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Sociolinguistics > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

standard language

A

an idea in the mind rather than a reality - a set of abstract norms to which actual usage may conform to a greater or lesser extent

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2
Q

language attitudes

A

thinly veiled attitudes towards speakers

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3
Q

negative concord

A

double negation

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4
Q

nonstandard english varieties

A

Grammatically, nonstandard English varieties may be simpler than standard English in some ways but more complex in other ways, just as all languages have areas of greater and lesser complexity in comparison to others.

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5
Q

compare AAVE

A

Examples from African American Vernacular English (AAVE):

Simpler (i.e. fewer grammatically-marked distinctions):Lack of possessive markers

More complex (i.e. more grammatically-marked distinctions): Habitual BE

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6
Q

ways standard English gramatically impoverished

A

standard American English lacks:
•A dual-plural distinction
•An inclusive-exclusive second person distinction
•An evidentiality system

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7
Q

Matched guise test

A

bilingual speaks - differences in perception understood as true feelings of individual or community toward that

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8
Q

Status dimension (overt prestige)

A 
educated ——- uneducated
intelligent ——- unintelligent
wealthy ——-  poor
successful ——-  unsuccessful
ambitious ——- carefree
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9
Q

Solidarity dimension (covert prestige)

A 
trustworthy ——-  untrustworthy
good ——-  bad
sympathetic ——-  unsympathetic
friendly ——- unfriendly
honest ——- dishonest
dependable ——- unreliable.
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10
Q

likert scale

A

7 point scale, used to determine placement on a certain dimension

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11
Q

perceptual dialectology

A

give people a blank map, let them draw where they think people speak

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12
Q

the language subordination process (Lippi-Green)

A
  • Language is mystified- Authority is claimed- Misinformation is generated- Non-mainstream language is trivialized- Conformers are praised- Non-conformers are vilified- Promises are made- Threats are made
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13
Q

H0

A

Null hypothesis, no difference between groups, or no effect of a predictor

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14
Q

HA

A

Alternative Hypothesis - true difference between groups. or true effect of a predictor

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15
Q

p-value

A

probability that null hypothesis would generate data at least as extreme as the data collected

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16
Q

NHST

A

null hypothesis significance testing

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17
Q

drawbacks NHST

A

5% spurious data - 1 in 20 studies false positive

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18
Q

locally-salient categories

A

rough grouping of individuals with similar linguistic features based also on their identity with another group or region

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19
Q

community of practice

A

group of people who come together around mutual engagement in an endeavor. Ways of doing things, ways of talking, beliefs, values, power relations –in short, practices –emerge in the course of this mutual endeavor. As a social construct, a CofP is different from the traditional community, primarily because it is defined simultaneously by its membership and by the practice in which that membership engages.”

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20
Q

three criteria defining community of practice

A

mutual engagement
joint enterprise
shared repertoire

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21
Q

ethnography

A

linguistic anthropology - observing normal activities in order to understand community

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22
Q

participant observation

A

being in and observing normal activities in order to understand

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23
Q

Eckert 1988 Belton High

A

how locally salient catagories or communities of practice affect language use
- Jocks and Burnouts

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24
Q

Jocks

A

college-bound, engaged in school organized activities, preppy clothes, social network tied to class

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25
Q

Burnouts

A

physically marginal - hang out outside of campus, sprawling social networks, greater variety age levels - no motivation to give up freedom or autonomy - Detroit city = excitement, adventure, jobs

  • young women bring new forms from city
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26
Q

Mendoza-Denton 2008

A

Latina youth gangs in Sor Juana High School, San Fran Bay area - 2 gangs Norteña Sureña

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27
Q

Norteña

A

Northern hemisphere, red, english, motown oldies pronounces tense /ɪ/ to [i]

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28
Q

Sureña

A

Southern Hemisphere,

spanish, banda music, pronounces tense /ɪ/ to [i]

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29
Q

Moore 2004 study

A

Midlan High NW England,

Townies and Populars

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30
Q

nonstandard “were”

A

percentage largely increases among townies but not populars

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31
Q

Social meaning

A

tied to linguistic features, conveying meaning beyond semantic information

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32
Q

indexical field

A

variables do not have static meanings, but rather general meanings
that become more specific in the context of styles. - constitute a field of potential meanings, an indexical field

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33
Q

persona

A

features index certain social meanings, and those meanings can in turn index personas, “diva”
Gay doctor has different stylistic packages in 2 situations1

