279
What did people believe plague was caused by?
Bad smell
280
During middle ages cause of plague was unknown it was believed that it was a:
Curse from god thus they were meant to be killed
281
Post natal infections in past had a death rate of __%
30
282
Maternal mortality rates decreased because of _____
Penicillin
283
Surgery survival rate is less than __% because of _____
30; infection
284
__ killed more soldiers than anything else in ww1 and ww2
Std infection
285
The reason why university students visit doctors the most is because of _____.
Std infection
286
John Snow
Disproved miasma theory in 1854, Snow used a scientific investigation and created a map of the number of cases of cholera. Cholera cases were all centered around a particular water pump. It was the water from that pump that caused the disease. He removed the handle and people couldn’t e the water and disease went away. He created the science of epidemiology.
287
Miasma
Disease caused by bad smell
288
What was used to identify the source of infection?
Map of cholera infections
289
Agostino Bassi
Proved germ theory of disease in 1844 by showing that microbes cause disease, which he dicovered from silk worms that we die from disease because we are eaten by microscopic animals
290
Where are additives introduced in a cigarette?
Reconstituted tobacco
291
Where is the nicotine content controlled?
Reconstituted tobacco
292
Atharva-Veda
A 4000 yrs old ancient text referring that death/disease is caused by animals too small to see and can be killed by plants
293
Louis Pasteur
Developed pasteurization (process of heating fresh milk and recooling) in 1864, experimented with food spoilage and disease
294
Spoiled food reason
The bacteria eating the disease cause the problem
295
Joseph Lister
Developed antisepsis, inspired by Disciple of Pasteur that microbes disease
296
H.C. Gram
Stained bacteria in 1884. Was curious in finding a way to selectively kill microbes. You need a chemical that selectively poisons the microbes.
He found certain bacteria could be coloured blue while certain bacteria couldn’t. Gram-positive bacteria are easily dyed, Gram-negative bacteria are hard to dye (red). Interact chemically different with two types of bacteria.
297
What type of bacteria is hardest to dye? What colour does it respond to?
What type of bacteria is easiest to dye? What colour does it respond to?
Gram-negative bacteria -red
| Gram-positive bacteria - blue
298
Magic bullet
Chemical that randomly goes around your body in random places. Leaves body alone and selectively targets disease.
299
Paul Erlich
The magic bullet in 1907, he knew As was similar to N (same column so same properties), but more poisonous. You can easily replace N by anything in the periodic table under it. Used chemical structure and a made poisoning compound. Erlich wins Nobel in Medicine 1908 for discovery of Salvarsan 606
300
Trypan red selectively colours _____.
Trypanosomes
301
Salvarsan 606
-Not super commercial
- Salvarsan 606 for Syphilis
-Not very drug effective
- Very toxic
– you can only be injected once a week
-Not very soluble with water.
-If you inject to muscle you end up killing the limb.
302
Gerhard Domagk
Worked at IG Farben in 1932 testing different dye substances to see if they can kill microbes. Only observed that prontosil only worked in vivo.He wins the Nobel in medicine in 1939 for his discovery of sulphanilamide (first sulfa drug).
303
Why was prontosil only effective in vivo?
The drug doesn’t have biological activity only colours the skin bright red. The actual drug is sulphanilamide which is what prontosil metabolizes into.
304
Sulphanilamide
First sulfa drug in 1932
305
What drug was the first successful antibiotic and first commercial success?
Sulfanilamide
306
Sulfa drugs
Inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the enzyme that makes coenzyme F. They mimic natural substrate to prevent natural substance from going in.
307
Alexander Fleming
Contaminated culture in 1928. Discovered penicillin (mold) which produces a chemical and prevents bacterial growth, published in 1929. He used penicillin to purify bacteria. He did not do the KEY experiment which was to seat both types of bacteria on the plate.
308
Howard Florey & Ernst Chain
Isolated penicillin in water in 1941. They took group of mice and did penicillin infections. After 2hours the control mice were all dead after being infected.
309
Penicillin was first produced in ______.
