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BPS 1101 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are important considerations when buying drugs?

A

Safety: side effects, its effect and the incidence of it happening
Indications:
Counter-indications:
*

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2
Q

What is the most common OTC drug?

$______per year in North America, ________ tablets consumed in North America, ______tonnes/year, ____ dump trucks used in transport of it

A 
Pain relievers
$4.1 billion
50 billion
16,000
500
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3
Q

What is one of the worlds most popular drugs?

A

Alcohol
Caffein
Aspirin
Nicotine

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4
Q

What is the origin of aspirin?

A

Origin of aspirin comes from ancient uses of willow which contains salicylates used as drugs(poison) or aromas and flavour. Used by Sumerians for pain treatment in 2200BC, Egyptians in ancient Egypt for inflammation, reuptake in willow after loss of herb knowledge in dark ages by reverend Edward stone who described treatment for ague in 1763 as the rector for the Church of England.

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5
Q

What are some plants that contain salicylates?

A

Willow trees
Poplar trees
Beech trees
Wintergreen trees

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6
Q

Describe the taste of willow bark and what Reverand Edward Stone believed it to taste like?

A

bitter taste

Similar to quinine

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7
Q

Doctrine of signatures

A

Association between disease and cure, they derive a cure from associations of disease, that eating something that resembled body shape was good for it, ie. walnut-brain, boneset stem-bone, shark cartilage-anticancer, chlorophyll-fresh breath, mandrake roots-magical possession, rhino horn-aphrodisiac, mercury-purgative, avocado/eggplant/pear-prevent cervical cancer

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8
Q

Willow bark for treatment of fever (method of administration and negative effects)t

A

dried bark was ground up to a powder

It was expensive, limited supply and variable in effectiveness.

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9
Q

Describe the shift from usage of willow to its chemical drug ingredient.

A

Salicin was isolated from willow bark in 1829. Very little salicin was achieved from a lot of bark. Willow only contains 0.02% of salicin. In 1838, salicylic acid was discovered as a better drug than salicin. Natural salicylic acid occurred in meadowsweet flowers( again same problem as salicin that the plant had very little active ingredient in it and it was expensive since it was hard to get). It was analgesic, antipyretic, and antinflammatory. Through the Kolbe-Schmitt reaction, we were able to manufacture salicylic acid from coal tar which was easy to produce in large amounts since it was a waste product in 1800s.

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10
Q

Reactants to produce salicylic acid using natural vs synthetic reagents

A

Natural willow bark****

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11
Q

Who became drug companies?

A

Dye companies specialized in coal tar chemistry

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12
Q

What were the issues salicylic acid had as a drug in the 18/1900s?

A 
– Analgesic 
– Antipyretic 
– Antinflammatory 
– Bitter taste 
– Stomach irritation
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13
Q

What are the benefits and side effects of A.S.A?

A 
Benefits
– Pain
– Fever
– Inflammation
– Reduce heart attack
risk
-effective for muscle pain
Side effects
– Tinnitus
– Stomach irritation
– Interferes with blood
clotting
-not effective for visceral pain
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14
Q

How does aspirin work>

A

Aspirin destroya cyclooxygenase which blocks the enzyme machine action which blocks it from creating a local hormone called prostaglandin which causes the pain, fever, and inflammation.

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15
Q

Stomach protection

A

Aspirin blocks production of prostaglandin which help protect the stomach by decreasing acid production and increases mucus production. Blocking production means an increase in hCl produced in stomach.

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16
Q

What have been ways to reduce irritation by aspirin tablets?>

A

Bufferin-contains an antacid (MgSO4 gypsum) and pills dissolve quickly
Plastic ASA coated tablets
Increase hydration(water)

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17
Q

Reye syndrome and influenza for children association?

A

Children’s aspirin no longer available, no causative link between asa and rye syndrome, removed from market in Canada as a precaution and its association

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18
Q

What is the difference between a cause and association ?

A

An association between two things does
not mean that one thing influenced
(caused) the other

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19
Q

What establishes some thing as a cause and effect?

A 
Requires a body of evidence:
– Association between two things
– Control experiments
changes in the other 
                • Eliminate other possibilities 
– Experiments with animals
 – Biochemical explanation of the effect
 – Deliberately change one factor to look for
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20
Q

What establishes the cause and effect of stomach irritation and aspirin?

