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BPS 1101 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are factors that increase to cancer? Order of prevalence

A
  1. Obesity increases risk
  2. Diet: Change in eating habits, more than double proper size portion and more regular processed/fast-food/restaurant food that contain carcinogen to attract you to keep eating
  3. Viruses that contain oncogenes
  4. Excess alcohol
  5. Lack of exercise
  6. Exposure to uv light
  7. Environmental exposure - man made
  8. Environmental exposure - natural sources (Tobacco)
  9. Genetics
  10. Radiation from medical procedures
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2
Q

Obesity increases your risk for ____

A

Everything

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3
Q

What are the changes in eating habits from the 1950s?

A

Regular eating out, processed food/fast food/ junk food/ and size portions are doubled

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4
Q

Viruses responsible for about __ of cancer death

A

15%

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5
Q

High risk viruses causing cancer target ____

A

p53 (tumour protein)

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6
Q

Guardasil:

A

Vaccine for HPV induced cervical cancer

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7
Q

What is used for HPV induced cervical cancer?

A

Guardasil

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8
Q

Excess ____ increases risk for cancer/

A

Alcohol

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9
Q

Why is alcohol a carcinogen?

A

Ethyl alcohol is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase into acetaldehyde which is oxidized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase into acetic acid

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10
Q

Yew bark extract was found to be ______

A

Cytotoxic

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11
Q

What is the strategy for cancer chemotherapy?

A

To kill the cancer faster than you kill the patient (human cells). Has 100% guaranteed and severe side effects.

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12
Q

Side affects in chemotherapy include

A
  1. Death
  2. Cancer
  3. Extreme nausea/vomiting
  4. Hair loss
  5. Immune suppression
  6. Sterility
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13
Q

What was used in WW1 and what does it do?

A

Nitrogen mustards destroy tissue

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14
Q

When was nitrogen mustards used?

A

In WW1

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15
Q

Was nitrogen mustards actively used in WW2?

A

No, but it was brought on an American navel ship to Italy which was going to be stored in case of emergency. The ship ended up being air raided on bari, Italy.

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16
Q

What happened to the soldiers that survived nitrogen mustards exposure?

A

Survivors had fewer white blood cells

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17
Q

What was the first cancer drug?

A

Mustine, targets fast dividing cells(tumour cells) AND cancer cells. Its not too reactive thus normal cells can repair DNA damage.

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18
Q

Why do cancer drugs cause death and cancer?

A

Because cancer drugs are carcinogenic and very toxic that kill of cancer cells and also other normal cells that happen to grow fast.

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19
Q

Difference between normal and cancer cells.

A

Normal cells have time to repair damage from drugs Cancer cells reproduce before damage repaired

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20
Q

Rapid cell growth provides _______

A

selectivity

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21
Q

_______ provides selectivity

A

Rapid cell growth

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22
Q

Plant dangerous to handle

A

Phorbol

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23
Q

_____ extract was found to b cytotoxic in ____

A

Yew bark; 1964

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24
Q

Cisplatin was first synthesized in ____

A

1845

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25
Q

Cisplatin’s inhibition of cell division was discovered in _______

A

1965

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26
Q

Cisplatin’s anti cancer activity was discovered in ______

A

1969

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27
Q

Cisplatin was approved for human use in _____

A

1978

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28
Q

The cure rate for testicular cancer by cisplatin is ___

A

90%

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29
Q

What is the drug that has a cure rate for testicular cancer by approx 90%?

A

Cisplatin

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30
Q

Today, cisplatin is used in ___ of all cancer patients

A

40-80%

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31
Q

Describe movement of cisplatin in normal cells vs cancer cells.

A

Normal cells: moves in and out of cells

Cancer cells: gets activated inside and will stay inside cell

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32
Q

The usda searched for new poisons, they found:

A

Yew bark extract-cytotoxic

Taxol-toxic

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33
Q

Taxol manufacture from ______

A

Yew tress

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34
Q

How much bark gives 1 kg of taxol?

A

13000 kg

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35
Q

How many trees require per year to satisfy the total demand in North America for taxol?

A

360,000 trees/yr

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36
Q

Clear cutting the entire pacific north west would provide a supply of how many years for taxol?

A

5 years

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37
Q

People or trees/taxol or environment

A

Board doesn’t end up listing yew trees as endangered species because they believe humans are more important than trees

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38
Q

European yew:

A

Taxis baccata that is a semi-synthesis of taxol

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39
Q

What is the taxis baccata?

A

The European yew tree which is a semi-synthesis of taxol

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40
Q

Who is the professor that patented his research?

A

Robert Hilton of Florida state university

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41
Q

Slide 119

A

Slide 119

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42
Q

Slide missing

A

120-122

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43
Q

Mark McGwire

A

MLB had no rules. USed enhancement improving drugs yet his 70 home runs has been hit with controversy.

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44
Q

How many home runs did mark McGwire hit?

A

70

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45
Q

Barry bonds

A

Hit all time 762 home runs had partnership with shady business that made him a suspect of performance enhancing drugs who would no longer be hired by any MLB leagues.

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46
Q

Marion Jones

A

Testified that she’d never taken any drugs, put in jail for purgory since slide 9

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47
Q

Olympics/athletes in Ancient Greece

A

Viewed drugs as a good thing, athletes were encouraged to take drugs(potions and herbs) to improve performance. No mention of drug because of fear from competitors.

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48
Q

Drug enhancement in zulu tribe

A

Zulu and Dutch war. Zulu would drink drop; a fermented drink to increase courage.

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49
Q

Dop vocabulary history

A

Zulu: dop-a drink
Afrikaans: doop-slang alcohol
English; dope/doping

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50
Q

Doping race horses

A

Fast horses were doped in order to make them slow, first doping tests were on horses since the horse race would lose money

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51
Q

What sport was notorious for doping?

A

Cycling by taking substances that were enhanced with “dope”, strychnine but other useless stuff like caffeine, cocaine, alcohol and nitroglycerine

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52
Q

Olympic marathon

A

Athletes were prevented from drinking water, competitors collapsed 3x and was stuffed with strychnine, egg white and alcohol,

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53
Q

Who was Thomas hicks trainer?

A

Charles L. J. Lucas

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54
Q

Slide missing:

A

Slide 23-24

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55
Q

Who discovered amphetamine?

A

Gordon Alles

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56
Q

When was amphetamine discovered?

A

1929

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57
Q

What was amphetamine’s side effect?

A

Keeping people awake at night, used by German army to attack from rear at night with soldiers that could stay awake 3-4 days

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58
Q

Slide

A

26-31

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59
Q

Amphetamine

A

Became useful and widely used by armies, it spilled over to civilians by expanding from pharmaceutical companies as a pick me up/feel good. Soldiers realized it could benefit in athletes as most were athletes, would continue sport with the use of amphetamine to improve performance.

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60
Q

First sports amphetamine use was in ______ Olympic Games

A

1952

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61
Q

The first studies of athletes’ use of amphetamines in______

A

1959

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62
Q

Example of amphetamine use by knud enemark Jensen

A

Knud enemark Jensen was a cyclist at the Rome olympics, he became fatigued, had trouble maintaining control, died to due skull fracture and blood with high amphetamine levels.

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63
Q

Tom Simpson

A

Cyclist in Tour de France, denied access for water, and used amphetamine to make up for lack of water, he collapsed twice where he end up dying from heat stroke and high dose of amphetamine. The amphetamine pushed his body over its limit.

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64
Q

Where is Tom Simpson’s monument?

A

Mont ventoux

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65
Q

Nervous system

A

Sympathetic nervous system and Parasympathetic nervous maintenance of body system, urine production, digestion,..
Our bodies use chemicals to send info by neurotransmitters. Sympathetic:
Para:
Amphetamine acts like chemical which activates fight or flight sympathetic nervous system

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66
Q

Amphetamine effect post

A

Short lasting substance that acts as adrenaline, which allows your body to stop pushing the body to its limit. Sets up a situation which leads to death

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67
Q

Who/when restricted drug use?

