Midterm 2 Flashcards
1
Q
inflamation
A
predermined response to injruy, consisting of microcirculatory response as well as mobilization of phagocytic cells
2
Q
the suffix _____ is used to describe inflamation
A
“itis”
3
Q
prolonged inflammation used to describe complex tissue changes is termed what?
A
chronic inflamation
4
Q
______ -_______ is the first line of defense against injury
A
acute inflamation
5
Q
loss of function would be described as a _____ sign
A
cardinal
6
Q
acute inflammatory response includes _______ of vessels which allows fluid, chemical mediators to move into tissue spaces
A
leakiness
7
Q
tissue injury is a _______ response
A
non specific
8
Q
tissue injury leads to _______
A
inflamation
9
Q
two major components of tissue injury include
A
vascular and cellular changes
10
Q
describe vascular changes vs cellular changes in tissue injury
A
vascular: vessels dilate to increase blood flow, vessels become more permeable to allow plasma proteins to leave circulation and enter injured site
Cellular changes: emigration of leukocytes white blood cells from the micro circulation to the site of injury
11
Q
what results in redness in vascular injury?
A
capillaries, arterioles and venules vasodilate
12
Q
vasoactive amines (histamine and serotonin), kinins etc do what during vascular injury ?
A
chemical mediators, cause marked dilation of arterioles, capillaries and venules
13
Q
Histamine
A
released by mast cells is a derivative of amino acid histidine, generally causes capillary dilation
14
Q
Mast cells are found in greater concentrations in ______ cells
A
damaged or necrotic
15
Q
mast cells are usually found within the vicinity of _______
A
capillaries
16
Q
granules are found where? contain what?
A
in mast cells that contain histamine, membrane bound vacuoles
17
Q
injury to mast cell surface leads to ?
A
degranulation of mast cells which release histamine that causes dilation of capillaries
18
Q
hyperemia
A
increased blood flow in the tissue, reason tissue looks red when inflamed
19
Q
increased permeability of capillaries and venules cause _________
A
leakiness
20
Q
fluid leaves the capillaries at _________ end of the capillary bed under the influence of _________ pressure and returns to the vascular space at the _________end of the capillary bed due to _______ pressure
A
arteriolar end, hydrostatic pressure, venular end, osmotic pressure
21
Q
Exudation
A
increased amounts of fluid as well as large protein molecules pass out of the vessels and into the extravascular space
22
Q
Exudation causes what
A
swelling and accumulation of inflammatory exudate
23
Q
________ ______ is an important cause of localized edema
A
acute inflamation
24
Q
initial endothelial cell contraction is induced by ________ which widens intracellular junctions
A
histamine
25
Direct injury to the endothelium from burns results in endothelial ______ and can contribute to _______ of plasma from vessels
necrosis, leakage
26
_______ immature blood vessels are leaky
new
27
what happens as fluid moves into interstitial space?
blood thickens causing blood flow to slow down
28
exudate
fluid that forms in the tissues or at surfaces
29
how do exudates form?
increased movement of fluid, larger protein molecules and cells out of vasculature due to increased vasular permeability
30
exudate vs transudate
exudate: more like plasma in composition, RBCs, WBCs, proteins
Transudate: ultrafiltrate of plasma, big molecules held back by capillary wall
31
only small molecules such as ______ can pass put of the capillary
albumin
32
exudates have an increase in ______ content
protein
33
the protein content is high in _______ but low in ______
exudate, transudate
34
what proteins are in exudates compared to transudates?
exudates have albumin, globulins, fibrin while transudates have mostly albumin
35
how are the cells different in exudates compared to transudates?
exudates have numerous degenerate deutrophils while transudate has few healthy neutrophils
36
what is the appearance of exudates to transudates?
exudate is turbid, white yellow or pink while exudate is clear and colourless
37
Ascites
fluid buildup in abdomen
38
Peritonitis
inflammation of the peritonium
39
what is the benefit of exudation?
- dilutes offending agent
- brings defensive proteins into area
- drainage via lymphatics
40
fibrin
formed from plasma precursor fibrinogen
41
Fibrinogen is usually _____ and contributes to what?
inactive, plasma osmotic pressure
42
fibrin is found in ______ but not ______
exudates not transudate
43
What cells are derived from the lyeloid cell line within bone marrow and move into the bloodstream when mature?