Milk bottles
310
Ratio to make penicillin
1000kg of mold = 1g penicillin
311
Police infected with a cut on head were treated with _______.
Penicillin
312
Why was Britain not the best place for research in the early 1940s? Which is why researcher..?
WW2, government didnt think penicillin was the best thing. Contacted americans on ships
313
Penicillin production moved
British were making it from milk
| Americans used a waste product called corn steep liquor from making corn
314
_____ became capital for penicillin, because it has the biggest distillery.
Peoria, Illinois
315
What was found in WW2 “saving” kits?
Sulfa drugs
316
Who was a bacterial artist?
Alexander Fleming
317
Drug companies develop better extraction technology for penicillin (from..to..)
From using milk bottle to using large-scale distilleries using MERCK ISOLATION METHOD
318
______production became war priority, it was stock piled for D-day, and used by US forces in the Pacific, and was only made available to the public in ____.
Penicillin; 1945
319
Nobel Prize for penicillin
Won in 1945 by Fleming because he did the experiment, & Florey+Chain because they isolated the chemical.
320
__% of our antibiotics are based on ______ because they have ________(
80%; penicillin; high selectivity which operates on part of bacteria that doesn’t exist on humans. Bacteria have an extra structure called the cell wall – bioplastic that surrounds the bacteria and resists internal pressure.
Penicillin prevents cell wall synthesis by destroying (permanently deactivate) the enzyme that makes cell walls. When a bacteria divides it explodes because it can’t form a cell wall.
Secret to activity is the b-lactam ring - Makes penicillin highly selective and reactive
321
Why does antibiotics only work on bacteria?
Because they have bacterial cell walls that are a rigid outer layer, impart structure, and resist in internal pressure. The antibiotic will prevent cell wal synthesis of bacteria (causing cells to explode since they no longer have a wall to hold the internal pressure)
322
Natural penicillin
Not drug-like, its unstable, must be injected and only works against some bacteria
323
Artificial penicillin are __% drug-like, because _____.
95%; can be stored for long, taken orally, works against most bacteria and is designed by humans.
324
Most antibiotics today are artificial or are they natural?
Artificial, natural has limited shelf life
325
Design of better antibiotic drugs are by _______. Penicillin was changed to ___ to make them ______.
Semi-synthesis; 6APA; more convenient
326
6APA produces _______ each year.
20,000 tonnes
327
Development of immunity occurs ______.
After illlness
328
What does getting sick do to your body?
Infection will cause scarring (some are external or internal), accumulation of damage adds up throughout life
329
Immune system memory
Prevents you from getting infection without getting, tricks body by manipulating immune system by creating memory of an infection without getting sick.
The immune system identifies when an infection occurs, and will find an antibody that works, and will store large number of antibody copies so you dont get sick again.
330
We get a disease only ____.
Once
331
Organisms can only infect ____.
Once
332
Subsequent exposure produces:
A fast immune response that kills off infecting microbes before they become in large enough quantity
333
Incidence of colds ______ with age.
decreases
334
T/F: Minor illnesses do not create scarring
False, both minor and major illnesses create scarring
335
How can we skip the sick part of an illness, yet still gain immunity?
Through vaccination
336
What is our protection against microbes?
Immune system
337
Adaptive immune system is _____ but _____.
Selctive; slow
338
Adaptive immune system:
Has a selective response meaning that it only targets invading cells, but it is slow, it lags 2-3 days between time of exposure and maximum response. The way it works is that it selects a molecule that works from a random collection of molecules, and will make copies of the molecules that work.
339
____ are the key recognition device. ___-shaped molecules. Has a _____ surface.
Antibodies; Y; sticky
340
Antibodies stick to _____.
Epitopes
341
What carries antibodies?
B cells
342
B cell
Carries different antibodies and will recognize 1 epitope. They don’t know in advance which ones are important .....
343
Each infection generates ______.
Memory cells
344
How do you get more memory cells?
By getting older
345
_____(amount) of B cells in a newborn are memory cells
| _____(amount) of B cells in an adult are memory cells
Less than 5%
| More than 50%
346
Newborn vs adult: who becomes more sick, why?
