Midterm 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What are important considerations when buying drugs?
A
Safety: side effects, its effect and the incidence of it happening
Indications:
Counter-indications:
*
2
Q
What is the most common OTC drug?
$______per year in North America, ________ tablets consumed in North America, ______tonnes/year, ____ dump trucks used in transport of it
A
Pain relievers $4.1 billion 50 billion 16,000 500
3
Q
What is one of the worlds most popular drugs?
A
Alcohol
Caffein
Aspirin
Nicotine
4
Q
What is the origin of aspirin?
A
Origin of aspirin comes from ancient uses of willow which contains salicylates used as drugs(poison) or aromas and flavour. Used by Sumerians for pain treatment in 2200BC, Egyptians in ancient Egypt for inflammation, reuptake in willow after loss of herb knowledge in dark ages by reverend Edward stone who described treatment for ague in 1763 as the rector for the Church of England.
5
Q
What are some plants that contain salicylates?
A
Willow trees
Poplar trees
Beech trees
Wintergreen trees
6
Q
Describe the taste of willow bark and what Reverand Edward Stone believed it to taste like?
A
bitter taste
Similar to quinine
7
Q
Doctrine of signatures
A
Association between disease and cure, they derive a cure from associations of disease, that eating something that resembled body shape was good for it, ie. walnut-brain, boneset stem-bone, shark cartilage-anticancer, chlorophyll-fresh breath, mandrake roots-magical possession, rhino horn-aphrodisiac, mercury-purgative, avocado/eggplant/pear-prevent cervical cancer
8
Q
Willow bark for treatment of fever (method of administration and negative effects)t
A
dried bark was ground up to a powder
It was expensive, limited supply and variable in effectiveness.
9
Q
Describe the shift from usage of willow to its chemical drug ingredient.
A
Salicin was isolated from willow bark in 1829. Very little salicin was achieved from a lot of bark. Willow only contains 0.02% of salicin. In 1838, salicylic acid was discovered as a better drug than salicin. Natural salicylic acid occurred in meadowsweet flowers( again same problem as salicin that the plant had very little active ingredient in it and it was expensive since it was hard to get). It was analgesic, antipyretic, and antinflammatory. Through the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, we were able to manufacture salicylic acid from coal tar which was easy to produce in large amounts since it was a waste product in 1800s.
10
Q
Reactants to produce salicylic acid using natural vs synthetic reagents
A
Natural willow bark****
11
Q
Who became drug companies?
A
Dye companies specialized in coal tar chemistry
12
Q
What were the issues salicylic acid had as a drug in the 18/1900s?
A
– Analgesic – Antipyretic – Antinflammatory – Bitter taste – Stomach irritation
13
Q
What are the benefits and side effects of A.S.A?
A
Benefits – Pain – Fever – Inflammation – Reduce heart attack risk -effective for muscle pain
Side effects – Tinnitus – Stomach irritation – Interferes with blood clotting -not effective for visceral pain
14
Q
How does aspirin work>
A
Aspirin destroya cyclooxygenase which blocks the enzyme machine action which blocks it from creating a local hormone called prostaglandin which causes the pain, fever, and inflammation.
15
Q
Stomach protection
A
Aspirin blocks production of prostaglandin which help protect the stomach by decreasing acid production and increases mucus production. Blocking production means an increase in hCl produced in stomach.
16
Q
What have been ways to reduce irritation by aspirin tablets?>
A
Bufferin-contains an antacid (MgSO4 gypsum) and pills dissolve quickly
Plastic ASA coated tablets
Increase hydration(water)
17
Q
Reye syndrome and influenza for children association?
A
Children’s aspirin no longer available, no causative link between asa and rye syndrome, removed from market in Canada as a precaution and its association
18
Q
What is the difference between a cause and association ?
A
An association between two things does
not mean that one thing influenced
(caused) the other
19
Q
What establishes some thing as a cause and effect?
A
Requires a body of evidence:
– Association between two things
– Control experiments
changes in the other
• Eliminate other possibilities
– Experiments with animals
– Biochemical explanation of the effect
– Deliberately change one factor to look for
20
Q
What establishes the cause and effect of stomach irritation and aspirin?