A

– Ulcers common in people who take Aspirin (long
term)
– Ulcers less common in people who don’t use Aspirin
(control) – Aspirin dosing in rats results in more ulcers (animal)
– Prostaglandin production in stomach lowers stomach
acid and increases mucus production (biochemical)
– Aspirin use raises stomach acid and decreases
mucus production
• Aspirin inhibits prostaglandin production
– Stomach irritation reduction if stop taking Aspirin
(change, animals)

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21
Q

Name brand vs generic drug medications

A

Generic drugs are the same quality as name brands
• Same chemical substance
• Same dosage
• Equivalent bioavailability: means the same amount of drug enters the body

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22
Q

How should you go about finding medical information?

A

Check multiple websites, since health-related web can be very misleading.

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23
Q

Some red wines contain ________.

A

Histamine

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24
Q

Red wine headaches why?

A

People feel like they get headaches from certain red wines

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25
Q

Fermented foods contain _____.

A

Histamine

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26
Q

Some aged cheeses contain ______.

A

Tyramin

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27
Q

What compounds can trigger headaches?

A

Histamine (grape skin, fermented food)
Tyramine (cheese)
Phenylethylamine (chocolate)
Nitrites (hotdogs)

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28
Q

Describe nitroglycerin

A

Nitroglycerin is potent vase dilator gives headaches because it causes blood vessels to dilate which causes nitrite gases

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29
Q

Why did dynamite workers gets headaches on the job but not on the weekend?

A

Dynamite was created from nitroglycerin Because they would no longer be breathing in the nitroglycerin

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30
Q

MSG- monosodium glutamate

A

Food created would be more flavourful, a compound found in seaweed found by Kikunae Ikeda.
In the 1960s somebody made an association known ans Kwok syndrome (or Chinese restaurant syndrome)which later had an impact on oriental cooking restaurant sales. Research on msg concluded that it didn’t create headaches .

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31
Q

How is msg disguised?

A

Vegetable protein (hydrolysed)

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32
Q

Msg in human body

A

It is a normal human metabolite (constantly produced), and constitutes 5% of our protein.

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33
Q

Caffeine effect in our body

A

Caffeine causes vasoconstriction, large consumptions of caffeine will cause body to compensate by trying to initiate vasodilation, any reduction in caffeine intake will cause the body to rebound and cause vasodilation

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34
Q

Brain freeze

A

Blood vessels expand in head to try and warm body (a warning mechanism)

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35
Q

What medicines can treat toxic headaches?

A

Naproxen
Ibuprofen
A.S.A -

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36
Q

Acetaminophen and toxic headaches

A

Increased liver function causes acetaminophen toxicity (liver damage)

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37
Q

What is a migraine

A

A small percentage of the population get headaches, it lasts for hours, it has two stage:
Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: vasodilation

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38
Q

__% of women get migraines

__% of men get migraines

A

18; 6

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39
Q

What are triggers that can initiate migraines?

A
  1. Tension
  2. Lack of sleep
  3. Menstruation
  4. Foods
  5. Relaxation
  6. Too much sleep
  7. Pregnancy
  8. Drugs
  9. Strong smells
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40
Q

What are the progressions of a migraine?

A
  1. Prodrome phase
  2. Aura
  3. Pain
  4. Postdrome

Not all experienced

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41
Q

What is a prodrome phase?

___% to ___% of sufferers

A

It’s a warning through mood swings.

30; 40

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42
Q

What is aura phase?

__% to __% of sufferers

A

Occurs 1-2 hrs before pain phase, experience scotomas which are visual disturbances like flashes of light, or olfactory hallucinations, or auditory hallucinations or vertigo or reduced sensation or hypersensitivity.

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43
Q

What are symptoms from the pain phase of a headache.

A

Hemicrania/hemigrania
Involves half the head, and can last 1-72 hrs. Where nausea is common, or gastrointestinal disturbances, and movement increases pain level.

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44
Q

What can migraines cause sensitivity to?

A

Light
Sound
Smell

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45
Q

What is the postdrome phase of migraines?

A

Can last hours or days, feelings of being “hungover”, exhaustion, poor concentration, depression or euphoria.