WBCs or leukocytes
44
round cells
mononuclear cells
45
these cells have a multilobulated nucelus and contain cytoplasmic granules
Granulocytes
46
what is the primary site of differentiation fro most leukocytes as well as RBCs and Platelets?
bone marrow
47
Myeloid cells include:
granulocytes, mononuclear cells
48
Granulocytes include:
Neurophils, basophils and eosinophils
49
__________ has the greatest role in acute inflamation
neutrophil
50
______ are actively motile and capable of phagocytosis
neutrophils
51
what is the main function of neutrophils
phagoytosis of microogranisms
52
mononuclear cells include:
lymphocytes, plasma cells, monocytes, and macrophages
53
mononuclear cells generally have a greater role in _____ stages of inflamation
chronic
54
some lymphoytes may develop into?
antibody producing cells termed plasma cells
55
monocytes are present in the _____ and able to migrate into tissue
blood
56
once monocytes are in the tissue they are termed _________
macrophages
57
what has the greatest role in acute inflammation ?
Macrophages, for phagocytosis
58
what is the function of macrophages in acute inflammation?
ingest microorganisms and clean up cellular debris, also secrete substances as endogenous pyrogen etc
59
Neutropenia
low numbers of neutrophils, often seen as a sidde effect of cancer therapy due to cytotoxic dugs or radiation therapy
60
what is the primary goal of inflammation?
to get leukocytes out of circulation and into injured area
61
what are the 5 steps in leukocyte recruitment?
1. margination, rolling and adhesion of leukocytes
2. Transmission of leukocytes
3. Chemotaxis
4. Leukocyte activation
5. Phagocytosis and pathogen degradation
62
endothelial cells become sticky due to what?
expression of integrins
63
adhesion
leukocytes tend to adhere firmly to the vessel wall
64
Margination and adhesion of leukocytes is mediated by what?
integrins on the leukocyte surface which interact with specific ligands on the endothelial cells
65
what are the specific selectins for leukocytes and platelets?
L selectins
| P selectins
66
selectins vs integrins
selectins (select the leukocyte they want to marginate within the vessel)
Integrins (integrate the leukocytes into the tissues)
67
Diapedesis
during transmission of leukoytes, once neutrophils have adhered to the endothelium, they leave the vessel primarily by squeezing through the intercellular junctions
68
how is diapedesis made easier?
by enlarged pore size of the endothelium
69
what is the role of secreted collegenases in leukocyte recruitment?
degrade neutrophils focally so they can pass through the basement membrane and move into the interstitium
70
where does transmission of leukocytes primarily occur?
venules in the systemic ciruclation
71
PECAM - 1 is used where?
diapedisis of neutrophils
72
chemotaxis
process by which inflammatory cells are attached to an area of injury by directional migration as the chemical mediators of inflammation act as chemotactic signals to inflammatory cells, (factors C3a and C5a)
73
leukotriene and cytokines are used in ____________
chemotaxis
74
what triggers contraction in chemotaxsis?
increased intracellular calcium from the binding of receptors on leukocyte surfaces
75
the contractile elements in chemotaxsis allow the leukocytes to move by extending ____________
pseudopods
76
chemotactic molecules induce _______ activation
leukocyte
77
majority of inflammatory cells will be activated by ________
cytokines
78
Toll like receptors are important for recognizing what?
pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
79
innate immunity
process of induction of the acute inflammatory response
80
what changes does activation of leukocytes cause?
1. pahgocytosis
2. upregulation of mechanisms for degradation and killing of microbes
3. production of inflammatory mediators
81
phagocytosis
process by which neutrophils and macrophages ingest and destroy particulate matter
82
phagocytic cells must first recognize and attach to the particle or agent what are the two types of recognition?