Newborns because they have less than 5% of B cells, whilst adults have experienced more infections over their life having more than 50% of B cells
347
Viruses live inside ____ and escape ____
Cells; B cells
348
Body makes ___ to destroy viruses.
T cells
349
____ sends kill signal.
Helper T cells
350
___ kill signals provide a failsafe.
2
351
2 kill signals provide a _____.
Failsafe
352
_______ triggers replication of specific T cells
Viral infection
353
Viral infection triggers replication of ______
Specific T cells
354
_____ become memory cells
Some T/B cells
355
_____ cells give immunity
Memory
356
Smallpox chemical name
Variola
357
Variola’s common name
Smallpox
358
Smallpox had a ____ mortality rate
20-40%
359
Smallpox disfigured _____ of survivors
70-80%
360
_____ disfigured 70-80% of survivors
Smallpox
361
____ was practised by many cultures (Middle East)
Variolation
362
Edward Jenner was born in ____ and died in ____.
1749-1823
363
Edward Jenner
English doctor that observed that milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. He inoculated children with cowpox to prove his hypothesis.
364
___ is the name of the cow that was the source of cowpox used by Edward Jenner on children.
Blossom
365
_______ is safer than variolation.
Vaccination
366
By ___ smallpox levels became very low in industrialized countries.
It was eradicated from industrialized countries by ____.
Global eradication program began in ____ to remove endemic in developing world.
Last case of natural smallpox was in _____(country) in ____(yr).
1900s
1950
1966
Somalia 1977
367
Today smallpox only exists in:
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and in biological weapons found in Soviet Union and US
368
Vaccination scar was due to _____ and is only found in those born _______.
Special needle for smallpox vaccine; before 1972
369
Cowpox vaccine ____ smallpox virus
Has similar simulation to
370
Vaccination ______ a disease, it makes the body create _______.
simulates; memory cells for disease imparting immunity
371
Cowpox virus vs smallpox
Similar molecular structure, but cowpox virus causes mild disease
372
Why would there be a low percentage of effectiveness for a vaccine?
Because the researchers don’t guess right which vaccine will be circulating, as they start manufacturing in spring but
373
Immune system recognizes microbes based on ________.
Large number of random molecules (that are a mix of antibodies and receptors)
374
Lag-time of adaptive immune system is _____.
2-3 days
375
Lag-time of adaptive immune system is between _______ and ________.
Exposure to invading cells; maximum response
376
T/F: We can tell in advance what will infect us.
False
377
T/F: There are many different types of B cells
t
378
T/F: Each B cell carries a different antibody (is surrounded by same antibody)
T
379
Each B cell “recognizes” __ epitope
1
380
B cells _____(do/don’t) know in advance which antibody is important
Don’t
381
The body stores _____ amounts of each B cell, that will recognize as many _______ as possible.
Small; epitopes
382
Immunes response triggers replication of _______
B cells
383
_______ triggers replication of specific B cells
Immune response
384
_______ cells target invading cells
“Amplified” B
385
After infection some _______ become memory cells.
B cells
386
Infected cells display _________, the _______ are located on _______
Infected cells display parts of virus, the viral protein fragments are located on MHC receptors
387
______ are on MHC receptors of an infected cell
Viral protein fragments
388
Viral protein fragments are on _________ of infected cells
MHC receptors
389
_____ cells recognize MHC “display
Killer T
390
Antibiotic/Vaccine: Bacterial/Viral
Antibiotic:bacterial
Vaccine:viral
391
B cell vs T cell
B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.
392
When you have immunity, microbes are killed quickly _____ infection develops
before
393
First infection: bacteria/virus>???>immunity
| Second infection: bacteria/virus>???>immunity
First infection: bacteria/virus>disease+immune response>immunity
Second infection: bacteria/virus>immunity
394
Smallpox infection/ Cowpox infection:
| _____ virus> _____ disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox or ____
Smallpox infection:
smallpox virus> severe disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox or death
Cowpox infection:
smallpox virus> severe disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox
395
T/F: Similarity in molecular structure between cowpox and smallpox is a unique situation.