A

Olympics in 1967

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68
Q

First drug testing was done in athletes in ______, ____

A

Grenoble, 1968

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69
Q

Slid

A

50

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70
Q

Drugs were not banned because

A
  • Not bc of unfair advantage

- because of health(its harmful) people were dying

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71
Q

Who was their first athlete to lost their medal?

A

Hans-Gunnar liljenwall loses bronze medal from positive alcohol test even though alcohol was not a banned substance

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72
Q

People associate _____ with sport

A

Steroids

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73
Q

Fritz and Oskar Zoth

A

Injected themselves with bull testicle

extract in 1896 and measured muscle strength using middle fingers

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74
Q

“The training of athletes offers an an
opportunity for further research in this
area…”

A

1896 by Oskar zoth

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75
Q

Charles eduard brown-sequard

A 
1889, Injected himself with macerated dog testicles. Introduced “internal secretions” as physiological regulators now known as hormone. His experiment was to improve sexual after his marriage to 18yr old.
Br own-Séquard applied Similia similibus • Treating an organ with itself
– Heart for courage
– Brain for idiocy
– Bile
– Blood
– Bone
– Feces
– Intestine
– Placenta
– Te e t h
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76
Q

Ayurveda of susruta

Says: (year)

A

That testes can be used to treat impotence (1000 BC)

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77
Q

Isolation of testosterone

A

Occurred in 1926, in Chicago, isolated male sex hormone from bull testicles

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78
Q

Testosterone bull testicle to testosterone

A

40kg to 20 mg

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79
Q

What occurred after bull testicle-testosterone synthesis, to increase testosterone creation?

A

Semi-synthesis of testosterone in 1935, cholesterol into testosterone

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80
Q

Testosterone was used by Germans:

A

For inmate rehabilitation to regain bones and muscle

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81
Q

Who were the first users of testosterone?

A

Was hard to get in 1930s was first used by horse races, then used by soviet weight lifters in 1950s

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82
Q

Soviets-testosterone

A

They discovered fundamentals of testosterone use, the side effects, training methods, and training cycles

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83
Q

Dr. John Ziegler

A

found beneficial and side effects of extra testosterone, and designed artificial anabolic steroid (steroid without androgenic(side effects))

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84
Q

Effects of extra testosterone

A

Anabolic: muscle mass, strength, and bone growth
Androgenic: body/facial hair, enlarged vocal chords, heavy brow, acne, increased sex drive, testicle shrinkage, clitoral enlargement

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85
Q

Artificial anabolic steroid names+date

A

Dianabol-1958

Stanozolol-1961

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86
Q

Slide 72-73

A

Shortens recovering time by helping increase muscle mass

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87
Q

Arnold Schwarzenegger

A

Mr.olympia for 6 consecutive years

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88
Q

Dr. Manfred hoppner

A

Director of sports medicine, East German Swim Team, swimmers were forced to take steroids

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89
Q

East Germany wins ___ at ___olymnpics

A

11/13 gold medals; 1976

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90
Q

Steroids were banned by ____ in ___

A

Olympics;1977

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91
Q

East Germany’s response to steroid ban

A

Established a doping lab in Kreischa which was accredited by IOC for Olympic testing, they gained access to testing protocols and developed masking techniques

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92
Q

How to mask steroid use

A

Won’t show up by injection of epitestosterone to alter T to E ratio, or lower the amounts by taking diuretics/water to mask total steroid amount, or add materials to interfere with testing of sample

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93
Q

Steroid testing uses ____

A

GC/MS where the Gas chromatograph sorts molecules for urine/blood sample, which is then passes through a tube containing a sticky substance. Sticky molecules will stick to sticky coating and slippery molecules will not stick to sticky coating, which sorts molecules using speed and times to measure the amounts MS: mass spectrometer that weighs molecules by throwing them in a magnetic field measuring how far a molecule moves along detector. Some end up falling apart as fragments can still be used to determine weight. Fingerprint used to identify compounds.

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94
Q

Pile

A

Peak

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95
Q

Steroid testing T to E ratio

A

Normal normal: 1:1

Maximum ratio: 4:1

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96
Q

Urine switching

A

Empty athletes bladder and fill bladder with clean urine using catheter

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97
Q

Floyd landis

A

Claimed his 11:1 ratio was natural, thus Tour de France had to retest his testosterone origins and can be tested to see if its from an animal or plant source because they have different amounts of carbon-13 (13C) which had plant isotopes

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98
Q

Modern semi-synthesis of steroids

A

Diosgenin comes from Mexican yams

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99
Q

Cancer is ______ growth

A

Uncontrolled

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100
Q

Hyper-proliferative lesions can be ______

A

Benign or malignant, becoming fatal in developing countries

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101
Q

Total percent death of cancer in canada

A

29.9%

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102
Q

How many cancer deaths in canada?

A

72.5k

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103
Q

Over __% of all cancer cases occur after the age of __

A

75; 55

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104
Q

Cancer causes ____ deaths per year in North America

A

570k

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105
Q

_____ cells become cancerous

A

Normal

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106
Q

Normal cell division is __________, with a maximum of ___ cell divisions and must be touching _______

A

Closely regulated; 50; similar cells/tissue

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107
Q

Cancer cell division is _______&______, and has more than __ cell division meaning its _______, ands cells are _____

A

Uncontrolled; continuously; 50; immortal;mobile

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108
Q

Cells that are mobile are called?

A

Metastisis

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109
Q

How many deaths does second hand smoke cause in the US per year?

A

41,000, Canada would be approx. 4000

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110
Q

Second hand smoke is _______.

A

Harmful

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111
Q

What is a highly engineered drug delivery device?

A

Cigarettes

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112
Q

Cigarette filter

A

Majority of material passes through filter into lungs, only gives appearance with brown-orange colour

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113
Q

Charcoal filter in cigarette

A

Doesnt work any better than regular cigarette, just marketing to consumers

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114
Q

Cigarettes are engineered to deliver ______.

A

Nicotine

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115
Q

Nicotine pathway in cigarettes

A

Nicotine undergoes two different chemical pathways. First pathway: liquid Nicotine is heated to a gas which enters the lungs. Second Pathway: liquid nicotine react with acids that were made as a result of combustion to become solid nicotine and it is reversed back to liquid by ammonia.

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116
Q

Light cigarettes vs regular cigarettes

A

Same level of danger

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117
Q

Explain how the laboratory testing of cigarettes works

A

Vacuum is applied to filter of cigarette where the vacuum draws smoke into the tube that collects the smoke to measure what inside the smoke

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118
Q

What are learned behaviours that occur with light cigarettes in order to get ________.

A

2mg dose of nicotine by:
– People draw more deeply on light cigarettes
– People smoke more light cigarettes
– People cover the holes with fingers or lips

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119
Q

Ex of tobacco company suppressing info

A

Nothing about smoking cigarettes in relation to “how to stop a heart attack before it happens”, as time magazine is owned by a tobacco company, CBS owned by a tobacco company did not allow airing of a 60 minutes nicotine piece

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120
Q

Who are the actors/ what is the movie called about the behind the scenes of the 60 min nicotine story that never aired?

A

Its called “The Insider”, Al Pacino plays the reporter and Russell Crowe plays the scientist.

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121
Q

First settlement lost by a tobacco company

A

Rose cipollone won first settlement against a tobacco company: Phillip Morris in 1988

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122
Q

What state sued a tobacco company?

A

Florida in 1988

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123
Q

How did tobacco companies get away from being labelled as addicitve

A

Companies lobbied the government, intoxication was added to definition of addiction

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124
Q

What are symptoms that define an addiction in the government?

A

Dependence
Withdrawal
Tolerance
Intoxication

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125
Q

What were the potential concerns Health Canada warned about risk with vaping?