1. Nonspecific (large inert particles)
| 2. Specific (particles or agent have been coated with antibody)
83
leukocytes have specific_____ componants and _______
IgG, collectins
84
_______ leads to enhanced phagocytosis
opsonization
85
phagosome
once recognition and bidning occurs, particle is engulfed by phagocytic cell forming mebrane bound vacuole with pahgocytes cytoplasm
86
___________ stimulates increase in oxygen dependent metabolism in leukocytes large quantities of reactive oxygen species
phagocytosis
87
how are pathogens further degraded?
fusion of the phagosome with lysosomes which release acid hydrolases and other enzymes
88
Margination
increased contact between leukocytes
89
is the exact role of mediators in vivo in tissue inflammation well known?
no
90
what are the major groups of inflammatory mediators?
1. Vasculative amines
2. plasma proteases
3. lysosomal constituents
4. arachidonic acid metabolism
5. Cytokines
91
________ is mainly released from mast cell granules
histimine
92
platelets and serotonin cause _______
vasodilation and increased permeability
93
vasculative amines include?
histimine
94
_________ is synthesized in the liver and circulates in plasma in its inactive form
factor XII
95
endothelial injury exposes substances which lead to activation of XIIa which in turn cleave a variety of protein substrates incouding ?
the kinin system, the coagulation cascade, the complement system
96
the final product of the kinin system is ?
bradykinin, causes increased vasular permeability and mediates pain
97
_______ can initiate the coagulation cascade
factor XIIa
98
________ acts to enhance leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells
thrombin
99
the C5a and C3a formed in the activation of the complement stimulates ______ release form mast cells
histime
100
what acts as a chemotactic agent and activator for phagocytic cells?
C5a
101
C3b acts as _______
opsonin
102
what activates the lipooxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism?
C5a
103
the activation of ___ and ____ amplify the influx of neutrophils to inflammatory site?
C3, C5
104
_______ generates toxic oxygen based free radicals and protease that cause endothelial damage
neutrphils
105
_________ degrades various constiuents of the ECM
proteases
106
__________ acid is an unsaturated fatty acid found in phospholipids of cell membranes of inflammatory cells
arachinodic acid
107
______ causes the release of arachinodic acids
phospholipids
108
the release of arachinodic acid leads to the production of what?
prostaglandins, leukotrienes and lipoxins
109
what two cytokines are important during inflammatory response and immune response?
- interleukin (IL-1) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)
110
why are TNF and IL 1 important?
- induce endothelial activation and hence expression of selectins and integrins, activate tissue fibroblasts and neutrophils, also induce systemic acute phase resposnes, fever etc
111
NSAIDs
non steridal anti inflammatory drugs
112
______ are usually the first hoice of treatment for chronic inflammatory disease
NSAIDs
113
Corticosteroids
glucocorticoids, produced by adrenal gland cortex and play role in stress adaptation response, black conversion of cell membrane phospholipids to arachidonic acid. Can supress or inhibit inflammatory response
114
________ is direct stimulation of nerve
pain
115
Bradyknin, histimine and serotonin have a role in signaling _______
pain
116
increase in tissue tension that occurs due to swelling will lead to ______
pain
117
appendicitis
- Abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and malaise (general illness or discomfort)
118
______ would be a localized finding while malaise would be a ______ finding
pain, systemic
119
systemic signs and symptoms affect
the whole body
120
signs
any objective evidence of disease ex. decreased appetite
121
symptoms
refer to subjective evidence of disease such as pain in abdomen, pain when urinating
122
pyrogens
fever inducing agents
123
pyrogens can be endogenous or exogenous, what does this mean?
endogenous: generated by the body
exogenous: factors released by invading organisms such as bacteria
124
many endogenous pyrogens include___________
derived from neutrophils include interleukins (IL1 and IL6) and TNF
125
how do endogenous pyrogens work?