True
396
Serious illness are found in ______.
Livestock
397
Pasteur reduced the effect of anthrax bacteria by ______
Heating
398
Pasteur reduced the effect of ______ by heating
Anthrax bacteria
399
Weakened bacteria causes:
- no infection
- mild infection
- severe infection
- deadly infection
Mild infection
400
Pasteur used a ________ to produce more memory cells
Second “booster” shot (second injection)
401
Booster shots are often used with ________ viruses.
Attenuated (reduced effect) or dead
402
Booster shot will provide the mount required for _____ in attenuated or dead viruses
Immunity
403
Attenuated vaccines use _______ treated with ______ to attenuate.
Disease microbe; heat or chemicals
404
Normal infection/attenuated infection:
Normal: anthrax bacteria> sever disease+immune response>immunity from anthrax or death
Attenuated: weakened anthrax bacteria>mild disease+immune response>immunity from anthrax
405
Ajuvant reduces the need for ________.
Booster shots
406
What was used in vaccines for reducing need for booster shot?
Alum was used first
| Lipid adjuvent was used after its discovery om the 1970s
407
Lipid adjuvents were discovered in ____’s
1970
408
______ was blamed for Gulf War Syndrome
Squalene - MF59, but there was none found in military vaccines
409
Squalene in the body
A normal human metabolite and is in steroids, and nutritional supplement
410
Squalene vaccine vs non-squalene vaccine
Squalene does not create adverse health effects in vaccine, its a safe additive
411
Adverse effects in vaccines:
Minor: swelling, redness, soreness, fever, dizziness
Rare: allergic reaction
412
Polio between 1978-1983
51/69 cases of polio were due to vaccine
413
_______ worries during H1N1 panic
Adjuvant
414
____________ does not cause autism
(Preservative) Thimerosal-containing vaccine, which contain the amount of mercury less than the amount in a fish
415
Why is vaccine still necessary if most diseases are “eradicated”?
Because it exists somewhere on planet earth
416
What keeps disease alive?
Humans getting unvaccinated
417
Japan discontinued vaccination for _______ in _____.
| They had ____ cases in _____ and _______ cases in _____ resulting in ___ deaths.
Pertussis; 1978; 393; 1974; 13k; 1978; 41
418
Cervical cancer kills _______ women per year.
250k
419
Cervical cancer is a ______ disease. _______ in _____ discovered that it was found only in _______women cause by _______.
Viral; rigoni-stern; sexually-active; nervous irritability
420
____ causes warts. Has mor than ___ types.
Hpv; 200
421
Types of hpv that cause cancer (because the hpv genes are _____ that destroy ____)
-cervical tumours
-testicular cancer
;oncogenes that destroy p53
422
Virus structure
Genetic material in capsid
423
How are we vaccinated from hpv?
We get immune response from empty virus capsid that is immunogenic
424
Making a recombinant vaccine
Genetic material is removed from capsid, the capsid gene is isolated into genetic information for capsid fragment which is then put into yeast which makes the capsid fragments
425
Guardasil is made from ________.
Virus protein fragment in recombinant yeast
426
Guardasil is effective against types:
6, 11, 16, 18
427
Guardasil is the safest type of vaccine because:
Doesnt use complete virus thus impossible to develop an infection
428
Guardasil works best:
- if not previously infected
| - before sexually active (9-13)
429
What is the major barrier to eliminating cervical cancer?
Politics
430
Teen’s paralysis by ___________ caused media hype in ____
HPV vaccine=guaradasil, 2008
431
```
Numbers in North America:
Vaccinations:_____
Cases that resulted in GBS: ____
Disabling: ____
Prevents cervical cancer death:__
```
8.6 million
69
12
16k
432
Recombinant vaccines have been used in ____ century
20th, 21st
433
Use of different disease for protection of another sever disease was a technique used in the ____ century
18th
434
About __% of polio is paralytic
1%
435
When polio was widespread in the ____’s, the number of cases were ___to___ cases per year
1900s
| 20k-30k
436
T/F: paralysis never includes the lungs
False, machines were created for those to create artificial breathing
437
Famous polio survivor
President franklin roosevelt body didnt recover from paralysis
438
Vaccine used to treat polio is called ______ and was created in ____ by _____. Administration type:_______
Salk vaccine
1955
Dead virus
Injection+booster shot
Sabin vaccine
Live virus
Orally (no booster)
439
Largest US clinical trial was in (year)______ for the _______ vaccine. They injected _____children in schools.