A

Risk of pulmonary disease

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126
Q

E-cigarettes safety

A

Claims that its a supposedly safer alternative to cigarettes, only available for 15 yrs not much data, gov. Is very conservative about safety of e-cig,

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127
Q

Mechanics of e-cig

A

The heater will generate an aerosol(mist) (nicotine is suspended as droplets in vapour) to stimulate texture of smoke, the nicotine gets absorbed in the lungs and remaining aerosol is expelled from the body.

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128
Q

An e-cig is also known as:

A

Specialized heater, eFluid or E-juice

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129
Q

How does a e-cig work?

A

It has a heater that generates an aerosol where there are droplets of fluid suspended in vapour in order to stimulate texture of smoke, any remaining aerosol is expelled an the nicotine will get absorbed in the lung

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130
Q

Contents of e-juice/eFluid

A
  1. Solvent: propylene glycol, glycerol (glycerin) and polyethylene glycol (PEG)
  2. Nicotine (0-41mg)
  3. Flavour from artificial food flavour
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131
Q

Nicotine flavour

A

Bitter taste

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132
Q

Flavour in nicotine

A

Nicotine taste is masked using artificial flavour which is safe in food but some substances like buttery/popcorn flavour uses diacetyl which creates popcorn lung

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133
Q

Juul is designed for _______, to _________ by using ____________, pro/con?

A

replacement of cigarettes not for quitting;
to replicate the fast action of nicotine from cigarettes;
using nicotine salts which may be as or more addictive than cigarettes, the only possible benefit is that it reduces harm since there’s no combustion involved (combustion creates harmful material)

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134
Q

Nicotine speed of action in cigarette vs juul vs e-cig?

A

Cigarette: heated nicotine results in SMOKE consumed of nicotine and acids, lungs absorb nicotine salts creating FAST absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream

Juul: heated nicotine results in VAPOUR consumed of nicotine and benzoic acid, lungs absorb nicotine salts creating fast absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream

E-Cigarette: heated nicotine results in VAPOUR consumed of nicotine, lungs absorb nicotine creating SLOW absorption of nicotine into the bloodstream

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135
Q 
How many mg of nicotine in:
Juul pods:
Vape:
Cigarette:
20 cigarettes (pack):
A

41 mg
0-41 mg
2 mg
41 mg

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136
Q

Info on artificial flavour effect in body

A

No long term data to conclusively determine that artificial flavours cause damage to lungs (but we know that there is no damage to food flavours in digestion)

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137
Q

Juul pods are designed to last for ______.

A

Many hours

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138
Q

Why is there a danger of overconsumption in vape?

A

Children may drink eFluid since there is a pleasant smell+flavour OR eFluid is vaped entirely

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139
Q

What the lethal dose of nicotine (in an dult)?

A

60mg

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140
Q

Is vaping safe than cigarettes?

A 
Yes
Cigarette 
• Carbon monoxide (most dangerous, in order)
• Polonium 
• Combustion by products 
• Particulates 
• Nicotine 
E-Cigarette 
• Nicotine 
• Carbonyl compounds 
• Glycols
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141
Q

What is the harm reduction of vaping vs cigarettes?

A

95% harm reduction by smokers (not non-smoker)

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142
Q

Nicotine consumption in Wngland

A

There was a small recent increase in total amount of nicotine consumed 2014ish

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143
Q

Are e-Cigarettes worth switching to:
Are they safe?
Are they safer than cigarettes?
How much safer

A

No, yes, a value of 95% that is not conclusive

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144
Q

Why is gaining information for vaping difficult?

A

Marketing is faster than the science can catch up with. Each company has different heating technologies, different solvents, and different proportions. There are various flavours, nicotine strengths, and combinations. All these make testing harder.

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145
Q

Life expectancy of:

  • Nonsmokers
  • smokers
  • vapers
A

84 yr; 73 yr; unknown

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146
Q

Are all cannabis products legal in canada?

A

No

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147
Q

What are the active ingredients of cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabidiol

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148
Q

Prescription THC is used for

A

Cancer, severe infections, and treatment of anorexia since it increases appetite

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149
Q

What is the cannabis name for medical treatment for multiple sclerosis?

A

Sativex

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150
Q

Harmful effects from high dosage of THC

A

Heart attack, cancer, and death

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151
Q

THC _____ reaction times, effect is stronger for ________, government claims that ______.

A

Slows; occasional users; daily users can be impaired 30 days after
cessation

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152
Q

Edible cannabis products

A

Edible avoids harmful effects of smoking, has a slower onset and longer duration, its effects are different and can be stronger in comparison to smoked version, risk: easier to overdose since there is a delayed effect, children will not know difference between real food and edibles, and problematic side effects

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153
Q

How long do edibles take in effect?

A

~2hrs

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154
Q

Edible vs smoking

A

-different highs
-delayed effect (hours)
108

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155
Q

What product is not yet approved in canada, under what type of market is it in?

A

Cannabis vaping is in grey markey

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156
Q

Outbreak of vaping illness in 2019 resulted in:

A

2711 hospitalized

60 deaths

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157
Q

THC solutions when they are concentrated become _______ resulting in _____.

A

viscous/thick solution resulting in more THC

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158
Q

What type of test is used to judge quality of THC vape liquid?

A

Bubble test by inverting cartridge and seeing speed of air bubble where slow moving bubble means a lot of THC vice versa

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159
Q

What is used to thicken THC solution?

A

Vitamin E is used, which dilutes THC concentration, but it can cause chemical pneumonia since it prevents gas transport in the lungs because vitamin e is difficult for the body to remove from the lungs, vitamin e buildup in lungs will destroy lungs

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160
Q

Why is vaping (nicotine an cannabis) a grey markey product?

A

Little to no:

Regulation, testing , and standards

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161
Q

Heavy use of _____ may lead to schizophrenia, it is triggered by _______, and ______ may seen self-medicating.

A

cannabis; use in adolescence; schizophrenics

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162
Q

Cancer is a disease mainly occuring in those who are _____.

A

older age

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163
Q

Main causes of death in 1900 vs 2000s?

A

Pneumonia, tuberculosis, and influenza
Vs
Heart disease, cancer and stroke

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164
Q

Life expectancy 1900 vs 2004

A

44 vs 82

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165
Q

The main causes of death in the 1900s lasted until what decade?

A

The 1950s

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166
Q

What was cause of death was quite common throughout history?

A

Plagues

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167
Q

True or false: drugs were banned because of unfair advantages

A

False

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168
Q

How could you visualise the amount of20 mg testosterone?

A

Dust from a handprint

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169
Q

Dr. John Ziegler was part of ______ Club.

A

York Barbell

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170
Q

What were the effects desired for a steroid for sport use?

A

Anabolic effects only (muscle mass, strength, bone growth)

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171
Q

How long would a physician tell someone like Arnold Schwarzenegger to take steroids before competition for safety?

A

6 weeks before competition

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172
Q

T to E ratio is

A

Testosterone to epitestosterone

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173
Q

How is smoke collected by smoker from cigarette vs light cigarette?

A

Reg: smoke goes towards vacuum/mouth through filter
Light: same but there are vent holes placed at the top of the filter allowing for air to enter through the vacuum/mouth

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173
Q

Smoking machine collects ______ amounts of smoke

A

Fixed

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174
Q

How are light cigarettes tested?

A

The vent holes are placed outside the machine connection (so it reads an addition of air too)

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175
Q

Nicotine substitutes to stop smoking include:

A

Nicotine gum, nicotine patch, nicotine inhaler, chantix, nicoderm, inhalator, nasal spray

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176
Q

E-cig use is ______.

A

controversial

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177
Q

Effectiveness of e-cig for quitting smoking is ________.

A

Similar effect to other methods

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178
Q

What are some concerns over e-cig use?

A

That it attracts usage from youths, its a gateway to smoking

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179
Q

Is the liquid heated or burned in e-cig/cigarettes?

A

E-cig: heated

Cig: burned

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180
Q

What are the chemical name found in the solvent of an e-cig?