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46
Q

What are treatments fro a migraine

A

To take pain medication (such as: A.S.A, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription pain meds) and to ride out the symptoms

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47
Q

What can abort a migraine

A

Triptans

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48
Q

Rye use in medieval times
To 1862
To 1918

A

Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye, strong dose could produce St.Anthony’s fire or gangrene in humans caused from vasoconstriction and requires amputation, produces involuntary muscle contractions (helps induce labor), powerful hallucinogen (which was seen as demonic possession).

1862: Extracts of ergot could cure migraine
1918: ergotamine was isolated

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49
Q

What is the issue with ergotamine

A

Not user-friendly since is a poison in high dose such as hallucinations, muscular contractions, vasoconstriction, gangrene or death. But only prevents migraine. Dosage difference is not very big.

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50
Q

What is a drug-like substance? It should be:

A

Effective
Safe
Convenient fro the user
Cheap

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51
Q

LSD

A

A hallucination discovered by accident by Albert Hoffmann through testing of ergotamine.

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52
Q

Differences and similarities between LSD and ergotamine

A

Similarity: hallucination

Differences (ergotamine): stops migraine, muscular spasms, gangrene, death, st.andrews fire

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53
Q

Serotonin effect in a migraine

A

Serotonin levels drop during aura migraine phase, use a drug that mimics serotonin

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54
Q

Nerve signals are cascading _______ reactions

How do they interact?

A

Chemical

Nerve cells dont touch, they interact through the synapse

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55
Q

Why is serotonin a poor drug

A

Because serotonin is used in many parts of the brain (the drug must affect a certain symptom), serotonin doesn’t easily pass from blood to brain (th drug needs to travel into the stomach into the brain by the bloodstream.

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56
Q

What are the triptan options for migraine?

A 
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
Naratriptan
Zolmitriptan
Eletriptan
Almotriptan
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57
Q

What is the most common infection

A

Cold (25:1)

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58
Q

More than ___ viruses cause cold.

A

200

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59
Q

What happens when you get a cold.

A

The virus destroys tissue, and the immune system responds with symptoms

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60
Q

What method spreads virus easily

A

Nasal secretions therefore transferred by touching

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61
Q

What environments do colds become more common in?

A

Crowds

School season

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62
Q

What is made from coal tar?

A

Antikamnia or atifenbrin

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63
Q

What was Carl Duisburg’s role in pharmaceutical drugs?

A

Needed to to get rid of aminophenol waste. Converted waste product into drug called phenactin. Widely used called APC which combines aspirin phenacetin and caffeine.

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64
Q

What is metabolism

A

Body chemically alters substances to get rid of it

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65
Q

How does the body métabolisé antikamnia and phenacetin

A

It metabolizes it into acetaminophen

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66
Q

What does acetaminophen do?

A

Relives pain, has nothing to do with prostaglandins but will raise body’s pain threshold, thus it’s not only good for muscle pain but all types of pain like visceral pain. It is antipyretic means it can lower fever but can’t reduce swelling or inflammation since it can’t inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It helps osteoarthritis but will not help rheumatoid arthritis as much since it has swelling elements.

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67
Q

Stomach irritation in A.S.A vs acetaminophen

A

A.S.A - strong irritation (chronic)

Acetaminophen - weak irritation

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68
Q

Death in acetaminophen

A

More than 60 tablets

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69
Q

Describe acetaminophen liver toxicity

A

Acetaminophen is metabolized in two ways
Safe pathway: metabolized into glucuronyl transferase is removed from body
Toxic pathway: metabolized into cytochrome p450 which causes liver damage

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70
Q

Why is acetaminophen poisoning very common?

A

Since its a safe drug it is put in many prescription meds and users may take a second does of acetaminophen from their off-the counter medication as they dont know that the acetaminophen is also in their prescription medications

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71
Q

Is there an association of rye syndrome for acetaminophen?

A

No, thus you can get a children’s version

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72
Q

Children’s Tylenol bottles

A

Packaged in small bottle in a appealing flavour, where child may try and consume entire bottle. Small bottle is a safety feature to ensure that it doesn’t do any substantial harm if consumed in its entirety.

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73
Q

Tylenol regular
Tylenol extra strength
Tylenol arthritis/muscle&body
Tylenol migraine

A

325 mg
500 mg
650 mg
500mg + 65mg caffeine

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74
Q

Tylenol-cyanide incident - 1982

A

Somebody repackaged Tylenol capsule with cyanide. Johnson&Johnson recalled global supply, and now caplets replaced capsules for otc medicine.