1954; salk; 1.4million;
440
Why was one batch of the salk vaccine defective? How many contracted polio +deaths?
Cutter laboratories did not test properly and had batches with live virus, did not inform gov.
- 170 cases
- 11 deaths
441
Clinical trials in russia for polio by ____ vaccine:
____people were vaccinated
__ in a ____ inoculations
Sabin
77 million
1/1million
442
Fewer than ___ cases of polio gobally by 2003
300
443
Global eradication if polio initiative began in ____/.
2009
444
_____ polio cases were reported in 2009 in countries:
| _____ polio cases were reported in 2018 in countries:
```
1606:
Somalia
Afghanistan
Ethiopia
Niger
Nigeria
Pakistan
India
29:
Pakistan
India
```
445
Influenza infects ___% of the population
5-15%
446
What forms of influenza are potentially dangerous?
Very young or very old strains
447
Wakefield’s medical license was stripped in ____
2011
448
Wakefield study was done with __ children
12
449
Loss of ______ leads to lower vaccination rates
Confidence
450
Why are vaccines potentially linked to autism?
Brain manipulates what we see to see a pattern:
| Autism symptoms and vaccinations both occur around age 2
451
Reason for opposition to vaccines during jenner’s time?
Religious or fear
452
The cancer death rate was ___% (higher/lower) in 2001 compared to 1950s (while other chronic diseases decreased)
0.2% higher
453
T/f: medical work has had a positive impact on cancer.
False; medical work has had no impact on the cancer
454
Cancer death rate in 2000s vs 1990s:
Lower in men by ___%
Lower in women by ___%
10. 7
| 4. 2
455
What cancers in men are decreasing? In women?
- lung cancer
- stomach cancer
- prostate/colorectal cancer
- breast cancer
- stomach
- uterine
- colorectal
456
What cancers in men are increasing? In women?
- Lung and bronchus cancers
- pancreas
- liver and intrahepatic bile duct in MEN
457
HeLa cells are from _________ in the year _____
Henrietta lacks 1954
458
Cancer requires:
__ years to develop
__ mutations in the same cell
20 years
| 8-10 mutations
459
```
Mutations that happen in our body occur:
A. Everyday
B. Every week
C. Every month
D. Every year
D. Rarely
```
A. Everyday
460
T/f: Somebody who has cancer will have more than 1 type of cancer
True
461
Every cancerous tissue can spawn more than ___ forms
100
462
___ sends a signal down telling signals to grow, but ___ may switch off breaking the rest of the cell growth signal system causing a mutation. Cancer cells dont have the _______.
RTK; GDP, off switch
463
Problems with genetic repair
- expensive
- difficult
- unreliable
464
Cancer mutations lose _________ and can’t be repaired by ______
Function; small molecules
465
____ an important braking protein that becomes broken in ___ of all cancers, when broken it continue to grow
P53; 50%
466
Apostosis
Program that controls cell death
467
Cancer cells are immortal: They have a special protein called ______ that continuously builds ______. In cancer, it is out of control and gives immortality to cancer cells.
telomerase; telomeres
468
Chromosomes are long, linear molecules that have __ different strands, their ends have ______ to prevent DNA from being unravelled.
2; telomere
469
Telomere gets shorter, each time a cell ____
Divides
470
What runs out causing cell death?
Telomere
471
T/f: tumour formation are mutations that occur within different cells together
False: tumour formation are mutations that occur within the same cell
472
Codons (words) are _ letter long
3
473
Gene code consists of letters:
A
T
C
G
474
Each ____ specifies ____ a(n) _____ in a(n) ______. Sequence of _____ determines _______ structure.