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34
Q

gender binary

A

clustering of traits in specific groups, (parenting, clothes, jobs), properties are stuck together

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35
Q

gender determinism

A

differences are result of physiological properties (like test exp, makes larynx wider
women higher forman freq, /s/ frequency result of vocal tract length)

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36
Q

gender constructivism

A

gender ID situation and culturally dependendent - people do things stylistically with voice properties

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37
Q

4 categories/lessons against strong determinism (Zimman)

A

linguistic diversity, socialization, intersectionality, agency

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38
Q

linguistic diversity

A

Japanese vs US pitch differences

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39
Q

socialization

A

(children show F0 differences before puberty

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40
Q

intersectionality

A

index gender differently based on other ids they embody - Glasgow women

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41
Q

agency

A

(speakers can consciously manipulate - trans women)

- margaret thatcher voice coaching

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42
Q

Where do gender differences come from? 4 models

A

deficit model, dominance model, difference model, dynamic model (constructivism)

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43
Q

deficit model

A

deficit model - bad

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44
Q

dominance model

A

empty ad, super-polite, apologies

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45
Q

difference model

A

solidaritydistance, equalityhierarchy

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46
Q

dynamic model (constructivism)

A

within-group differences, intersectional flavor, performative gender ID, sexuality

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47
Q

nerd girls vs cool girls

A

Bucholtz 1999, 2001

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48
Q

nerd girls vs cool girls differences

A

cool - be all

nerd - be like, reject slang, reject heterosexual marketplace

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49
Q

heteronormativity

A

heterosexual norms enforced/supported on social level

50
Q

hegemonic masculinity/femininity

A

practice that legitimizes men’s dominant position in society, related to power dynamics

51
Q

phonation type

A

configuration of the glottis - what you do with vocal folds to voice things differently

52
Q

falsetto

A

going up in F0 such that modal voice is abandoned - open glottis

53
Q

modal voice

A

normal, non-altered voice tone

54
Q

first (nth) order indexicality

A

scientific acknowledgment of certain feature as a diversifying linguistic property

55
Q

second (n+1th) order indexicality

A

general link between feature and social characteristic - californians laid back and fun

56
Q

indexicality

A

layers of social meaning on top of each other

57
Q

enregisterment

A

highly agreed upon - differentiation solidified at social level

58
Q

listeners not able to discriminate between speech of lesbian and straight women

A

lesbians style shifting not understood - lower /s/ frequency with other lesbian interlocutor

59
Q

listeners able to discriminate between speech of gay and straight men

A

English speakers perceive [s+] in men as “gay” regardless of language

60
Q

lisping

A

producing /s/ against teeth, not common/observed in gay male speech

61
Q

simultaneous (early) bilinguals

A

exposure since birth, usually 1 parent each language

62
Q

sequential (late) bilinguals

A

learning 2nd language after acquiring first natively, usually due to immersion after changing countries

63
Q

L1 vs L2

A

1st language you learn vs 2nd language acquired

64
Q

Balanced vs dominant bilinguals

A

dominance - what speaker feels strongest in

balanced - equal proficiency

65
Q

Attrition

A

loss of competency of 1st language due to not using it enough and neg opinion of using it - lexicon lost first

66
Q

Interference

A

interference of structured word or phoneme - spanish no tense distinction

67
Q

Code-switching

A

bilingual uses both languages in different contexts - different languages have different advantages

68
Q

Bidialectalism

A

switch 2 varieties of same language in different contexts

69
Q

language obsolescence

A

majority language and minority contact, minority disused and standard form adopted -> leads to language death

70
Q

language death

A

Last L1 speaker dies- glottophagy

71
Q

language extinction

A

no more speakers - knowledge is lost

72
Q

diglossia

A

2 languages coexisting -usually colloquial and formal literary forms (everyone is bilingual)

73
Q

pidgin

A

low complexity language, simplified form of 2 non-mutually intelligible languages, created by adults

74
Q

nativization

A

when children pick up pidgin as L1

75
Q

creole

A

when children add complexity to pidgin - fully fledged version of language which started as pidgin

76
Q

Camouflaged constructions

A

constructions sound the same, but have different rules, meanings, and forms, making them “correct”

77
Q

tense

A

property of verbs - when they took place

78
Q

aspect

A

temporal structure involving verb; properties - ongoing, single moment?