A
– Ulcers common in people who take Aspirin (long
term)
– Ulcers less common in people who don’t use Aspirin
(control) – Aspirin dosing in rats results in more ulcers (animal)
– Prostaglandin production in stomach lowers stomach
acid and increases mucus production (biochemical)
– Aspirin use raises stomach acid and decreases
mucus production
• Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin production
– Stomach irritation reduction if stop taking Aspirin
(change, animals)
21
Q
Name brand vs generic drug medications
A
Generic drugs are the same quality as name brands
• Same chemical substance
• Same dosage
• Equivalent bioavailability: means the same amount of drug enters the body
22
Q
How should you go about finding medical information?
A
Check multiple websites, since health-related web can be very misleading.
23
Q
Some red wines contain ________.
A
Histamine
24
Q
Red wine headaches why?
A
People feel like they get headaches from certain red wines
25
Fermented foods contain _____.
Histamine
26
Some aged cheeses contain ______.
Tyramin
27
What compounds can trigger headaches?
Histamine (grape skin, fermented food)
Tyramine (cheese)
Phenylethylamine (chocolate)
Nitrites (hotdogs)
28
Describe nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is potent vase dilator gives headaches because it causes blood vessels to dilate which causes nitrite gases
29
Why did dynamite workers gets headaches on the job but not on the weekend?
Dynamite was created from nitroglycerin Because they would no longer be breathing in the nitroglycerin
30
MSG- monosodium glutamate
Food created would be more flavourful, a compound found in seaweed found by Kikunae Ikeda.
In the 1960s somebody made an association known ans Kwok syndrome (or Chinese restaurant syndrome)which later had an impact on oriental cooking restaurant sales. Research on msg concluded that it didn’t create headaches .
31
How is msg disguised?
Vegetable protein (hydrolysed)
32
Msg in human body
It is a normal human metabolite (constantly produced), and constitutes 5% of our protein.
33
Caffeine effect in our body
Caffeine causes vasoconstriction, large consumptions of caffeine will cause body to compensate by trying to initiate vasodilation, any reduction in caffeine intake will cause the body to rebound and cause vasodilation
34
Brain freeze
Blood vessels expand in head to try and warm body (a warning mechanism)
35
What medicines can treat toxic headaches?
Naproxen
Ibuprofen
A.S.A -
36
Acetaminophen and toxic headaches
Increased liver function causes acetaminophen toxicity (liver damage)
37
What is a migraine
A small percentage of the population get headaches, it lasts for hours, it has two stage:
Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: vasodilation
38
__% of women get migraines
| __% of men get migraines
18; 6
39
What are triggers that can initiate migraines?
1. Tension
2. Lack of sleep
3. Menstruation
4. Foods
5. Relaxation
6. Too much sleep
7. Pregnancy
8. Drugs
9. Strong smells
40
What are the progressions of a migraine?
1. Prodrome phase
2. Aura
3. Pain
4. Postdrome
Not all experienced
41
What is a prodrome phase?
| ___% to ___% of sufferers
It’s a warning through mood swings.
30; 40
42
What is aura phase?
| __% to __% of sufferers
Occurs 1-2 hrs before pain phase, experience scotomas which are visual disturbances like flashes of light, or olfactory hallucinations, or auditory hallucinations or vertigo or reduced sensation or hypersensitivity.
43
What are symptoms from the pain phase of a headache.
Hemicrania/hemigrania
Involves half the head, and can last 1-72 hrs. Where nausea is common, or gastrointestinal disturbances, and movement increases pain level.
44
What can migraines cause sensitivity to?
Light
Sound
Smell
45
What is the postdrome phase of migraines?
Can last hours or days, feelings of being “hungover”, exhaustion, poor concentration, depression or euphoria.
46
What are treatments fro a migraine
To take pain medication (such as: A.S.A, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription pain meds) and to ride out the symptoms
47
What can abort a migraine
Triptans
48
Rye use in medieval times
To 1862
To 1918
Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye, strong dose could produce St.Anthony’s fire or gangrene in humans caused from vasoconstriction and requires amputation, produces involuntary muscle contractions (helps induce labor), powerful hallucinogen (which was seen as demonic possession).
1862: Extracts of ergot could cure migraine
1918: ergotamine was isolated
49
What is the issue with ergotamine
Not user-friendly since is a poison in high dose such as hallucinations, muscular contractions, vasoconstriction, gangrene or death. But only prevents migraine. Dosage difference is not very big.
50
What is a drug-like substance? It should be:
Effective
Safe
Convenient fro the user
Cheap
51
LSD
A hallucination discovered by accident by Albert Hoffmann through testing of ergotamine.