A

– Propylene glycol
– Glycerol (glycerin)
– Polyethylene glycol (PEG)

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181
Q

______ stimulates smoke in e-cig, why?

A

Solvent; it creates large water-soluble molecules in which the vapour condenses after heating causing droplets. These droplets create the appearance and texture of smoke

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182
Q

Some of the solvents in e-cig can create ______ when heated, which is a known ________.

A

Acrolein; carcinogen

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183
Q

Where is the ejuice stored in an e-cig?

A

In a fluid cartridge

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184
Q

Parts of an e-cig include:

A 
Drip tip (mouthpiece)
Tank
E-juice
Atomizer
Box mod
Fire button
OLED screen display
Adjustment buttons
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185
Q

Nicotine poses a ________ risk because it __________.

A

Heart attack; is an acetylcholine agonist meaning that it stimulates the heart

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186
Q

Why are vape products less addictive?

A

They do not produce same “hit” as cigarette

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187
Q

Speed of action in cigarette vs juul vs e-cig?

A

Cig: fast
Juul: fast
E-cig: slow

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188
Q

Chemical name for nicotine salt is ________.

A

Nicotine benzoate

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189
Q

Vapour in juul pods

A

Vapour is very concentrated which the device has to compensate by releasing small amounts of vapour, which can cause faster overconsumption of the 2mg of nicotine from a cigarette.

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190
Q

Public health of England study was about __________.

A

Harm reduction of e-cigarettes with respect to cigarettes (1st generation)

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191
Q

What are some ideas that can improve eCigarettes?

A
  1. Replace/reduce solvent (because texture is not important for replacing cigarettes ie. nicotine patch,spray,gum prove that)
  2. Limit flavours (because some flavours are harmful, some are child-friendly)
  3. Add software to control dosing
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192
Q

What feature can be reduced in an e-cig to provide easier testing?

A

Less flavours

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193
Q

What has Health Canada claimed about medical benefits about marijuana?

A

That they ease pain for those suffering from grave and debilitating illnesses but they are questionable since its about the same benefit as Tylenol.

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194
Q

THC side effects

A

Impairs memory
Slows reaction times
Long term residence time in body

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195
Q

THC impairs memory in those who are ______.

A

Long-term heavy cannabis users

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196
Q

Daily users of THC can be impaired for ___ after cessation.

A

30 days

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197
Q

What is a legal caveat in relation to cannabis and impaired driving?

A

That the THC can be checked within 2 hours of driving.

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198
Q

Driving under the influence:
___THC in blood within 2 hours of driving
– Maximum $___ fine

A

2 ng/mL

1000

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199
Q 
Drug impaired driving
– \_\_\_\_ or more THC in blood within 2 hours
of driving 
– Minimum $\_\_ fine 
– Maximum \_\_\_ years in jail
A

5 ng/mL
1000
10

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200
Q

Driving under the influence vs drug impaired driving

A

2 ng/mL vs 5 ng/mL

No jail vs 10 yrs jail max.

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201
Q

THC in body

A

Dissolves in body fat and can be detected in blood 20 days after cessation

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202
Q

Avoid driving after THC use:
___ after smoking
___ after oral ingestion

A

4hrs; 6hrs

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203
Q

Smoke sources in THC and their possible effects

A
  1. Carbon monoxide: heart attack
  2. Carcinogens (polonium and combustion by-products): cancer
  3. Toxins (cyanide)
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204
Q

THC: Edible vs smoking

A

Different high, edible more delayed effect (hours)

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205
Q

THC: edible vs smoking pathways

A

Smoking: smoke is Δ9THC >FAST absorption into lungs>FAST absorption into blood>FAST absorption into brain
Edible: various cannabinoids>SLOW absorption of 11-hydroxy-THC in liver> FAST absorption into blood> SLOW absorption into brain

206
Q

Why is cannabis a grey market?

A
  • Some THC products are legal (ie. vaping is not really)
  • only few authorised sources
  • supply problems
  • licensing issues
  • many illegal sources
207
Q

What are issues that may come across illegal sources of cannabis?

A
  • purity
  • adulteration
  • support of organized crime
208
Q

Marijuana content in 1960s vs today

A 
1960s: 
2% THC
2% Cannabidiol
Now:
Up to 20% THC
Almost no Cannabidiol
209
Q

Cannabidiol has ___ activity

A

anti-psychotic activity

210
Q

What might be a promising drug for neurodegenerative disorders?

A

Cannabidiol

211
Q

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome is the result of a ________ due to _______. Symptoms include ________. Sufferers self-learn to treat with ____ through _____.

A

Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome is the result of a paradoxical reaction due to heavy marijuana use Symptoms include severe abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Sufferers self-learn to treat with heat through hot baths or showers.

212
Q

Contents of a cigarette device

A
  1. Filter
  2. Burn rings
  3. Reconstituted tobacco (NH3-ammonia and chocolate)
  4. Engineered paper
213
Q

Paper in cigarette

A

Is specially engineered with many chemical additives to control burning, has burn rings that regulate combustion

214
Q

What occurs to burn paper when a cigarette is being smoked?

A

Drawing in air: Thin areas burn quickly

Between puff: thicker areas burn slowly

215
Q

What chemical keeps paper lit in cigarettes?

A

TiO2-titanium dioxide

216
Q

Reconstituted tobacco

A

Is paper made from tobacco and cut into small strips. Tobbaco can be:
Whole tobacco plant
Blend of tobacco (small amount of high quality tobacco with cheap tobacco)

217
Q

Is blend of tobacco or whole tobacco plant cheaper?

A

Whole tobacco plant is cheaper

218
Q

What is the most dangerous substance in the world?

A

Tobacco

219
Q

Tobacco kills ____ people per year in North America

A

480,000

220
Q

Cause of death by tobacco follows ______.

A

Heart disease, then cancer then tobacoo

221
Q

Smoking ____ life expectancy

A

Lowers

222
Q

Quitting smokinf before age of 30 adds ____.

A

10 years to lifespan

223
Q

Quittinf smoking beofre age __ adds 10 years to lifespan

A

30

224
Q

Smoking accounts for ___ of health care costs

A

6-15%

225
Q

______ discovers tobacco in ____

A

Columbus; 1492

226
Q

Use of tobacco by natives

A

Natives drank smoke from tobbagos

227
Q

What can be used to revive drowning victims?

A

Tobacco

228
Q

Tobacco use in smoking clubs

A

Smoking was infrequent since it was expensive and has harsh taste due to acid

229
Q

Tobacco use in eastern countries

A

Water pipes are popular which remove acid

230
Q

Cigarette costs

A

Originally expensive since rolled by hand, but bonsack machine reduced production cost,

231
Q

What reduced the production cost of cigarettes?

A

The bonsack machine

232
Q

What reduced the harshness of smoke?

A

Flue-curing

233
Q

Flue-curing use

A

To reduce the harshness of smoke irritants

234
Q

How did cigarettes become dangerous?

A
  1. Machine manufacturing reduced cost
    – Could afford to smoke a lot
  2. Flue curing reduced irritants in smoke
    – Smoke brought deep into lungs
    • Cigarettes now addictive
    • These two factors increase exposure to toxic substances
235
Q

What factors increase risk?

A

Toxicity with exposure

236
Q

Average smoker smokes ___ cigarettes each year?

A

10,000

237
Q

Cigarette consumption then and now
____ cigarettes/year
And smoking behaviour

A 
Late 1800’s
– 80 cigarettes per year
– Did not inhale 
Today
– 10,000 cigarettes per year
– Inhale deeply
– Hold smoke in lungs
238
Q

What is the addictive substance in cigarettes?

A

Nicotine

239
Q

How much nicotine is required per cigarette to addict smoker?

A

2 mg

240
Q

How does nicotine chemical work in the body?

A

Nicotine acts on acetylcholine receptors. The messenger molecule sticks to a complimentary pocket on the receptor causing the receptor to change shape which triggers events inside the cell (received info).