- enter the blood circulation from the site of inflammation and travel to the brain, where they act at the hypothalamus in the brainstem, via prostaglandin synthesis, to cause a “resetting” of the body temperature
126
_______ rate increases with feverand cell energy oxygen requirements
metabolic rate
127
neuronal dysfunction and delirium will occur at ______ temp
42.2
128
death will occur at body temp_____
43.3, degredation of proteins occurs
129
why are fevers beneficical?
combat infections, inhibits growth of microorganisms
130
neutrophils result at site of inflamation via _________
bloodstream
131
leukocytes refers to?
increased total WBC count
132
neutrophillia
increased numbers of neutrophils
133
left shift
neutrophils may be released from the marrow before they are completely mature , immature forms may be seen in the blood, may indicate demand for neutrophils
134
release of leukocytes from the bone marrow is mediated by
TNF, IL1
135
in acute viral inflammation neutrophils can be decreased known as
neutropenia
136
in acute viral inflamation leukocytes can increase known as
lymphocytosis
137
Leukopenia
total wbc count decreased in viral infections
138
does inflamation always result in neutrophilia?
no, inflammation is so severe that neutrophils go directly to the injured area and do not remain in blood circulation, so no neutrophilia is detected
139
acute phase reactants
acute inflamation often causes increases in levels of plasma proteins
including:
- C reactive protein
- Fibrinogen
- hepatoglobin
- alpha 1-antitrypsin
140
resolution
when acute inflamation is uncomplicated and the swelling and cellular debris are removed by macrophage ativity and lymphatic flow
141
Suppurative Inflammation invlovles
replacement of cells by regeneration and or scar formation
142
pus
liquefied mass consisting of necrotic tissue, dead organisms and neutrophils
143
process of pus formation is termed
purulent or suppurative inflamation
144
when will an abcess form?
when an area of suppurative inflammation becomes walled off by fibrous tissue
145
septicemia/sepsis
possible outcome of acute inflamation if severe and isnt effectibe in destroying the causitive gent, infection spreads or disseminates,
146
maked widespread cytokine release would be seen in ___________
septicemia
147
bacteremia
bacteria can travel in bloodstream
148
how does chronic inflamation differ from acute inflamation?
preponderance of mononuclear cell types as opposed to neutrophils
149
what are 4 signs of chronic inflamation?
1. some immune response, plasma cells and lymphocytes
2. accumulation of macrophages
3. healing of tissue, granulation
4. ongoing tissue injury or necrosis
150
what is the wanted outcome for chronic inflammation?
for healing and repair, function restored
151
tuberculosis
causes chronic inflammation, fever, weight loss, fatigue, coughing, hemoptysis (coughing blood), inflamation of lung tissue
152
hemoptysis
coughing up blood
153
the presence of T cells and B cells with macrophage accumulation or plasma cells present indicates what ?
chronic inflamation
154
how does fibris result from inflammation?
occurs as a result of attempted repair of affected tissues and is common feature of many chronic inflammatory diseases
155
what is the simple distinction from acute vs chronic inflamation?
persistance of the antigen or injurious stimulus
156
granulomatus inflammation consists of ?
epitheliod cells, activated by macrophages and have large pale foamy cytoplasm
157
epitheliod
resemble squamous epithelium, also have pale cytoplasm
158
foamy cytoplasm is due to what?
presence of extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum
159
in order for granulomatus inflmation _______ cell mediated response must occur
active T lymphocyte
160
in order for granulomatus inflamation to occur effector T cells must produce _________ that allow what?
lymphokines that cause macrophages to remain in the area inhibiting their migration
161
granulomatus inflamation is seen in ________
tuberculosis
162
why does granulomatus inflamation develop? (2 ways)
when the causal agent is phagocytosed but survives and persist within macrophages, when pahgocytosis of a causal agent is impaired
163
leprosy is caused by?
myobacteria leprae
164
tuberculoid leprosy
patients who have strong T cell responsiveness against the leprosy bacillus can localize the infection and develop granulomas
165
functional tissue around granuloma is lost due to ______ and replaced by _______ tissue
necrosis, scar
166
caseous necrosis is due to
T cell mediated type IV hypersensistivity reaction
167
inert
something doesnt elicit inflamatory response
168
non antigenic
doesnt elicit immune response
169
how are foreign body granulomas dealt with?
foreign material enters and is too large to be phagocytosed, macrophages congregate around and attempt nonimmune pahgocytosis
170
furnuculosis
ingrown hair or carbuncle (pimple)
171
keratin contains many _____ bonds
sulfur
172
is keratin recognized as self proteins in the body?
no, possibly because keratin is secreted outward from body, immunologically privileged, furunculosis reaction, large quantiites of keratin are embedded in tissue and can induce foreign body reaction
173
non granulotomatous inflamation is characterized by?