52
Differences and similarities between LSD and ergotamine
Similarity: hallucination
| Differences (ergotamine): stops migraine, muscular spasms, gangrene, death, st.andrews fire
53
Serotonin effect in a migraine
Serotonin levels drop during aura migraine phase, use a drug that mimics serotonin
54
Nerve signals are cascading _______ reactions
How do they interact?
Chemical
Nerve cells dont touch, they interact through the synapse
55
Why is serotonin a poor drug
Because serotonin is used in many parts of the brain (the drug must affect a certain symptom), serotonin doesn’t easily pass from blood to brain (th drug needs to travel into the stomach into the brain by the bloodstream.
56
What are the triptan options for migraine?
```
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
Naratriptan
Zolmitriptan
Eletriptan
Almotriptan
```
57
What is the most common infection
Cold (25:1)
58
More than ___ viruses cause cold.
200
59
What happens when you get a cold.
The virus destroys tissue, and the immune system responds with symptoms
60
What method spreads virus easily
Nasal secretions therefore transferred by touching
61
What environments do colds become more common in?
Crowds
| School season
62
What is made from coal tar?
Antikamnia or atifenbrin
63
What was Carl Duisburg’s role in pharmaceutical drugs?
Needed to to get rid of aminophenol waste. Converted waste product into drug called phenactin. Widely used called APC which combines aspirin phenacetin and caffeine.
64
What is metabolism
Body chemically alters substances to get rid of it
65
How does the body métabolisé antikamnia and phenacetin
It metabolizes it into acetaminophen
66
What does acetaminophen do?
Relives pain, has nothing to do with prostaglandins but will raise body’s pain threshold, thus it’s not only good for muscle pain but all types of pain like visceral pain. It is antipyretic means it can lower fever but can’t reduce swelling or inflammation since it can’t inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It helps osteoarthritis but will not help rheumatoid arthritis as much since it has swelling elements.
67
Stomach irritation in A.S.A vs acetaminophen
A.S.A - strong irritation (chronic)
| Acetaminophen - weak irritation
68
Death in acetaminophen
More than 60 tablets
69
Describe acetaminophen liver toxicity
Acetaminophen is metabolized in two ways
Safe pathway: metabolized into glucuronyl transferase is removed from body
Toxic pathway: metabolized into cytochrome p450 which causes liver damage
70
Why is acetaminophen poisoning very common?
Since its a safe drug it is put in many prescription meds and users may take a second does of acetaminophen from their off-the counter medication as they dont know that the acetaminophen is also in their prescription medications
71
Is there an association of rye syndrome for acetaminophen?
No, thus you can get a children’s version
72
Children’s Tylenol bottles
Packaged in small bottle in a appealing flavour, where child may try and consume entire bottle. Small bottle is a safety feature to ensure that it doesn’t do any substantial harm if consumed in its entirety.
73
Tylenol regular
Tylenol extra strength
Tylenol arthritis/muscle&body
Tylenol migraine
325 mg
500 mg
650 mg
500mg + 65mg caffeine
74
Tylenol-cyanide incident - 1982
Somebody repackaged Tylenol capsule with cyanide. Johnson&Johnson recalled global supply, and now caplets replaced capsules for otc medicine.
75
Acetaminophen benefit and side effects
Benefit:
Reduces pain & fever
Side effect:
Liver toxicity
76
Why is children’s medicine more expensive
Willing to pay extra price for safety of child
77
Ibuprofen:
| Developed in _____
1961
78
How does ibuprofen work
Inhibits cyclooxygenase
79
Ibuprofen summary
Originally prescription and it inhibits cyclooxygenase
80
Advil price vs Motrin price
Advil more expensive than Motrin
81
Some red wines contain ________.
Histamine
82
Red wine headaches why?
People feel like they get headaches from certain red wines
83
Fermented foods contain _____.
Histamine
84
Some aged cheeses contain ______.
Tyramin
85
What compounds can trigger headaches?
Histamine (grape skin, fermented food)
Tyramine (cheese)
Phenylethylamine (chocolate)
Nitrites (hotdogs)
86
Describe nitroglycerin
Nitroglycerin is potent vase dilator gives headaches because it causes blood vessels to dilate which causes nitrite gases
87
Why did dynamite workers gets headaches on the job but not on the weekend?
Dynamite was created from nitroglycerin Because they would no longer be breathing in the nitroglycerin
88
MSG- monosodium glutamate
Food created would be more flavourful, a compound found in seaweed found by Kikunae Ikeda.