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75
Q

Acetaminophen benefit and side effects

A

Benefit:
Reduces pain & fever

Side effect:
Liver toxicity

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76
Q

Why is children’s medicine more expensive

A

Willing to pay extra price for safety of child

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77
Q

Ibuprofen:

Developed in _____

A

1961

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78
Q

How does ibuprofen work

A

Inhibits cyclooxygenase

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79
Q

Ibuprofen summary

A

Originally prescription and it inhibits cyclooxygenase

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80
Q

Advil price vs Motrin price

A

Advil more expensive than Motrin

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81
Q

Some red wines contain ________.

A

Histamine

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82
Q

Red wine headaches why?

A

People feel like they get headaches from certain red wines

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83
Q

Fermented foods contain _____.

A

Histamine

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84
Q

Some aged cheeses contain ______.

A

Tyramin

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85
Q

What compounds can trigger headaches?

A

Histamine (grape skin, fermented food)
Tyramine (cheese)
Phenylethylamine (chocolate)
Nitrites (hotdogs)

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1
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2
3
4
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86
Q

Describe nitroglycerin

A

Nitroglycerin is potent vase dilator gives headaches because it causes blood vessels to dilate which causes nitrite gases

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87
Q

Why did dynamite workers gets headaches on the job but not on the weekend?

A

Dynamite was created from nitroglycerin Because they would no longer be breathing in the nitroglycerin

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
5
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88
Q

MSG- monosodium glutamate

A

Food created would be more flavourful, a compound found in seaweed found by Kikunae Ikeda.
In the 1960s somebody made an association known ans Kwok syndrome (or Chinese restaurant syndrome)which later had an impact on oriental cooking restaurant sales. Research on msg concluded that it didn’t create headaches .

How well did you know this?
1
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89
Q

How is msg disguised?

A

Vegetable protein (hydrolysed)

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90
Q

Msg in human body

A

It is a normal human metabolite (constantly produced), and constitutes 5% of our protein.

How well did you know this?
1
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2
3
4
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91
Q

Caffeine effect in our body

A

Caffeine causes vasoconstriction, large consumptions of caffeine will cause body to compensate by trying to initiate vasodilation, any reduction in caffeine intake will cause the body to rebound and cause vasodilation

92
Q

Brain freeze

A

Blood vessels expand in head to try and warm body (a warning mechanism)

93
Q

What medicines can treat toxic headaches?

A

Naproxen
Ibuprofen
A.S.A -

94
Q

Acetaminophen and toxic headaches

A

Increased liver function causes acetaminophen toxicity (liver damage)

95
Q

What is a migraine (phases?)

A

A small percentage of the population get headaches, it lasts for hours, it has two stage:
Phase 1: vasoconstriction
Phase 2: vasodilation

96
Q

__% of women get migraines

__% of men get migraines

A

18; 6

97
Q

What are triggers that can initiate migraines?

A
  1. Tension
  2. Lack of sleep
  3. Menstruation
  4. Foods
  5. Relaxation
  6. Too much sleep
  7. Pregnancy
  8. Drugs
  9. Strong smells
98
Q

What are the progressions of a migraine?

A
  1. Prodrome phase
  2. Aura
  3. Pain
  4. Postdrome

Not all experienced

99
Q

What is a prodrome phase?

___% to ___% of sufferers

A

It’s a warning through mood swings.

30; 40

100
Q

What is aura phase?

__% to __% of sufferers

A

Occurs 1-2 hrs before pain phase, experience scotomas which are visual disturbances like flashes of light, or olfactory hallucinations, or auditory hallucinations or vertigo or reduced sensation or hypersensitivity.

101
Q

What are symptoms from the pain phase of a headache.

A

Hemicrania/hemigrania
Involves half the head, and can last 1-72 hrs. Where nausea is common, or gastrointestinal disturbances, and movement increases pain level.

102
Q

What can migraines cause sensitivity to?

A

Light
Sound
Smell

103
Q

What is the postdrome phase of migraines?

A

Can last hours or days, feelings of being “hungover”, exhaustion, poor concentration, depression or euphoria.