79
Q

prosody

A

stress, rhythm, intonation, pitch (F0), and other voice quality features

80
Q

Anglicist hypothesis

A

AAE features artifacts of regional British dialects - archaisms related to settlement history. not supported

81
Q

Creole hypothesis

A

AAE features result from creole stage, simplified communication system that underwent decreolization, Gullah ancestor? not supported

82
Q

Neo-Anglicist hypothesis

A

early AAE same as southern White English then diverged

83
Q

substrate hypothesis

A

AAE is contact variety - relationship between S white English and native African languages

84
Q

substrate

A

language that gets replaced

85
Q

superstrate

A

colonizing/invading language

86
Q

language shift

A

when community changes way they speak - multilingualism at the community level

87
Q

AAE data shows

A

language shift of S US English substrate - divergence occurs early 20th century

88
Q

divergence

A

more difference between dialect and std compared form

89
Q

convergence

A

less difference from compared form

90
Q

Deficit theories

A

problem is home environment is verbally and culturally lacking

91
Q

Assessment of school readiness and performance can be impacted by language variety in two ways:

A

self-preservation strategy bc school is hostile, discrepancy between dialect spoken and dialect assumed to be spoken results in over-counting errors

92
Q

linguistically-informed approaches

A

be aware of pitfalls - don’t correct when not necessary

93
Q

contrastive analysis

A

explicitly teaching code-switching by teaching grammar in schools

94
Q

Introducing reading in the vernacular

A

teach literacy in home language first (2 yrs Hiligagnon 2 yrs English (better) vs 4 yr English)

95
Q

witness discredidation

A

negative judgment of people who speak certain varieties - reflection of negative social attitudes

96
Q

Cross-dialectal misunderstandings

A

mi drap a groun - I drop to the ground , not I drop the gun

97
Q

linguistic profiling

A

when people use ling info to infer racial info, then use that to discriminate
- nominally on linguistic grounds, but really on racial grounds

98
Q

homesign

A

formed between deaf children and families,

isolated from other sign language communities

99
Q

co-speech gesture

A

crucial part of nonverbal language, facilitates understanding - distinguishable from home sign

100
Q

iconicity

A

visual-spacial representation of concepts

101
Q

structural similarities creoles and sign languages

A

topic - comment word order,

lack of tense marking, rich aspectual system, absence of passive constructions, reduplication

102
Q

deaf community sign language

A

true sign language - more hand shapes, fewer locations, less iconicity (ex. e.g.Nicaraguan Sign Language
1970s children in Managua)

103
Q

shared sign language (village)

A

less erosion of iconicity because later learning, more locations, fewer handshapes, multi-channel, usually hereditary deafness (e.g. Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language)

104
Q

Frishberg’s 5 tendencies in sign development

A

symmetry, displacement, assimilation (compounding), lexical content limited to hands, morphological preservation

105
Q

Regional variation

A

comparing signers 7 communities US, White, black, men, women, 3 age groups

106
Q

handshape variation

A

like phonological variation, seems random but statistically associated with different conditioning factors - what type of word, younger speaker, etc.

107
Q

location variation

A

know verbs cited at forehead, younger signers and men prefer lower forms

108
Q

signing space variation

A

wulf 1998 - men have lower boundary on their signing space

109
Q

Black ASL

A

McCaskill et al - Black ASL larger signing space than std

110
Q

naturalistic data pros

A

rich, easy to collect

111
Q

naturalistic data cons

A

hard to process, messy analysis, time-intensive

112
Q

experimental data pros

A

data cleaner since investment on front-end

113
Q

experimental data cons

A

only suitable to answer certain types of questions - not everyday behavior

114
Q

naturalistic data

A

data people produce in everyday lives (twitter, SCOTUS)

115
Q

feature-specific matched guise

A

same audio recording except for TINY variation

116
Q

neutral guise

A

add 3rd - white noise - points out discrepancies that other method spuriously proves true

117
Q

sociolinguistic monitor

A

subtype matched guise, instead of single instance ing/in, multiple instances in different proportions, hitting 1 in is big downgrade

118
Q

speaker information manipulation

A

perception task - manipulate speaker origin, how social info influences ling judgments - eg detroit subject, detroit (incorrect au) vs ontario (correct au)

119
Q

eye tracking

A

see people’s early guesses, shows processing

120
Q

repetition priming

A

people ID word as real faster if they’ve just heard it

121
Q

semantic priming

A

people ID word as real faster if it’s primed by related word (nurse/doctor vs nurse/truck)

Sociolinguistics (2 decks)

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