In the 1960s somebody made an association known ans Kwok syndrome (or Chinese restaurant syndrome)which later had an impact on oriental cooking restaurant sales. Research on msg concluded that it didn’t create headaches .
89
How is msg disguised?
Vegetable protein (hydrolysed)
90
Msg in human body
It is a normal human metabolite (constantly produced), and constitutes 5% of our protein.
91
Caffeine effect in our body
Caffeine causes vasoconstriction, large consumptions of caffeine will cause body to compensate by trying to initiate vasodilation, any reduction in caffeine intake will cause the body to rebound and cause vasodilation
92
Brain freeze
Blood vessels expand in head to try and warm body (a warning mechanism)
93
What medicines can treat toxic headaches?
Naproxen
Ibuprofen
A.S.A -
94
Acetaminophen and toxic headaches
Increased liver function causes acetaminophen toxicity (liver damage)
95
What is a migraine (phases?)
A small percentage of the population get headaches, it lasts for hours, it has two stage:
Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: vasodilation
96
__% of women get migraines
| __% of men get migraines
18; 6
97
What are triggers that can initiate migraines?
1. Tension
2. Lack of sleep
3. Menstruation
4. Foods
5. Relaxation
6. Too much sleep
7. Pregnancy
8. Drugs
9. Strong smells
98
What are the progressions of a migraine?
1. Prodrome phase
2. Aura
3. Pain
4. Postdrome
Not all experienced
99
What is a prodrome phase?
| ___% to ___% of sufferers
It’s a warning through mood swings.
30; 40
100
What is aura phase?
| __% to __% of sufferers
Occurs 1-2 hrs before pain phase, experience scotomas which are visual disturbances like flashes of light, or olfactory hallucinations, or auditory hallucinations or vertigo or reduced sensation or hypersensitivity.
101
What are symptoms from the pain phase of a headache.
Hemicrania/hemigrania
Involves half the head, and can last 1-72 hrs. Where nausea is common, or gastrointestinal disturbances, and movement increases pain level.
102
What can migraines cause sensitivity to?
Light
Sound
Smell
103
What is the postdrome phase of migraines?
Can last hours or days, feelings of being “hungover”, exhaustion, poor concentration, depression or euphoria.
104
What are treatments fro a migraine
To take pain medication (such as: A.S.A, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription pain meds) and to ride out the symptoms
105
What can abort a migraine
Triptans
106
Rye use in medieval times
To 1862
To 1918
Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye, strong dose could produce St.Anthony’s fire or gangrene in humans caused from vasoconstriction and requires amputation, produces involuntary muscle contractions (helps induce labor), powerful hallucinogen (which was seen as demonic possession).
1862: Extracts of ergot could cure migraine
1918: ergotamine was isolated
107
What is the issue with ergotamine
Not user-friendly since is a poison in high dose such as hallucinations, muscular contractions, vasoconstriction, gangrene or death. But only prevents migraine. Dosage difference is not very big.
108
What is a drug-like substance? It should be:
Effective
Safe
Convenient fro the user
Cheap
109
LSD
A hallucination discovered by accident by Albert Hoffmann through testing of ergotamine.
110
Differences and similarities between LSD and ergotamine
Similarity: hallucination
| Differences (ergotamine): stops migraine, muscular spasms, gangrene, death, st.andrews fire
111
Serotonin effect in a migraine
Serotonin levels drop during aura migraine phase, use a drug that mimics serotonin
112
Nerve signals are cascading _______ reactions
How do they interact?
Chemical
Nerve cells dont touch, they interact through the synapse
113
Why is serotonin a poor drug
Because serotonin is used in many parts of the brain (the drug must affect a certain symptom), serotonin doesn’t easily pass from blood to brain (th drug needs to travel into the stomach into the brain by the bloodstream.
114
What are the triptan options for migraine?
```
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
Naratriptan
Zolmitriptan
Eletriptan
Almotriptan
```
115
What is the most common infection
Cold (25:1)
116
More than ___ viruses cause cold.
200
117
What happens when you get a cold.
The virus destroys tissue, and the immune system responds with symptoms
118
What method spreads virus easily
Nasal secretions therefore transferred by touching
119
What environments do colds become more common in?
Crowds
| School season
120
What is made from coal tar?
Antikamnia or atifenbrin
121
What was Carl Duisburg’s role in pharmaceutical drugs?