104
Q

What are treatments fro a migraine

A

To take pain medication (such as: A.S.A, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and prescription pain meds) and to ride out the symptoms

105
Q

What can abort a migraine

A

Triptans

106
Q

Rye use in medieval times
To 1862
To 1918

A

Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye, strong dose could produce St.Anthony’s fire or gangrene in humans caused from vasoconstriction and requires amputation, produces involuntary muscle contractions (helps induce labor), powerful hallucinogen (which was seen as demonic possession).

1862: Extracts of ergot could cure migraine
1918: ergotamine was isolated

107
Q

What is the issue with ergotamine

A

Not user-friendly since is a poison in high dose such as hallucinations, muscular contractions, vasoconstriction, gangrene or death. But only prevents migraine. Dosage difference is not very big.

108
Q

What is a drug-like substance? It should be:

A

Effective
Safe
Convenient fro the user
Cheap

109
Q

LSD

A

A hallucination discovered by accident by Albert Hoffmann through testing of ergotamine.

110
Q

Differences and similarities between LSD and ergotamine

A

Similarity: hallucination

Differences (ergotamine): stops migraine, muscular spasms, gangrene, death, st.andrews fire

111
Q

Serotonin effect in a migraine

A

Serotonin levels drop during aura migraine phase, use a drug that mimics serotonin

112
Q

Nerve signals are cascading _______ reactions

How do they interact?

A

Chemical

Nerve cells dont touch, they interact through the synapse

113
Q

Why is serotonin a poor drug

A

Because serotonin is used in many parts of the brain (the drug must affect a certain symptom), serotonin doesn’t easily pass from blood to brain (th drug needs to travel into the stomach into the brain by the bloodstream.

114
Q

What are the triptan options for migraine?

A 
Sumatriptan
Rizatriptan
Naratriptan
Zolmitriptan
Eletriptan
Almotriptan
115
Q

What is the most common infection

A

Cold (25:1)

116
Q

More than ___ viruses cause cold.

A

200

117
Q

What happens when you get a cold.

A

The virus destroys tissue, and the immune system responds with symptoms

118
Q

What method spreads virus easily

A

Nasal secretions therefore transferred by touching

119
Q

What environments do colds become more common in?

A

Crowds

School season

120
Q

What is made from coal tar?

A

Antikamnia or atifenbrin

121
Q

What was Carl Duisburg’s role in pharmaceutical drugs?

A

Needed to to get rid of aminophenol waste. Converted waste product into drug called phenactin. Widely used called APC which combines aspirin phenacetin and caffeine.

122
Q

What is metabolism

A

Body chemically alters substances to get rid of it

123
Q

How does the body métabolisé antikamnia and phenacetin

A

It metabolizes it into acetaminophen

124
Q

What does acetaminophen do?

A

Relives pain, has nothing to do with prostaglandins but will raise body’s pain threshold, thus it’s not only good for muscle pain but all types of pain like visceral pain. It is antipyretic means it can lower fever but can’t reduce swelling or inflammation since it can’t inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. It helps osteoarthritis but will not help rheumatoid arthritis as much since it has swelling elements.

125
Q

Stomach irritation in A.S.A vs acetaminophen

A

A.S.A - strong irritation (chronic)

Acetaminophen - weak irritation

126
Q

Death in acetaminophen

A

More than 60 tablets

127
Q

Describe acetaminophen liver toxicity possible pathways

A

Acetaminophen is metabolized in two ways
Safe pathway: metabolized into glucuronyl transferase is removed from body
Toxic pathway: metabolized into cytochrome p450 which causes liver damage

128
Q

Why is acetaminophen poisoning very common?

A

Since its a safe drug it is put in many prescription meds and users may take a second does of acetaminophen from their off-the counter medication as they dont know that the acetaminophen is also in their prescription medications

129
Q

Is there an association of rye syndrome for acetaminophen?

A

No, thus you can get a children’s version

130
Q

Children’s Tylenol bottles

A

Packaged in small bottle in a appealing flavour, where child may try and consume entire bottle. Small bottle is a safety feature to ensure that it doesn’t do any substantial harm if consumed in its entirety.