241
Q

Nicotine is an ____ at low doses, and an ____ at high doses

A

Agonist; antagonist

242
Q

Nicotine as an agonist

A

Acts as a stimulant, it sends signal without normal messenger, resulting in normal signals being amplified.

243
Q

Is nicotine dangerous?

A

No, its the chemical additives that are harmful

244
Q

Smokers regulate the dose for desired effect:

A

At low doses agonist: more hyper – stimulates acetylcholine little puff
At high doses antagonist: relaxing effect big drag

245
Q

Messenger-receptor interaction

A

Receptors are sent from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane. Messenger typically stays on the outside. It sticks to the protein and changes its conformation and ultimately results in a biological response.

246
Q

2 basics why drugs interact with the receptor

A

Agonist: you can send messages using a drug molecule that your body doesn’t normally send, if your body doesn’t send enough. It increases the number of signals your body sends. Agonists send messages without the normal messenger
Antagonist: also stick to same pocket of receptor that normal messenger does. Stick in a different way so the receptor doesn’t change shape or doesn’t change in a normal way.

247
Q

Antagonist vs agonist

A

Nicotine is an antagonist at high doses
No signal going through.
Antagonists block chemical messages.
Agonists replace signals.

248
Q

Why does smoking cues add to the addiction?

A

Nicotine stimulates dopamine release
Stimulates brain to cause it to release dopamine.
Acts on primitive part of the brain - Part of the brain that’s right at the top of the spinal cord and looks like a lizard. Responsible for emotions/learning. Dopamine is part of our learning system. This is why smokers smoke- chemical reward from smoking. Feels good

249
Q

Lethal dose of nicotine in an adult

A

60 mg

250
Q

What is a common form of poisoning in children?

A

Consumption of a cigarette

251
Q

Lethal dose of cyanide in adult

A

70 mg

252
Q

Is nicotine a big contributor to health effects?

A

No

253
Q

What compound is able to kill large animal?

A

Nicotine darts are able to poison the animal

254
Q

Carbon monoxide in tobacco smoke effect

A

CO blocks O2 transport by sticking to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport contributing to heart attack, damaged heart tissue and blood vessels

255
Q

_____ kills more smokers than cancer.

A

Heart attacks

256
Q

__% of heart attacks are from smokers

A

5

257
Q

T/F: nicotine increases the heart rate

A

T

258
Q

Polonium in tobacco smoke effect

A

Cancer

259
Q

Combustion by-products in tobacco smoke effect

A

Strong carcinogen will react chemically with DNA causing damage and mutations, acts as an electrophile when attached with DNA

260
Q

Combustion by-product examples:

A 
– Benzopyrenes (PAH’s)
– Nitrosamines
– Aldehydes
– Epoxides
– Aza-arenes
– Trace metals
261
Q

Alton Ochsner

A

Linked cancer to smoking in 1919

262
Q

Lung cancer now vs then

A

Then: 400 cases due to chimney sweeps
Now: 190,000 cases due to smoking

263
Q

Tobacco company marketing in US

A

Emphasized glamour, paid stars to smoke in movies, were provided free to soldiers

264
Q

Tobacco advertising for women

A

Started in 1950s because it was just men who did it, Women start smoking to stay slim. they do not cause you to lose weight in any form or shape
The reason is when people stop smoking; they eat more because it gives dopamine. They replace one addiction with the other. The name of the cigarette was designed to target women.

265
Q

Name for cigarette brand

A

“Virginia slims”

266
Q

Why does smoking cause wrinkles/aged skin?

A

The carbon monoxide destroys collagen (elasticity)

267
Q

Tobacco kills ____ people worldwide per year

A

2 million

268
Q

Tobacco kills more people in ______ than North America.

A

China and India

269
Q

First shipment of tobacco was from ____ to ____.

A

Spain; Tobago

270
Q

Jean Nicot

A

Introduced tobacco to europe as l’herbe nicotaine

271
Q

5 main cause of death now

A

Heart disease; Cancer; Stroke; Lower respiratory infection; Traffic accidents

272
Q

3 main causes of death in 1900s lasting until the ___s

A

Pneumonia; Tuberculosis; Influenza;1950

273
Q

Life expectancy in canada has doubled in the last ____yrs

A

100

274
Q

Causes of death have shifted from ______ to “_____”

A

infectious disease to “wear and tear”

275
Q

Historically people lived their entire lives in an ____ state because of ___

A

Unhealthy; parasites

276
Q

Why dont we die today from little cuts that used to be deadly?

A

Because of antibiotics

277
Q

__% of the population died from the plague

A

25

278
Q

Effectiveness of plague treatment/cures

A

Useless and dangerous

279
Q

What did people believe plague was caused by?

A

Bad smell

280
Q

During middle ages cause of plague was unknown it was believed that it was a:

A

Curse from god thus they were meant to be killed

281
Q

Post natal infections in past had a death rate of __%

A

30

282
Q

Maternal mortality rates decreased because of _____

A

Penicillin

283
Q

Surgery survival rate is less than __% because of _____

A

30; infection

284
Q

__ killed more soldiers than anything else in ww1 and ww2

A

Std infection

285
Q

The reason why university students visit doctors the most is because of _____.

A

Std infection

286
Q

John Snow

A

Disproved miasma theory in 1854, Snow used a scientific investigation and created a map of the number of cases of cholera. Cholera cases were all centered around a particular water pump. It was the water from that pump that caused the disease. He removed the handle and people couldn’t e the water and disease went away. He created the science of epidemiology.

287
Q

Miasma

A

Disease caused by bad smell

288
Q

What was used to identify the source of infection?

A

Map of cholera infections

289
Q

Agostino Bassi

A

Proved germ theory of disease in 1844 by showing that microbes cause disease, which he dicovered from silk worms that we die from disease because we are eaten by microscopic animals

290
Q

Where are additives introduced in a cigarette?

A

Reconstituted tobacco

291
Q

Where is the nicotine content controlled?

A

Reconstituted tobacco

292
Q

Atharva-Veda

A

A 4000 yrs old ancient text referring that death/disease is caused by animals too small to see and can be killed by plants

293
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Developed pasteurization (process of heating fresh milk and recooling) in 1864, experimented with food spoilage and disease

294
Q

Spoiled food reason

A

The bacteria eating the disease cause the problem

295
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Developed antisepsis, inspired by Disciple of Pasteur that microbes disease

296
Q

H.C. Gram

A

Stained bacteria in 1884. Was curious in finding a way to selectively kill microbes. You need a chemical that selectively poisons the microbes.
He found certain bacteria could be coloured blue while certain bacteria couldn’t. Gram-positive bacteria are easily dyed, Gram-negative bacteria are hard to dye (red). Interact chemically different with two types of bacteria.

297
Q

What type of bacteria is hardest to dye? What colour does it respond to?
What type of bacteria is easiest to dye? What colour does it respond to?

A

Gram-negative bacteria -red

Gram-positive bacteria - blue

298
Q

Magic bullet

A

Chemical that randomly goes around your body in random places. Leaves body alone and selectively targets disease.

299
Q

Paul Erlich

A

The magic bullet in 1907, he knew As was similar to N (same column so same properties), but more poisonous. You can easily replace N by anything in the periodic table under it. Used chemical structure and a made poisoning compound. Erlich wins Nobel in Medicine 1908 for discovery of Salvarsan 606

300
Q

Trypan red selectively colours _____.

A

Trypanosomes

301
Q

Salvarsan 606

A

-Not super commercial
- Salvarsan 606 for Syphilis
-Not very drug effective
- Very toxic
– you can only be injected once a week
-Not very soluble with water.
-If you inject to muscle you end up killing the limb.

302
Q

Gerhard Domagk

A

Worked at IG Farben in 1932 testing different dye substances to see if they can kill microbes. Only observed that prontosil only worked in vivo.He wins the Nobel in medicine in 1939 for his discovery of sulphanilamide (first sulfa drug).

303
Q

Why was prontosil only effective in vivo?

