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Sociolinguistics > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

cook midterm 1

1
Q

dialect

A

subset of language, variety, often but not always linked to a certain ethnic group, SES, etc.

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2
Q

accent

A

speech sounds, vowels

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3
Q

variety

A

pronunciation, grammar, word choice

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4
Q

standard language

A

varieties used in institutional, formal, and educational contexts

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5
Q

non-standard language

A

varieties not deemed appropriate in formal contexts

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6
Q

vernacular

A

language someone learns first, at home (parent/child communication)

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7
Q

prescriptivism

A

rules of grammar learned in school

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8
Q

descriptivism

A

how people actually speak

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9
Q

speech community

A

share similar value judgements about other speakers

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10
Q

core phenomenon

A

we can say the same thing in different ways

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11
Q

variable

A

speaker’s choice between 2 or more variants

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12
Q

variant

A

choice in given phonetic environment (ing/in’)

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13
Q

lexical variation

A

mental dictionary (hero/sub), word choice

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14
Q

phonological variation

A

potato/potahto

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15
Q

morphosyntactic variation

A

grammatical variation, word order variation

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16
Q

constraint

A

things that make people choose 1 variant over another

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17
Q

categorical constraints

A

something about grammar structure that makes someone choose 1 variant

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18
Q

probabilistic constraints

A

no rule about variant choice, or factor not based in phonetic structure

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19
Q

external factor

A

things external to language (gender, age, ethnicity, race)

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20
Q

internal factors

A

elements of language itself that influence choices

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21
Q

experimental data

A

precise, getting observed number of tokens

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22
Q

survey data

A

think about how you speak and report

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23
Q

naturalistic data

A

recording people’s normal, natural speech

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24
Q

institutional review board

A

ethics committee which determines if study is ethical

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25
Q

observer’s paradox

A

survey participants must be notified, makes their speech less “natural”

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26
Q

sociolinguistic interview

A

Labov, “tell a story”

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27
Q

dialectoloty

A

dialect geography- the study of regional language variation

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28
Q

isogloss

A

inside this region, people generally do this

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29
Q

isogloss bundle

A

where isoglosses co-occur - we draw different isoglosses for each vowel to determine similarities across regions

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30
Q

homogeneity

A

what percent of isogloss is variant of interest

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31
Q

consistency

A

what percent of variant of interest did you capture w isogloss

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32
Q

ideological divisions

A

we’re our people, we speak this way

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33
Q

wave model

A

language variation diffuses evenly over time and space

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34
Q

gravity model

A

language variation and change higher in metropolitan areas (like planets)

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35
Q

nested isogloss

A

demonstrate the order in which a family of sound changes happen in the same area: the isoglosses for the earliest sound changes contain the isoglosses for the later ones

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36
Q

IPA

A

International Phonetic Alphabet - internationally recognized - 1to1 correspondence between sound and symbol

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37
Q

phonetic transcription

A

visual representation of speech sounds

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38
Q

voicing

A

when vocal folds are closed and air is forced through

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39
Q

place of articulation

A

where in mouth obstruction occurs

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40
Q

manner of articulation

A

how close articulators are from each other

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41
Q

tense

A

longer vowel

42
Q

lax

A

shorter vowel

43
Q

rounding

A

lip roundedness during articulation

44
Q

diphthong

A

sound created by glide between 2 distinct vowels, perceived as single vowel

45
Q

monopthong

A

vowel with one sound, fixed position

46
Q

phoneme

A

speech sound

47
Q

contrast

A

when replacing creates different meaning (bit vs bat)

48
Q

minimal pair

A

used to demonstrate 2 phonemes are distinct (bit vs bat)

49
Q

phonetic environment

A

surrounding sounds of target speech sound

50
Q

phonological rule

A

systematic rule for pronunciation (“budder”)

51
Q

rhotic variety

A

pronounces r

52
Q

variably rhotic

A

boston, ny

53
Q

merger

A

phonemes sound same in certain dialect but different in others

54
Q

homophony

A

2 pronunciations, same meaning

55
Q

unconditioned merger

A

merged in all phonetic environments (cot/caught)

56
Q

conditioned merger

A

happens in specific phonetic environments (feel/fill pin/pen)

57
Q

critical period

A

first few years of life when language develops rapidly and after which acquisition is less successful

58
Q

apparent-time analysis

A

speakers speech is reflection of speech patterns acquired as child and remains relatively fixed after critical period

59
Q

age grading

A

differenced in speech habits associated with age (due to social pressures) - change in behavior throughout lifetime but rate in community does not change

60
Q

real time study

A

go back and resample a community after time has passed

61
Q

trend study

A

sample a community with comparable speakers

62
Q

panel study

A

locate and re-interview the same speakers

63
Q

generational change

A

actual irreversible change that is occurring in younger generation (apparent time interpretation)

64
Q

s shaped principle

A

increased variety and usage over time

65
Q

incrementation

A

curvilinear principle - change from below

66
Q

adolescent peak

A

indicates age graded variation (“like”

67
Q

merger

A

losing phonemes - collapse

68
Q

Garde’s principle

A

mergers are irreversible

69
Q

Herzog’s principle

A

mergers spread unidirectionally

70
Q

Near-merger

A

makes distinction when speaking but doesn’t recognize it

71
Q

phonemic split

A

add rule, raise or lower in certain contexts (spider/spuider)

72
Q

gradient change

A

movement through vowel space

73
Q

chain shift

A

shift in vowel space created by either merger or phonemic split

74
Q

SES

A

defined by income, occupation, education

75
Q

social stratification

A

grouping by SES - patterns observed

76
Q

register

A

variety of language used for particular purpose socially

77
Q

stable variation

A

variability that is not changing in population over time

78
Q

stigmatization

A

negative social evaluation

79
Q

overt prestige

A

sounds higher class

80
Q

covert prestige

A

conveys unpretentiousness, has value in certain social situations

81
Q

hypercorrection

A

over-application of perceived rule of language usage

82
Q

cross-over pattern

A

exhibited by 2nd highest class people overcorrecting, using the highest amount of formal variants vs 1st and 3rd highest classes

83
Q

linguistic marketplace

A

where linguistic exchanges happen

84
Q

change from above

A

socially motivated, pressure to adopt prestige form

85
Q

change from below

A

changes unnoticed, below level of social awareness

86
Q

monotonic pattern

A

straight line - highest SEC borrow most prestige forms - exhibited by Labov rapid and anonymous study and found social stratification

87
Q

Rapid and anonymous

A

like Labov dept store survey, done in public without subjects knowing they are being studied

88
Q

curvilinear pattern

A

tendency of linguistic change from below to originate from members of central/lower classes

89
Q

communication density

A

leaders in linguistic change members of middle class - explains curvilinear pattern

90
Q

Labov’s three generalizations 1.

A
  1. women show lower rate of stigmatized variants and higher rate of prestige variants
91
Q

Labov’s three generalizations 1a

A

change from above women adopt prestige forms at higher rate than men

92
Q

Labov’s three generalizations II

A

change from below - women use higher frequencies of innovative forms than men do

93
Q

style shifting

A

how particular speaker speaks differently under different circumstances

94
Q

attention to speech

A

higher attention = more formal speech

95
Q

contextual styles

A

vary in attention (minimal pairs, reading, casual)

96
Q

orderly heterogeneity

A

lower class individuals exhibit more style shifting

97
Q

indicator

A

shows social pattern but no attention

98
Q

marker

A

marks cultural level

99
Q

stereotype

A

variety people attentive of - wooder

100
Q

audience design

A

person being addressed has everything to do with speaker choices

Sociolinguistics (2 decks)

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