131
Q

Tylenol regular
Tylenol extra strength
Tylenol arthritis/muscle&body
Tylenol migraine

A

325 mg
500 mg
650 mg
500mg + 65mg caffeine

132
Q

Tylenol-cyanide incident - 1982

A

Somebody repackaged Tylenol capsule with cyanide. Johnson&Johnson recalled global supply, and now caplets replaced capsules for otc medicine.

133
Q

Acetaminophen benefit and side effects

A

Benefit:
Reduces pain & fever

Side effect:
Liver toxicity

134
Q

Why is children’s medicine more expensive

A

Willing to pay extra price for safety of child

135
Q

Ibuprofen:

Developed in _____

A

1961

136
Q

How does ibuprofen work

A

Inhibits cyclooxygenase

137
Q

Ibuprofen summary

A

Junk kinkhjhjhjh

138
Q

Advil price vs Motrin price

A

Advil more expensive than Motrin

139
Q

Is there a difference in the spread of cold and cold temperatures? Ie. North America vs Antarctica

A

No

140
Q

Is percentage of suppression on immunity important to know?

A

Yes

141
Q

Does being cold cause cold?

A

No

142
Q

What should you avoid to not get a cold?

A

Touching surfaces and your face because of the nasal secretions. Being in crowds. Wash hands .

143
Q

What are precautions about hand sanitizer?

A

Solvent can wash off layer of protective oil on skin?

144
Q

Incidence of colds decreases with _____. Why?

A

Age; because you have been exposed to different viruses thus gotten an immunity from virus a, b, c, and children are much more social with each other and surfaces.

145
Q

What is important to do about cold medications?

A

Look at list of ingredients in the back because some medication do not have medicinal value or benefit, its being sold because its political and patented.

146
Q

What should you look for when getting cold medications?

A

Need to look for specific ingredients for the purpose/symptoms you want to treat.
Pain relief+fever = acetaminophen
Sore throat = menthol and benzocaine
Decongestant = pseudoephedrine + phenylephrine

147
Q

Is a sinus cold a thing?

A

No, its a marketing ploy. Your sinus will always get infected.

148
Q

How does menthol help with sore throat? What is the best form of menthol?

A

Weak topical anesthetic that can provide cooling sensation can reduce some pain. Cough drops because can leave topical coating in mouth tissue but liquid will just go to stomach.

149
Q

How does benzocaine work?

A

It’s a topical anesthetic that numbs/reduces sensation.

150
Q

What is snot?

A

Snot is mostly water with a little mucin. Decongestants cause blood vessels to get smaller in the nose to dry up water supply in the nose.

151
Q

What happened to pseudoephedrine? Is phenylephrine effective?

A

Half of all produce was bought for meth coproduction. No, it gets destroyed by kidney, thus never enters bloodstream.

152
Q

What is key to note about drug listed in ingredients?

A

1st drug is the active ingredient that is suppose to treat, the rest of the ingredients are stabilizers

153
Q

What is the active ingredient in nasal sprays?

A

A type of amphetamine : pseudoephedrine and ozymetazoline

154
Q

What is used for needed for sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes?

A

Antihistamines

155
Q

What is an antihistamine? Ex?

A

Side effect: drowsiness, reduce nausea

Chlorpheniramine, diphenhydramine

156
Q

What can be used for cough medication?

A 
Dry cough (no liquid in throat, a random urge to cough)/productive cough (liquid gurgling in throat)
No benefit between syrup vs pill. Syrup is held from old beliefs.the best cough medicine is heroine, today an anti-tussive class of drugs is used such as dextromethorphan or DM it suppresses cough reflex as it is also related to heroine.
Productive cough uses an expectorant which puts water into mucus, works best with added liquid. Guaifenesin does not work well.
157
Q

Mucus thickness that is easier/harder to cough up

A

Thick mucus is difficult while watery mucus is.

158
Q

Multi-symptom medication

A

Sold for consumerism. Ingredients may interfere with each other. Ie. suppressing cough yet making lots of liquid-y mucus or a drug may override or cancel out another drug

159
Q

What is the difference between day/night medications.

A

They add decongestants to keep you awake. They add antihistamine to let you sleep.

160
Q

Taking vitamin c for a cold?

A

Does not prevent or cure a cold

161
Q

What is the number one seller for cold in canada?

A

Cold-fx- chembioprint is starch from ginseng root
No evidence company violated the clinical studies by manipulating math.
Gravel multi-symptom

162
Q

What occurs when there is an occasional sever influenza pandemic?