A

The drug doesn’t have biological activity only colours the skin bright red. The actual drug is sulphanilamide which is what prontosil metabolizes into.

304
Q

Sulphanilamide

A

First sulfa drug in 1932

305
Q

What drug was the first successful antibiotic and first commercial success?

A

Sulfanilamide

306
Q

Sulfa drugs

A

Inhibit bacterial growth by inhibiting the enzyme that makes coenzyme F. They mimic natural substrate to prevent natural substance from going in.

307
Q

Alexander Fleming

A

Contaminated culture in 1928. Discovered penicillin (mold) which produces a chemical and prevents bacterial growth, published in 1929. He used penicillin to purify bacteria. He did not do the KEY experiment which was to seat both types of bacteria on the plate.

308
Q

Howard Florey & Ernst Chain

A

Isolated penicillin in water in 1941. They took group of mice and did penicillin infections. After 2hours the control mice were all dead after being infected.

309
Q

Penicillin was first produced in ______.

A

Milk bottles

310
Q

Ratio to make penicillin

A

1000kg of mold = 1g penicillin

311
Q

Police infected with a cut on head were treated with _______.

A

Penicillin

312
Q

Why was Britain not the best place for research in the early 1940s? Which is why researcher..?

A

WW2, government didnt think penicillin was the best thing. Contacted americans on ships

313
Q

Penicillin production moved

A

British were making it from milk

Americans used a waste product called corn steep liquor from making corn

314
Q

_____ became capital for penicillin, because it has the biggest distillery.

A

Peoria, Illinois

315
Q

What was found in WW2 “saving” kits?

A

Sulfa drugs

316
Q

Who was a bacterial artist?

A

Alexander Fleming

317
Q

Drug companies develop better extraction technology for penicillin (from..to..)

A

From using milk bottle to using large-scale distilleries using MERCK ISOLATION METHOD

318
Q

______production became war priority, it was stock piled for D-day, and used by US forces in the Pacific, and was only made available to the public in ____.

A

Penicillin; 1945

319
Q

Nobel Prize for penicillin

A

Won in 1945 by Fleming because he did the experiment, & Florey+Chain because they isolated the chemical.

320
Q

__% of our antibiotics are based on ______ because they have ________(

A

80%; penicillin; high selectivity which operates on part of bacteria that doesn’t exist on humans. Bacteria have an extra structure called the cell wall – bioplastic that surrounds the bacteria and resists internal pressure.
Penicillin prevents cell wall synthesis by destroying (permanently deactivate) the enzyme that makes cell walls. When a bacteria divides it explodes because it can’t form a cell wall.
Secret to activity is the b-lactam ring - Makes penicillin highly selective and reactive

321
Q

Why does antibiotics only work on bacteria?

A

Because they have bacterial cell walls that are a rigid outer layer, impart structure, and resist in internal pressure. The antibiotic will prevent cell wal synthesis of bacteria (causing cells to explode since they no longer have a wall to hold the internal pressure)

322
Q

Natural penicillin

A

Not drug-like, its unstable, must be injected and only works against some bacteria

323
Q

Artificial penicillin are __% drug-like, because _____.

A

95%; can be stored for long, taken orally, works against most bacteria and is designed by humans.

324
Q

Most antibiotics today are artificial or are they natural?

A

Artificial, natural has limited shelf life

325
Q

Design of better antibiotic drugs are by _______. Penicillin was changed to ___ to make them ______.

A

Semi-synthesis; 6APA; more convenient

326
Q

6APA produces _______ each year.

A

20,000 tonnes

327
Q

Development of immunity occurs ______.

A

After illlness

328
Q

What does getting sick do to your body?

A

Infection will cause scarring (some are external or internal), accumulation of damage adds up throughout life

329
Q

Immune system memory

A

Prevents you from getting infection without getting, tricks body by manipulating immune system by creating memory of an infection without getting sick.
The immune system identifies when an infection occurs, and will find an antibody that works, and will store large number of antibody copies so you dont get sick again.

330
Q

We get a disease only ____.

A

Once

331
Q

Organisms can only infect ____.

A

Once

332
Q

Subsequent exposure produces:

A

A fast immune response that kills off infecting microbes before they become in large enough quantity

333
Q

Incidence of colds ______ with age.

A

decreases

334
Q

T/F: Minor illnesses do not create scarring

A

False, both minor and major illnesses create scarring

335
Q

How can we skip the sick part of an illness, yet still gain immunity?

A

Through vaccination

336
Q

What is our protection against microbes?

A

Immune system

337
Q

Adaptive immune system is _____ but _____.

A

Selctive; slow

338
Q

Adaptive immune system:

A

Has a selective response meaning that it only targets invading cells, but it is slow, it lags 2-3 days between time of exposure and maximum response. The way it works is that it selects a molecule that works from a random collection of molecules, and will make copies of the molecules that work.

339
Q

____ are the key recognition device. ___-shaped molecules. Has a _____ surface.

A

Antibodies; Y; sticky

340
Q

Antibodies stick to _____.

A

Epitopes

341
Q

What carries antibodies?

A

B cells

342
Q

B cell

A

Carries different antibodies and will recognize 1 epitope. They don’t know in advance which ones are important …..

343
Q

Each infection generates ______.

A

Memory cells

344
Q

How do you get more memory cells?

A

By getting older

345
Q

_____(amount) of B cells in a newborn are memory cells

_____(amount) of B cells in an adult are memory cells

A

Less than 5%

More than 50%

346
Q

Newborn vs adult: who becomes more sick, why?

A

Newborns because they have less than 5% of B cells, whilst adults have experienced more infections over their life having more than 50% of B cells

347
Q

Viruses live inside ____ and escape ____

A

Cells; B cells

348
Q

Body makes ___ to destroy viruses.

A

T cells

349
Q

____ sends kill signal.

A

Helper T cells

350
Q

___ kill signals provide a failsafe.

A

2

351
Q

2 kill signals provide a _____.

A

Failsafe

352
Q

_______ triggers replication of specific T cells

A

Viral infection

353
Q

Viral infection triggers replication of ______

A

Specific T cells

354
Q

_____ become memory cells

A

Some T/B cells

355
Q

_____ cells give immunity

A

Memory

356
Q

Smallpox chemical name

A

Variola

357
Q

Variola’s common name

A

Smallpox

358
Q

Smallpox had a ____ mortality rate

A

20-40%

359
Q

Smallpox disfigured _____ of survivors

A

70-80%

360
Q

_____ disfigured 70-80% of survivors

A

Smallpox

361
Q

____ was practised by many cultures (Middle East)

A

Variolation

362
Q

Edward Jenner was born in ____ and died in ____.

A

1749-1823

363
Q

Edward Jenner

A

English doctor that observed that milkmaids who got cowpox did not get smallpox. He inoculated children with cowpox to prove his hypothesis.

364
Q

___ is the name of the cow that was the source of cowpox used by Edward Jenner on children.

A

Blossom

365
Q

_______ is safer than variolation.

A

Vaccination

366
Q

By ___ smallpox levels became very low in industrialized countries.
It was eradicated from industrialized countries by ____.
Global eradication program began in ____ to remove endemic in developing world.
Last case of natural smallpox was in _____(country) in ____(yr).

A

1900s
1950
1966
Somalia 1977

367
Q

Today smallpox only exists in:

A

Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and in biological weapons found in Soviet Union and US

368
Q

Vaccination scar was due to _____ and is only found in those born _______.

A

Special needle for smallpox vaccine; before 1972

369
Q

Cowpox vaccine ____ smallpox virus

A

Has similar simulation to

370
Q

Vaccination ______ a disease, it makes the body create _______.

A

simulates; memory cells for disease imparting immunity

371
Q

Cowpox virus vs smallpox

A

Similar molecular structure, but cowpox virus causes mild disease

372
Q

Why would there be a low percentage of effectiveness for a vaccine?

A

Because the researchers don’t guess right which vaccine will be circulating, as they start manufacturing in spring but

373
Q

Immune system recognizes microbes based on ________.