- prescence of sensitized lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages, along with areas of necrosis and fribrosis
174
non granulotomatous inflamation can be caused by (5 things ?
1. Chronic viral infections
2. other chronic infections
3. Chronic autoimmune disease
4. allergic conditions and parasitic infections
175
chronic suppurative inflamation occurs when ?
the body is unable to clear a strong pyogenic stimulus
176
________ are the most typical result of pyogenic bacterial infection that lasts longer than a week
abcesses
177
osteomyelitis
result of infection of bone with pyogenic bacteriaa
178
hematogenous osteomyeltisis
abcteria may be carried to the bone by the bloodstream, growing animals and children are susceptible due to growth plate
179
secondary Osteomyeltisis
bacteria can develop secondary to wound , open fracture , necrosis occurs of bone by formation of sequestrum, blood supply disrupted
180
chronic osteomyelitis is difficult to resolve why?
destruction of local blood supply, leukocytes cant be delivered to destroy infection
181
fever, weight loss, changes in plasma proteins, and leukocytosis, a mild to moderate anemia, could all be systemic signs of?
chronic inflammation
182
anemia from chronic inflamation is caused by?
mediators such as cytokines, which results in reduced transport of stored iron into plasma
183
does chronic suppurative inflammation respond well to antibiotics? why?
no, causal infectious agents are isolated in an area in which there is no blood supply and may not be “accessible” to host defense mechanisms or to antimicrobial drugs
184
chronic inflammation may lead to deposition of an insoluble fibrillary protein called _______
amyloid
185
amyloidosis
- group of diseases characterized by the deposition of similar appearing, abnormally folded insoluble protein termed amyloid, in the interstitium of tissues
186
amyloid results from what?
genetic conditions where inflammation si excessive or by production of amyloid protein
187
what is the defining characteristic of amyloids?
beta pleated fibrillar protein
188
what are the 3 forms of amyloids?
- derived from serum amyloid associated AA produced by liver during inflammation
- derived from immunoglobin light chains AL amyloid by some plasma cells or B cell tumours
- derived from amyloid Ab
189
alzheimers is characterized by what form of amyloids?
amyloid Ab
190
systemic amyloidosis includes _____and ________
primary and secondary
191
________systemic amyloidosis is associated with chronic inflamatory disease or tuberculosis, and shows amyloid depositions widely in the body
reactive
192
_______ systemic amyloidosis is associated with cancer and involves several organ systems?
Primary
193
localized amyloidosis
local amyloid depositions within a single tissue or organ
194
familial amyloidosis
inherited disorders in which amyloid is deposited locally in organs such as the heart, kidney or nervous tissue
195
immune response
refers to protection against infection and is characterized by its specificity – the ability to direct reactivity toward the inducing agent through recognition of specific surface molecular markers, termed antigens – but also by its ability to “remember” the inducing agent and respond in an enhanced way when the agent is again encountered
196
adaptive immune repsonse
when the terms “immune response” and “immunity”
197
innate immune response
wherein phagocytes could recognize surface molecules on pathogens (PAMPs)
198
________ ______ is the first line of defence after the epithelial barriers
nonspecific phagpcytosis
199
phagocytic role can be enhanced by _______
opsonization
200
Major cellular componants of innate immunity
DAMPs and PAMPs
201
the adaptive immune repsonse is first characterized by its ________
specificity
202
the second defining charactreristic of the immune response is its ________
memory
203
amplification
immune response characteriszed by enhanced repsonse on the second exposure to the antigen
204
antigens
molecules which evoke an immune response when introduced to a host
205
immunogen vs antigen
antigen induce antibdy response, but used to indicate molecules which elicit an immune response termed immunogen
206
antigens are typically ______ made up of?
large, protein or polysaccharide
207
haptens
smaller molecules than antigens, but can become antigenic with larger carrier molecules
208
foreign extrinsic antigens include
infectious agents, bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi
209
foreign object must be recognized as __________
non-self
210
self tolerance
refers to lack of response to own antigens
211
clonal deletion (central tolerance)
during embryonic development lymphocytes go though selection procedure in the thymus, those that are potentially reacting against self antigens are deleted
212
______ is a function of T cells
CMI, cell mediated immunity
213
T cells transform into _______ cells which do what?