A

It means the virus has modified drastically.

163
Q

What is the H#N#?

A

H-hemagglutin which is the viral entry into the cell (16 types; h1 to h5 in humans)
N-neuraminidase which is the viral exit from the cell (9 types; n1 or n2 in humans)

164
Q

Life in the Middle Ages was ______, ______, and ______. Disease was ________ and ________, there were _____, _______, and _______ on humans.

A

Harsh; cruel; short; common; dangerous; worms; lice; fleas

165
Q

Main causes of death in 1900:

A

Pneumonia
Tuberculosis
Influenza

166
Q

Main causes of death in 2000s

A 
Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Lower respiratory infections
Traffic accidents
Diabetes
167
Q

What are the main reasons for improved health?

A
  • improved sanitation (outhouses, chamber pot, sewer, exposure to death)
  • clean drinking water (guinea worm, filtration, chlorination)
  • refrigeration (food spoilage)
  • vaccination
  • antibiotics
168
Q

What is the greatest achievement in medicine?

A

Vaccination

169
Q

What can be used for bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics

170
Q

What did penicillin reduce?

A

Maternal mortality

171
Q

What is the procedure of drugs in the modern world?

A

It started with a scientific idea, using scientific methods, and is tested scientifically.

172
Q

Prescription drug market vs otc drug market net worth difference

A

Prescription>otc

173
Q

Modern pharmaceutical industry:

Uses __________ such as ______________. Works hard to remove_____ and is regulated by the __________.

A

Scientific methods; chemistry, biology, molecular biology, and epidemiology; bias; government

174
Q

Most ancient drugs are from ________.

A

Plants

175
Q

Drugs produce a _______ ______ effect, and poisons produce a _______ ______ effect.

A

Desired biological; undesired biological

176
Q

Only the _____ makes the poison.

A

Dose

177
Q

______ doses produce drug effect. _____ doses produce poison effects.

A

Low/high ; low/high

178
Q

How were drugs discovered before 1900?

A

Observing the effect of a drug, where strong poisons would be easily identifies and dose would be lowered to form a drug (rare)
Magic, philosophically (very common)

179
Q

What is very successful to combat viral diseases?

A

Immunization/vaccination

180
Q

What viral disease was eliminated in 1977 and only exists in lab or as biological weapons?

A

Smallpox

181
Q

What viral disease that was very common is basically eradicated globally, and is eradicate din North America?

A

Polio

182
Q

What combats bacterial infections?

A

Antibiotics

183
Q

What country owns majority of the world drug market?

A

US then Japan

184
Q

Identify strength of poison (naturally)

Digitalis, nicotine, salicin, cocaine, caffeine, opium

A

Coffee and salicin are weak

185
Q

Papyrus ebers

A

An Egyptian medical document from 1500bc, a scroll about 20m long, that had medical treatments that are mostly determined useless

186
Q 
Felix Hoffman
Carl’s Duisberg
Albert Hoffman
Sir Humphry Davy
William T.G.
Joseph Lister
Thomas Roddick
William Perkin
William J.A
Eben M. Byers
A

F.H-creator of aspirin(asa:acetasalicylic acid) from salicylic acid
C.D- converted aminophenol (antikamnia/antifebrin waste) into phenacetin (apc tablet contained aspirin, caffeine, and phenacetin)
A.H- discovered LSD part from ergotamine
S.H.D- discovered nitrous oxide
W.T.G- ether
J.L- phenol(carbolic acid) as antiseptic
T.R- brought antisepsis to canada
W.P- created first artificial dye
W.J.A- makes radithor
E.M.B- user of radithor who was so radioactive that it activated photo

187
Q

What were the 2 drugs that were converted into acetaminophen in the body?

A

Antikamnia & phenacetin

188
Q

What type of poisoning occurs often? From which medicine?

A

Acetaminophen

189
Q

Why should you never combine acetaminophen & alcohol?

A

Bc it stimulates liver toxicity; activates toxic metabolic pathway

190
Q

Top pain relievers in North America

A

Acetaminophen
Aspirin
Ibuprofen
Naproxen

191
Q

Cox-1 vs Cox-2 inhibition

A

Cox-1 (harmful): stomach irritation long term can cause ulcers and inhibits blood clotting
Cox-2 (beneficial): anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, analgesic

192
Q

Current arthritis treatments inhibit _______.