Needed to to get rid of aminophenol waste. Converted waste product into drug called phenactin. Widely used called APC which combines aspirin phenacetin and caffeine.
122
What is metabolism
Body chemically alters substances to get rid of it
123
How does the body métabolisé antikamnia and phenacetin
It metabolizes it into acetaminophen
124
What does acetaminophen do?
Relives pain, has nothing to do with prostaglandins but will raise body’s pain threshold, thus it’s not only good for muscle pain but all types of pain like visceral pain. It is antipyretic means it can lower fever but can’t reduce swelling or inflammation since it can’t inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It helps osteoarthritis but will not help rheumatoid arthritis as much since it has swelling elements.
125
Stomach irritation in A.S.A vs acetaminophen
A.S.A - strong irritation (chronic)
| Acetaminophen - weak irritation
126
Death in acetaminophen
More than 60 tablets
127
Describe acetaminophen liver toxicity possible pathways
Acetaminophen is metabolized in two ways
Safe pathway: metabolized into glucuronyl transferase is removed from body
Toxic pathway: metabolized into cytochrome p450 which causes liver damage
128
Why is acetaminophen poisoning very common?
Since its a safe drug it is put in many prescription meds and users may take a second does of acetaminophen from their off-the counter medication as they dont know that the acetaminophen is also in their prescription medications
129
Is there an association of rye syndrome for acetaminophen?
No, thus you can get a children’s version
130
Children’s Tylenol bottles
Packaged in small bottle in a appealing flavour, where child may try and consume entire bottle. Small bottle is a safety feature to ensure that it doesn’t do any substantial harm if consumed in its entirety.
131
Tylenol regular
Tylenol extra strength
Tylenol arthritis/muscle&body
Tylenol migraine
325 mg
500 mg
650 mg
500mg + 65mg caffeine
132
Tylenol-cyanide incident - 1982
Somebody repackaged Tylenol capsule with cyanide. Johnson&Johnson recalled global supply, and now caplets replaced capsules for otc medicine.
133
Acetaminophen benefit and side effects
Benefit:
Reduces pain & fever
Side effect:
Liver toxicity
134
Why is children’s medicine more expensive
Willing to pay extra price for safety of child
135
Ibuprofen:
| Developed in _____
1961
136
How does ibuprofen work
Inhibits cyclooxygenase
137
Ibuprofen summary
Junk kinkhjhjhjh
138
Advil price vs Motrin price
Advil more expensive than Motrin
139
Is there a difference in the spread of cold and cold temperatures? Ie. North America vs Antarctica
No
140
Is percentage of suppression on immunity important to know?
Yes
141
Does being cold cause cold?
No
142
What should you avoid to not get a cold?
Touching surfaces and your face because of the nasal secretions. Being in crowds. Wash hands .
143
What are precautions about hand sanitizer?
Solvent can wash off layer of protective oil on skin?
144
Incidence of colds decreases with _____. Why?
Age; because you have been exposed to different viruses thus gotten an immunity from virus a, b, c, and children are much more social with each other and surfaces.
145
What is important to do about cold medications?
Look at list of ingredients in the back because some medication do not have medicinal value or benefit, its being sold because its political and patented.
146
What should you look for when getting cold medications?
Need to look for specific ingredients for the purpose/symptoms you want to treat.
Pain relief+fever = acetaminophen
Sore throat = menthol and benzocaine
Decongestant = pseudoephedrine + phenylephrine
147
Is a sinus cold a thing?
No, its a marketing ploy. Your sinus will always get infected.
148
How does menthol help with sore throat? What is the best form of menthol?
Weak topical anesthetic that can provide cooling sensation can reduce some pain. Cough drops because can leave topical coating in mouth tissue but liquid will just go to stomach.
149
How does benzocaine work?
It’s a topical anesthetic that numbs/reduces sensation.
150
What is snot?
Snot is mostly water with a little mucin. Decongestants cause blood vessels to get smaller in the nose to dry up water supply in the nose.
151
What happened to pseudoephedrine? Is phenylephrine effective?
Half of all produce was bought for meth coproduction. No, it gets destroyed by kidney, thus never enters bloodstream.
152
What is key to note about drug listed in ingredients?
1st drug is the active ingredient that is suppose to treat, the rest of the ingredients are stabilizers
153
What is the active ingredient in nasal sprays?
A type of amphetamine : pseudoephedrine and ozymetazoline
154
What is used for needed for sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes?