killer/effector, destroy antigen bearing cells
214
during immune repsonse _____ are produced which influence interactions between cells
lymphokines
215
T cells have ______ functions
regulating
216
humoral immunity is a function of ____ cells due to trantformation into ________ producing plasma cells
B, antibody
217
what determines the specificity of immune response?
the ability to produce antibodies and T lymphocytes with specific antigen receptors on their surfaces
218
lymphocytes are
mononuclear round cells , derived from stem cells in bone marrow
219
lymphocytes which migrate and develop in the thymus are called ____ lymphocytes
T
220
"T" means
thymus dependent
221
lymphocytes which develop independently from the thymus are termed ____ cells
B cells
222
what is the site of priming, where tolerance develops
thymus and bone marrow, central lymphoid tissue
223
where is the thymus?
gland like tissue in connective tissues within chest cavity
224
how are b cells characterized?
presence of a cell surface antibody receptor complex
225
clonal expansion
antiboddies Ab come into contact with their antigen Ag
226
Ab/Ag interaction causes
B cell to poliferate
227
many ____ cells diffrentiate into plasma cells
B
228
memory cells are
smaller population of B cells progeny, cells persitst for long periods
229
T cell receptor (TCR) does not recognize ____ antigens but interacts with _______ expressed on surface
free, fragments
230
CD4 is expressed on ____% of mature cells
60
231
CD4 cells are
helper cells
232
helper cells can be divided into_____and ____ subtypes
TH1 and TH2
233
TH1 cell response is acitvated through?
release of inteferon gamma
234
TH2 cell response is activated by?
release of IL 4 which stimulates b cells to diffrentite to IgE secreting plasma cells
235
CD
cluster designation, antigens/proteins in the surface of T cells
236
CD8 is expressed in ____cells and has a role in
30%, cytotoxic T lymphocyte cells , directly kill virus infected cells and or tumours
237
what are the 3 roles of activated T cells?
1. cell mediated immunity
2. Helper roles(regulation of B and T cell activity)
3. Delayed hypersensitivity is a T cell Mediated activity that has adverse effects
238
natural killer cells
type of innate lymhocyte
239
macrophages are found in all tissues of the body but are concentrated in _________ tissue
lymphoid
240
cytokine IL-1 ______ resting T cells
activates
241
_______ presentation is crucial to stimulation and differentiation of both T and B cells
antigen
242
Transplanttion which leads to _____ activation and ________ release
Tcell, lymphokine release
243
Bcell activation usually involves interaction with both ________ and _______
macrophages and T cells
244
macrophages
filtration, cytokine secretion, ntigen presentation to T cells
245
B cells/memory cells
antigen presentation to lymphoid tissue
246
plasma cells
production and secretion of antigen specific immunoglobulin
247
Natural Killer cells
nonspecific cytolysis of cells with atypical surface antigens
248
antibodies
bind and neutralize microbes, secreted from plasma cells
249
antibodies comprise a family of serumm proteins called _______
immunoglobin
250
colostrum
thick, yellow milky fluid, from mammary gland of all mammals
251
within the lymphnode the antigen is processed by ________
macrophages
252
B cells are transfomed into plasma cells which ______ the antibofy
secrete
253
what is the end result of antigen antibody reactions?
the antobody is secreted into the lymphatic vessel leaving the node, ultimately enters the blood via the thoracic duct
254
antibodies react with _______
antigen
255
enlarged lymph nodes are referred to as ______
hyperplastic
256
agglutination
formation of large aggregates or clumps of Ag and Ab, makes it esay for phagocytes to trap and consume the immune complexes
257
opsonization
coating process of antigen with antibody, causes inreased phagocytosis by leukocytes having receptors for the antibody
258
complement fixation
outcome of complement activation, 9 proteins similar to clotting cascade
259
the formation of immune complexes in vivo leads too?
inactivation of antigen or lysis
phagocytosis of the antigen by scavenger cells
260
immune response is characterized by what 3 things?