A

Large number of random molecules (that are a mix of antibodies and receptors)

374
Q

Lag-time of adaptive immune system is _____.

A

2-3 days

375
Q

Lag-time of adaptive immune system is between _______ and ________.

A

Exposure to invading cells; maximum response

376
Q

T/F: We can tell in advance what will infect us.

A

False

377
Q

T/F: There are many different types of B cells

A

t

378
Q

T/F: Each B cell carries a different antibody (is surrounded by same antibody)

A

T

379
Q

Each B cell “recognizes” __ epitope

A

1

380
Q

B cells _____(do/don’t) know in advance which antibody is important

A

Don’t

381
Q

The body stores _____ amounts of each B cell, that will recognize as many _______ as possible.

A

Small; epitopes

382
Q

Immunes response triggers replication of _______

A

B cells

383
Q

_______ triggers replication of specific B cells

A

Immune response

384
Q

_______ cells target invading cells

A

“Amplified” B

385
Q

After infection some _______ become memory cells.

A

B cells

386
Q

Infected cells display _________, the _______ are located on _______

A

Infected cells display parts of virus, the viral protein fragments are located on MHC receptors

387
Q

______ are on MHC receptors of an infected cell

A

Viral protein fragments

388
Q

Viral protein fragments are on _________ of infected cells

A

MHC receptors

389
Q

_____ cells recognize MHC “display

A

Killer T

390
Q

Antibiotic/Vaccine: Bacterial/Viral

A

Antibiotic:bacterial
Vaccine:viral

391
Q

B cell vs T cell

A

B cells produce and secrete antibodies, activating the immune system to destroy the pathogens. The main difference between T cells and B cells is that T cells can only recognize viral antigens outside the infected cells whereas B cells can recognize the surface antigens of bacteria and viruses.

392
Q

When you have immunity, microbes are killed quickly _____ infection develops

A

before

393
Q

First infection: bacteria/virus>???>immunity

Second infection: bacteria/virus>???>immunity

A

First infection: bacteria/virus>disease+immune response>immunity
Second infection: bacteria/virus>immunity

394
Q

Smallpox infection/ Cowpox infection:

_____ virus> _____ disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox or ____

A

Smallpox infection:
smallpox virus> severe disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox or death

Cowpox infection:
smallpox virus> severe disease+immune response> immunity from smallpox

395
Q

T/F: Similarity in molecular structure between cowpox and smallpox is a unique situation.

A

True

396
Q

Serious illness are found in ______.

A

Livestock

397
Q

Pasteur reduced the effect of anthrax bacteria by ______

A

Heating

398
Q

Pasteur reduced the effect of ______ by heating

A

Anthrax bacteria

399
Q

Weakened bacteria causes:

  • no infection
  • mild infection
  • severe infection
  • deadly infection
A

Mild infection

400
Q

Pasteur used a ________ to produce more memory cells

A

Second “booster” shot (second injection)

401
Q

Booster shots are often used with ________ viruses.

A

Attenuated (reduced effect) or dead

402
Q

Booster shot will provide the mount required for _____ in attenuated or dead viruses

A

Immunity

403
Q

Attenuated vaccines use _______ treated with ______ to attenuate.

A

Disease microbe; heat or chemicals

404
Q

Normal infection/attenuated infection:

A

Normal: anthrax bacteria> sever disease+immune response>immunity from anthrax or death
Attenuated: weakened anthrax bacteria>mild disease+immune response>immunity from anthrax

405
Q

Ajuvant reduces the need for ________.

A

Booster shots

406
Q

What was used in vaccines for reducing need for booster shot?

A

Alum was used first

Lipid adjuvent was used after its discovery om the 1970s

407
Q

Lipid adjuvents were discovered in ____’s

A

1970

408
Q

______ was blamed for Gulf War Syndrome

A

Squalene - MF59, but there was none found in military vaccines

409
Q

Squalene in the body

A

A normal human metabolite and is in steroids, and nutritional supplement

410
Q

Squalene vaccine vs non-squalene vaccine

A

Squalene does not create adverse health effects in vaccine, its a safe additive

411
Q

Adverse effects in vaccines:

A

Minor: swelling, redness, soreness, fever, dizziness
Rare: allergic reaction

412
Q

Polio between 1978-1983

A

51/69 cases of polio were due to vaccine

413
Q

_______ worries during H1N1 panic

A

Adjuvant

414
Q

____________ does not cause autism

A

(Preservative) Thimerosal-containing vaccine, which contain the amount of mercury less than the amount in a fish

415
Q

Why is vaccine still necessary if most diseases are “eradicated”?

A

Because it exists somewhere on planet earth

416
Q

What keeps disease alive?

A

Humans getting unvaccinated

417
Q

Japan discontinued vaccination for _______ in _____.

They had ____ cases in _____ and _______ cases in _____ resulting in ___ deaths.

A

Pertussis; 1978; 393; 1974; 13k; 1978; 41

418
Q

Cervical cancer kills _______ women per year.

A

250k

419
Q

Cervical cancer is a ______ disease. _______ in _____ discovered that it was found only in _______women cause by _______.

A

Viral; rigoni-stern; sexually-active; nervous irritability

420
Q

____ causes warts. Has mor than ___ types.

A

Hpv; 200

421
Q

Types of hpv that cause cancer (because the hpv genes are _____ that destroy ____)

A

-cervical tumours
-testicular cancer
;oncogenes that destroy p53

422
Q

Virus structure

A

Genetic material in capsid

423
Q

How are we vaccinated from hpv?

A

We get immune response from empty virus capsid that is immunogenic

424
Q

Making a recombinant vaccine

A

Genetic material is removed from capsid, the capsid gene is isolated into genetic information for capsid fragment which is then put into yeast which makes the capsid fragments

425
Q

Guardasil is made from ________.

A

Virus protein fragment in recombinant yeast

426
Q

Guardasil is effective against types:

A

6, 11, 16, 18

427
Q

Guardasil is the safest type of vaccine because:

A

Doesnt use complete virus thus impossible to develop an infection

428
Q

Guardasil works best:

A
  • if not previously infected

- before sexually active (9-13)

429
Q

What is the major barrier to eliminating cervical cancer?

A

Politics

430
Q

Teen’s paralysis by ___________ caused media hype in ____

A

HPV vaccine=guaradasil, 2008

431
Q 
Numbers in North America:
Vaccinations:\_\_\_\_\_
Cases that resulted in GBS: \_\_\_\_
Disabling: \_\_\_\_
Prevents cervical cancer death:\_\_
A

8.6 million
69
12
16k

432
Q

Recombinant vaccines have been used in ____ century

A

20th, 21st

433
Q

Use of different disease for protection of another sever disease was a technique used in the ____ century

A

18th

434
Q

About __% of polio is paralytic

A

1%

435
Q

When polio was widespread in the ____’s, the number of cases were ___to___ cases per year

A

1900s

20k-30k

436
Q

T/F: paralysis never includes the lungs

A

False, machines were created for those to create artificial breathing

437
Q

Famous polio survivor

A

President franklin roosevelt body didnt recover from paralysis

438
Q

Vaccine used to treat polio is called ______ and was created in ____ by _____. Administration type:_______

A

Salk vaccine
1955
Dead virus
Injection+booster shot

Sabin vaccine
Live virus
Orally (no booster)

439
Q

Largest US clinical trial was in (year)______ for the _______ vaccine. They injected _____children in schools.

A

1954; salk; 1.4million;

440
Q

Why was one batch of the salk vaccine defective? How many contracted polio +deaths?

A

Cutter laboratories did not test properly and had batches with live virus, did not inform gov.

  • 170 cases
  • 11 deaths
441
Q

Clinical trials in russia for polio by ____ vaccine:
____people were vaccinated
__ in a ____ inoculations

A

Sabin
77 million
1/1million

442
Q

Fewer than ___ cases of polio gobally by 2003

A

300

443
Q

Global eradication if polio initiative began in ____/.