Antihistamines
155
What is an antihistamine? Ex?
Side effect: drowsiness, reduce nausea
Chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine
156
What can be used for cough medication?
```
Dry cough (no liquid in throat, a random urge to cough)/productive cough (liquid gurgling in throat)
No benefit between syrup vs pill. Syrup is held from old beliefs.the best cough medicine is heroine, today an anti-tussive class of drugs is used such as dextromethorphan or DM it suppresses cough reflex as it is also related to heroine.
Productive cough uses an expectorant which puts water into mucus, works best with added liquid. Guaifenesin does not work well.
```
157
Mucus thickness that is easier/harder to cough up
Thick mucus is difficult while watery mucus is.
158
Multi-symptom medication
Sold for consumerism. Ingredients may interfere with each other. Ie. suppressing cough yet making lots of liquid-y mucus or a drug may override or cancel out another drug
159
What is the difference between day/night medications.
They add decongestants to keep you awake. They add antihistamine to let you sleep.
160
Taking vitamin c for a cold?
Does not prevent or cure a cold
161
What is the number one seller for cold in canada?
Cold-fx- chembioprint is starch from ginseng root
No evidence company violated the clinical studies by manipulating math.
Gravel multi-symptom
162
What occurs when there is an occasional sever influenza pandemic?
It means the virus has modified drastically.
163
What is the H#N#?
H-hemagglutin which is the viral entry into the cell (16 types; h1 to h5 in humans)
N-neuraminidase which is the viral exit from the cell (9 types; n1 or n2 in humans)
164
Life in the Middle Ages was ______, ______, and ______. Disease was ________ and ________, there were _____, _______, and _______ on humans.
Harsh; cruel; short; common; dangerous; worms; lice; fleas
165
Main causes of death in 1900:
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Influenza
166
Main causes of death in 2000s
```
Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Lower respiratory infections
Traffic accidents
Diabetes
```
167
What are the main reasons for improved health?
- improved sanitation (outhouses, chamber pot, sewer, exposure to death)
- clean drinking water (guinea worm, filtration, chlorination)
- refrigeration (food spoilage)
- vaccination
- antibiotics
168
What is the greatest achievement in medicine?
Vaccination
169
What can be used for bacterial infections?
Antibiotics
170
What did penicillin reduce?
Maternal mortality
171
What is the procedure of drugs in the modern world?
It started with a scientific idea, using scientific methods, and is tested scientifically.
172
Prescription drug market vs otc drug market net worth difference
Prescription>otc
173
Modern pharmaceutical industry:
| Uses __________ such as ______________. Works hard to remove_____ and is regulated by the __________.
Scientific methods; chemistry, biology, molecular biology, and epidemiology; bias; government
174
Most ancient drugs are from ________.
Plants
175
Drugs produce a _______ ______ effect, and poisons produce a _______ ______ effect.
Desired biological; undesired biological
176
Only the _____ makes the poison.
Dose
177
______ doses produce drug effect. _____ doses produce poison effects.
Low/high ; low/high
178
How were drugs discovered before 1900?
Observing the effect of a drug, where strong poisons would be easily identifies and dose would be lowered to form a drug (rare)
Magic, philosophically (very common)
179
What is very successful to combat viral diseases?
Immunization/vaccination
180
What viral disease was eliminated in 1977 and only exists in lab or as biological weapons?
Smallpox
181
What viral disease that was very common is basically eradicated globally, and is eradicate din North America?
Polio
182
What combats bacterial infections?
Antibiotics
183
What country owns majority of the world drug market?
US then Japan
184
Identify strength of poison (naturally)
| Digitalis, nicotine, salicin, cocaine, caffeine, opium
Coffee and salicin are weak
185
Papyrus ebers
An Egyptian medical document from 1500bc, a scroll about 20m long, that had medical treatments that are mostly determined useless
186
```
Felix Hoffman
Carl’s Duisberg
Albert Hoffman
Sir Humphry Davy
William T.G.
Joseph Lister
Thomas Roddick
William Perkin
William J.A
Eben M. Byers
```
F.H-creator of aspirin(asa:acetasalicylic acid) from salicylic acid
C.D- converted aminophenol (antikamnia/antifebrin waste) into phenacetin (apc tablet contained aspirin, caffeine, and phenacetin)
A.H- discovered LSD part from ergotamine
S.H.D- discovered nitrous oxide
W.T.G- ether
J.L- phenol(carbolic acid) as antiseptic
T.R- brought antisepsis to canada
W.P- created first artificial dye
W.J.A- makes radithor
E.M.B- user of radithor who was so radioactive that it activated photo
187
What were the 2 drugs that were converted into acetaminophen in the body?