(codon-protein-amino acid)
Codon; amino acid; protein; amino acid; protein
475
If you get enough mutations it can cause ______
Cancer
476
Oncogene can change _______
Instruction of cell easily
477
Is it true that cancer can be common in certain ethnic groups(phenotype)?
Yess
478
Tobacco contains _____ chemicals.
______ are toxic in low dose
_____ are carcinogenic
4800
400
40
479
Tobacco smoke causes ___ of all cancer deaths
1/3
480
_______: the radioactive source that is permanent damage from smoking
Polonium-210
481
Tobacco smoke combustion products have:
- Benzopyrene: carcinogenicity which can react with DNA when body is trying to remove it =mutation/damage to DNA
- Nitrosamines
- Ethylene oxide
482
Polonium usage:
- cigarettes(tobbaco smoke)
- alpha-emitters
- polonium anti-static brushes
- radioactive spark plugs
- polonium spinthariscope in KIX cereal
483
Cooking: cancer
- cooking meat to kill off bacteria
| - brown/black areas are concentrated carcinogens
484
What are beneficial foods that protect us from cancer?
Fruits and vegetable
| Carcinogens will stick to their fibre rather than bloodstream
485
____% of our diet should be fruits/veggies
| __+ servings of fruit/veggies
60-70
| 5
486
__________corroded the electrode, it damaged the ___ in fast growing cells
Current and oxygen; DNA
487
Experiment that generated chemicals that stopped bacterial growth
E.coli was electrocuted
488
Normal cells have ______genes and __ genes are changed to become cancerous
23,000; 8-10
489
Major difference between normal cells and cancer cells
Cell division
490
What are abnormal human proteins?
Non-functional enzymes
| Non-functional proteins
491
What makes a poor drug target?
Drug cannot block or restore protein function
492
5 year survival rates:
1974-1976:___%
1992-1999:___%
2009-2015:___%
50
60
67
493
What are the strongest carcinogens that occur naturally?
Olive oil
Sesame oil
Peanut oil
494
Man made or naturally-made sources amore harmful environmental carcinogen?
Natural
495
Why is skin cancer least dangerous?
Because you can see it before it becomes an unresolvable issue
496
Can you make a synthetic version of taxol?
No, impossible its too complex
497
Taxol was found to be __% effective against ____ cancer in _____
30; breast; 1989
498
Taxol was identifies as a toxic substance in year:
1971
499
Yew bark extract was found to be cytotoxic in year:
1964
500
How much did Florida State University make from Robert Holton’s synthesis of taxol patent?
350 million
501
Taxol is manufactured TODAY using:
Cell culture in beer vats:
| Plant cells are in growth medium, and they are also genetically modified to maximize production
502
Ben johnson
Canadian who won and lost medal 3 days after testing positive for steroids called stanozolol
503
John manson
Patented stanozolol
504
Thomas hicks
Winner of 1904 St. Louis August olympic marathon
505
What drug was use in 1901 to boost sport performance? Is it good or bad?
Adrenaline, not ideal for sports because it requires injection and only has short action time
506
Gordon alleles discovers amphetamine and notes that it works great for:
Decongestant for cold symtpoms
| Side effect was sleepless nights
507
What drug was used to keep endurance in soldiers during the ww1?
Methamphetamine=pervitin
508
Olympics in grenoble tested for:
– Sympaticomimetic amines (Amphetamines)
– Central nervous system stimulants (Strychnine)
– Narcotics (Heroin, Cocaine)
– Antidepressants
– Tranquilizers
509
Are anabolic or androgenic steroids used in patients recovering from something like surgery?
Anabolic
510
Red blood cell production is controlled by
Epo
511
Having lots of rbc means that you have
An increased ability of transporting o2
512
Blood doping
Remove blood from athlete, concentrate the rbc, wait 3 months to put back into athletes, =improved o2 capacity
513
Why is it a risk to store frozen blood instead of of chemically treating?
Because you dont get full benefit