A

Cox-1 and cox-2

193
Q

What is the selective cox-2 inhibitor for arthritis?

A

Vioxx

194
Q

What is vioxx meant to do?

A

Selectively inhibit cox-2 for arthritis

195
Q

What is vigor?

A

Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research

196
Q

What is the medical term for a headache?

A

Cephaglia

197
Q

What is the common word for cephaglia?

A

Headache?

198
Q

What were some cures for a headache in the olden days?

A

Caused by demons that could only be pulled out by magic, then surgical cures were created called trepanation that used special tools

199
Q

What was the explanation given by archeologists who found a skull with a hole in it?

A

Trepanation

200
Q

Does the brain feel tissue, answer why?

A

The brain doesn’t feel pain, the thin tissue surrounding the skull feels pain

201
Q

What is the thickness of the tissue surrounding the brain?

A

Thin

202
Q

How many types and subtypes of headaches are there?

A

12; 60

203
Q

What are the 2 classes of headaches ?

A

Muscular and vascular

204
Q

Describe a muscular headache and how is it treated.

A

The muscle band around the skull feels pain, which is caused by stress. It can be treated with asa(aspirin), acetaminophen , ibuprofen, or naproxen.

205
Q

Describe a vascular headache.

A

Involves blood circulation. There is 3 types: toxic, migraine, and cluster. Toxic headache is caused by poison, where the pain is caused by vasodilation and is treated with aspirin-asa, ibuprofen, and naproxen, caffeine may help since its a vasoconstrictor.

206
Q

Where did research for the cold occur and what was the “lab” called?

A

Common cold research unit salisbury England

207
Q

What causes seasonal colds?

A

Influenza

208
Q

Spanish flu, Asian flu, Hong Kong 1968, seasonal flu, avian flu, swine flu: are all ___

A

Influenza type flu

209
Q

Opium

A

Extracted from poppy seeds, its a narcotic painkiller (analgesic) and sedative that is toxic in high doses but drug in low doses,

210
Q

What are opium “derived” painkillers?

A

Code in, oxycodone, fentanyl, methadone, demerol

211
Q

Cocaine

A

Extracted from coca leaves, and used a stimulant and topical painkiller

212
Q

What are types of modern medicine designed from cocaine?

A

Anesthésia, Novocaine, provocaine, lidocaine, benzocaine

213
Q

What are some problems with observation?

A

The human brain searches for patterns:
Apophenia: seeing patterns in random date
Pareidolia: perceiving sounds/images as something else

214
Q

Why is experimental data only reliable evidence?

A

Because its measured, and measured properly & accurately

215
Q

What is important for us to rely on in medical understanding

A

Statistical significance

216
Q

What the issue with traditional remedies.

A

Poor control over dose, preparation alters chemical composition, no instructions, difficult to correct misinformation

217
Q

Doctrine of humour

A

Developed by hippocrates, beloved that since the universe is made up of 4 elements: air, water, fire, earth, then the body is made up of 4 humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile, rebalancing through bloodletting, purges, fasting, or special foods

218
Q

Listerine was an ___, and was used as ____.

A

Antisepsis; household product, dandruff

219
Q

What year ended Wild West/no regulations?

A

1907

220
Q

What were the most common active ingredients in old time drugs to make sure they made user feel good?

A

Alcohol, opium, and cocaine

221
Q

Board of food and drug inspection

A

Labeling only

222
Q

Massengill sold what

A

Sulfanilamide antibiotic, first as powder then as elixir which was a toxic material that killed the liver

223
Q

FDA - food & drug administration created? Ensured? Required?

A

In 1938; safety of drugs; animal testing+clinical trials+directed usage required

224
Q

Thalidomide

A

A sedative, that was later recognized as a teratogen caused phocomelia and attenuated limbs

225
Q

Safety testing must be done on minimum:

A

2 species where one is a primate, and is proven bioavailable, and relevant dose

226
Q

Why is industry regulation important?

A

Ensures safety, that it works, good quality but it increases cost

227
Q

How do modern drugs come to be(how does it start)?

A

Starts with scientific idea, then optimized using scientific methods, then is testes scientifically, then manufacturing is standardized

BPS 1101 (2 decks)

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