Antikamnia & phenacetin
188
What type of poisoning occurs often? From which medicine?
Acetaminophen
189
Why should you never combine acetaminophen & alcohol?
Bc it stimulates liver toxicity; activates toxic metabolic pathway
190
Top pain relievers in North America
Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Naproxen
191
Cox-1 vs Cox-2 inhibition
Cox-1 (harmful): stomach irritation long term can cause ulcers and inhibits blood clotting
Cox-2 (beneficial): anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic
192
Current arthritis treatments inhibit _______.
Cox-1 and cox-2
193
What is the selective cox-2 inhibitor for arthritis?
Vioxx
194
What is vioxx meant to do?
Selectively inhibit cox-2 for arthritis
195
What is vigor?
Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research
196
What is the medical term for a headache?
Cephaglia
197
What is the common word for cephaglia?
Headache?
198
What were some cures for a headache in the olden days?
Caused by demons that could only be pulled out by magic, then surgical cures were created called trepanation that used special tools
199
What was the explanation given by archeologists who found a skull with a hole in it?
Trepanation
200
Does the brain feel tissue, answer why?
The brain doesn’t feel pain, the thin tissue surrounding the skull feels pain
201
What is the thickness of the tissue surrounding the brain?
Thin
202
How many types and subtypes of headaches are there?
12; 60
203
What are the 2 classes of headaches ?
Muscular and vascular
204
Describe a muscular headache and how is it treated.
The muscle band around the skull feels pain, which is caused by stress. It can be treated with asa(aspirin), acetaminophen , ibuprofen, or naproxen.
205
Describe a vascular headache.
Involves blood circulation. There is 3 types: toxic, migraine, and cluster. Toxic headache is caused by poison, where the pain is caused by vasodilation and is treated with aspirin-asa, ibuprofen, and naproxen, caffeine may help since its a vasoconstrictor.
206
Where did research for the cold occur and what was the “lab” called?
Common cold research unit salisbury England
207
What causes seasonal colds?
Influenza
208
Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong 1968, seasonal flu, avian flu, swine flu: are all ___
Influenza type flu
209
Opium
Extracted from poppy seeds, its a narcotic painkiller (analgesic) and sedative that is toxic in high doses but drug in low doses,
210
What are opium “derived” painkillers?
Code in, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, demerol
211
Cocaine
Extracted from coca leaves, and used a stimulant and topical painkiller
212
What are types of modern medicine designed from cocaine?
Anesthésia, Novocaine, provocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine
213
What are some problems with observation?
The human brain searches for patterns:
Apophenia: seeing patterns in random date
Pareidolia: perceiving sounds/images as something else
214
Why is experimental data only reliable evidence?
Because its measured, and measured properly & accurately
215
What is important for us to rely on in medical understanding
Statistical significance
216
What the issue with traditional remedies.
Poor control over dose, preparation alters chemical composition, no instructions, difficult to correct misinformation
217
Doctrine of humour
Developed by hippocrates, beloved that since the universe is made up of 4 elements: air, water, fire, earth, then the body is made up of 4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, rebalancing through bloodletting, purges, fasting, or special foods
218
Listerine was an ___, and was used as ____.
Antisepsis; household product, dandruff
219
What year ended Wild West/no regulations?
1907
220
What were the most common active ingredients in old time drugs to make sure they made user feel good?
Alcohol, opium, and cocaine
221
Board of food and drug inspection
Labeling only
222
Massengill sold what
Sulfanilamide antibiotic, first as powder then as elixir which was a toxic material that killed the liver
223
FDA - food & drug administration created? Ensured? Required?
In 1938; safety of drugs; animal testing+clinical trials+directed usage required
224
Thalidomide
A sedative, that was later recognized as a teratogen caused phocomelia and attenuated limbs
225
Safety testing must be done on minimum:
2 species where one is a primate, and is proven bioavailable, and relevant dose
226
Why is industry regulation important?
Ensures safety, that it works, good quality but it increases cost
227
How do modern drugs come to be(how does it start)?
Starts with scientific idea, then optimized using scientific methods, then is testes scientifically, then manufacturing is standardized