specificity, memory, amplification, enhaced response occurs after second exposure
261
primary immune response
first exposure, lag period, expansion to produce large number of plasma cells, IgM first, IgG later
262
secondary immune response
second exposure to same antigen, accelerated response, antibody production rapidly occurs, principle immunoglobin IgG
263
passive immunity
transfer or administration of predormed antibody from one person to another, given to help or prevent disease, temporary
264
transplacental immunity
acuistion of antibodies across placenta in utero
265
active immunity
development of antibodies in response to antigen, naturally, vaccines help in this case
266
vaccines carry ______ but not ______
antigenicity but not pathogenicity
267
serology
study of antigen antibody reactions in lab
268
serological tests
tests for antibodies in serum and level of antibody present determined by titer
269
higher titer means what
higher antibody levels
270
hypersensitivity
state of reactivity in which immune response leads to tissue injury
271
Allergic rhinitis or hay fever is an ex of what hypersensitivity reaction?
type 1
272
anaphylaxis
small doese initiates body wide response
273
primary preformed vasoactive mediators are released from?
mast cell granules
274
what is the most important vasoactive mediator?
histimine, causes vasodilation, bronchoconstriction and increased mucous
275
secondary generated lipid mediators are activated by _________ -___and lead to what factor
phospholipase A, platelet activating factor
276
secereted cytokines from mast cells do what?
recruit and activate other inflammatory cells which amplify the response, eosinophils and neutrophils, cause local tissue damage
277
type II antibody mediated hypersensitivity includes?
opsonization and pahgocytosis, inflammation, antibody mediated cellular dysfunction
278
hyperthyroidism
type II
279
immune hydrops fetalis
destroys cells that body needs , RBCs and platelets destroyed, antigen attached to its surface
280
what hhypersensitivity reaction involved the deposition of immune complexes in walls of small vessels at various sites of the body?
type III
281
fibrinoid
type III reactions, homogenous eosinophilic appearance, resembles fibrin
282
local immune complex disease
tissue necrosis at site of antigen entry
283
hypersensistivity pneumonitis
lung disease caused by inhalation of certain antigens
284
complement activation by the Ag/Ab complexes is the central in the pathogenesis of ______ _______
tissue injury
285
______ _____ against microbes or other foreign material is important in the formation of granulomatous inflamtion
prolonged DTH
286
how is T cell mediated Cytotoxicity characterized?
sensitized CD8 Tcells
287
direct T cell mediated cytotoxicity is the cause of ?
necrosis of cancer cells
288
allograft
graft of tissue between two individuals of same species but different genotypes
289
histocombatibility role
molecules bind peptide fragments of foreign proteins for presentation to appropriate antigen specific T cells
290
blood cross matching refers to?
antigens on RBCs such as ABO and Rh considered
291
similarity between donor and recipient of MCH molecules is important for?
success of grafts
292
antibody mediated regection
antibody mediated injury targets vascular endothelium with platelet aggregation and coagulation leading to further ischemic injury to tissue
293
autoimmune diseases are ______ specific
organ
294
anergy
refers to the inactivation of lymphocytes that is induced by exposure to antigens under certain conditions
295
_______ and ______ factors play an important role in predisposition to development of autoimmune disease
gender and genetic
296
can environmental and infections trigger auto immunity?
yes
297
primary immunodeficency
rare, genetically determined, SCID
298
secondary immunodeficiency
cancer, chemo, radiation, AIDS
299
______ is a retrovirus and spherical in shape
HIV
300
HIV shows tropism for ______ cells
CD4T cells
301
loss of CD4 T cells is the defining characteristic of ______
AIDS
302
macrophages and monocytes are also infected by _____
HIV
303
what are the major sites of HIV infection?
CD4 Tcells, macrophages, dendritc cells
304
early acute phase of aids
self limited illness, detection of viral antibodies
305
chronic middle phase of aids
HIV +, few signs of disease, can last 8-10 years, viral replication inlymphoid tissue
306
crisis phase
patients die withing two years
307
in late stages of aids patients can develop ______ -_______ which is a vascular cancer that causes nodules and ulcers in skin
Kaposi Sarcoma