A

2009

444
Q

_____ polio cases were reported in 2009 in countries:

_____ polio cases were reported in 2018 in countries:

A 
1606:
Somalia
Afghanistan
Ethiopia
Niger
Nigeria
Pakistan 
India
29:
Pakistan
India
445
Q

Influenza infects ___% of the population

A

5-15%

446
Q

What forms of influenza are potentially dangerous?

A

Very young or very old strains

447
Q

Wakefield’s medical license was stripped in ____

A

2011

448
Q

Wakefield study was done with __ children

A

12

449
Q

Loss of ______ leads to lower vaccination rates

A

Confidence

450
Q

Why are vaccines potentially linked to autism?

A

Brain manipulates what we see to see a pattern:

Autism symptoms and vaccinations both occur around age 2

451
Q

Reason for opposition to vaccines during jenner’s time?

A

Religious or fear

452
Q

The cancer death rate was ___% (higher/lower) in 2001 compared to 1950s (while other chronic diseases decreased)

A

0.2% higher

453
Q

T/f: medical work has had a positive impact on cancer.

A

False; medical work has had no impact on the cancer

454
Q

Cancer death rate in 2000s vs 1990s:
Lower in men by ___%
Lower in women by ___%

A
  1. 7

4. 2

455
Q

What cancers in men are decreasing? In women?

A
  • lung cancer
  • stomach cancer
  • prostate/colorectal cancer
  • breast cancer
  • stomach
  • uterine
  • colorectal
456
Q

What cancers in men are increasing? In women?

A
  • Lung and bronchus cancers
  • pancreas
  • liver and intrahepatic bile duct in MEN
457
Q

HeLa cells are from _________ in the year _____

A

Henrietta lacks 1954

458
Q

Cancer requires:
__ years to develop
__ mutations in the same cell

A

20 years

8-10 mutations

459
Q 
Mutations that happen in our body occur:
A. Everyday
B. Every week
C. Every month
D. Every year
D. Rarely
A

A. Everyday

460
Q

T/f: Somebody who has cancer will have more than 1 type of cancer

A

True

461
Q

Every cancerous tissue can spawn more than ___ forms

A

100

462
Q

___ sends a signal down telling signals to grow, but ___ may switch off breaking the rest of the cell growth signal system causing a mutation. Cancer cells dont have the _______.

A

RTK; GDP, off switch

463
Q

Problems with genetic repair

A
  • expensive
  • difficult
  • unreliable
464
Q

Cancer mutations lose _________ and can’t be repaired by ______

A

Function; small molecules

465
Q

____ an important braking protein that becomes broken in ___ of all cancers, when broken it continue to grow

A

P53; 50%

466
Q

Apostosis

A

Program that controls cell death

467
Q

Cancer cells are immortal: They have a special protein called ______ that continuously builds ______. In cancer, it is out of control and gives immortality to cancer cells.

A

telomerase; telomeres

468
Q

Chromosomes are long, linear molecules that have __ different strands, their ends have ______ to prevent DNA from being unravelled.

A

2; telomere

469
Q

Telomere gets shorter, each time a cell ____

A

Divides

470
Q

What runs out causing cell death?

A

Telomere

471
Q

T/f: tumour formation are mutations that occur within different cells together

A

False: tumour formation are mutations that occur within the same cell

472
Q

Codons (words) are _ letter long

A

3

473
Q

Gene code consists of letters:

A

A
T
C
G

474
Q

Each ____ specifies ____ a(n) _____ in a(n) ______. Sequence of _____ determines _______ structure.

(codon-protein-amino acid)

A

Codon; amino acid; protein; amino acid; protein

475
Q

If you get enough mutations it can cause ______

A

Cancer

476
Q

Oncogene can change _______

A

Instruction of cell easily

477
Q

Is it true that cancer can be common in certain ethnic groups(phenotype)?

A

Yess

478
Q

Tobacco contains _____ chemicals.
______ are toxic in low dose
_____ are carcinogenic

A

4800
400
40

479
Q

Tobacco smoke causes ___ of all cancer deaths

A

1/3

480
Q

_______: the radioactive source that is permanent damage from smoking

A

Polonium-210

481
Q

Tobacco smoke combustion products have:

A
  • Benzopyrene: carcinogenicity which can react with DNA when body is trying to remove it =mutation/damage to DNA
  • Nitrosamines
  • Ethylene oxide
482
Q

Polonium usage:

A
  • cigarettes(tobbaco smoke)
  • alpha-emitters
  • polonium anti-static brushes
  • radioactive spark plugs
  • polonium spinthariscope in KIX cereal
483
Q

Cooking: cancer

A
  • cooking meat to kill off bacteria

- brown/black areas are concentrated carcinogens

484
Q

What are beneficial foods that protect us from cancer?

A

Fruits and vegetable

Carcinogens will stick to their fibre rather than bloodstream

485
Q

____% of our diet should be fruits/veggies

__+ servings of fruit/veggies

A

60-70

5

486
Q

__________corroded the electrode, it damaged the ___ in fast growing cells

A

Current and oxygen; DNA

487
Q

Experiment that generated chemicals that stopped bacterial growth

A

E.coli was electrocuted

488
Q

Normal cells have ______genes and __ genes are changed to become cancerous

A

23,000; 8-10

489
Q

Major difference between normal cells and cancer cells

A

Cell division

490
Q

What are abnormal human proteins?

A

Non-functional enzymes

Non-functional proteins

491
Q

What makes a poor drug target?

A

Drug cannot block or restore protein function

492
Q

5 year survival rates:
1974-1976:___%
1992-1999:___%
2009-2015:___%

A

50
60
67

493
Q

What are the strongest carcinogens that occur naturally?

A

Olive oil
Sesame oil
Peanut oil

494
Q

Man made or naturally-made sources amore harmful environmental carcinogen?

A

Natural

495
Q

Why is skin cancer least dangerous?

A

Because you can see it before it becomes an unresolvable issue

496
Q

Can you make a synthetic version of taxol?

A

No, impossible its too complex

497
Q

Taxol was found to be __% effective against ____ cancer in _____

A

30; breast; 1989

498
Q

Taxol was identifies as a toxic substance in year:

A

1971

499
Q

Yew bark extract was found to be cytotoxic in year:

A

1964

500
Q

How much did Florida State University make from Robert Holton’s synthesis of taxol patent?

A

350 million

501
Q

Taxol is manufactured TODAY using:

A

Cell culture in beer vats:

Plant cells are in growth medium, and they are also genetically modified to maximize production

502
Q

Ben johnson

A

Canadian who won and lost medal 3 days after testing positive for steroids called stanozolol

503
Q

John manson

A

Patented stanozolol

504
Q

Thomas hicks

A

Winner of 1904 St. Louis August olympic marathon

505
Q

What drug was use in 1901 to boost sport performance? Is it good or bad?

A

Adrenaline, not ideal for sports because it requires injection and only has short action time

506
Q

Gordon alleles discovers amphetamine and notes that it works great for:

A

Decongestant for cold symtpoms

Side effect was sleepless nights

507
Q

What drug was used to keep endurance in soldiers during the ww1?

A

Methamphetamine=pervitin

508
Q

Olympics in grenoble tested for:

A

– Sympaticomimetic amines (Amphetamines)
– Central nervous system stimulants (Strychnine)
– Narcotics (Heroin, Cocaine)
– Antidepressants
– Tranquilizers

509
Q

Are anabolic or androgenic steroids used in patients recovering from something like surgery?

A

Anabolic

510
Q

Red blood cell production is controlled by

A

Epo

511
Q

Having lots of rbc means that you have

A

An increased ability of transporting o2

512
Q

Blood doping

A

Remove blood from athlete, concentrate the rbc, wait 3 months to put back into athletes, =improved o2 capacity

513
Q

Why is it a risk to store frozen blood instead of of chemically treating?

A

Because you dont get full benefit

BPS 1101 (2 decks)

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