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CMMB 343 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Storage Compounds

A
  1. Carbon/Energy storage polymers
  2. Polyphosphate granules
    - inorganic phosphate storage
  3. Sulfur Globules
    - elemental sulfur in periplasm
  4. Carbonate Materials
    - biomineralization of barium, strontium and magnesium
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2
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

Migration/movement of cells at magnetic field lines

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3
Q

Gas Vesicles

A

Buoyancy regulators in soma planktonic bacteria
- allows them to position themselves that best suit their
metabolism
- made of protein
- hollow and rigid
- conical shape
- impermeable to water / Permeable to gases
- optimal for photosynthesis

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4
Q

Nitrification

A

The oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to Nitrate (NO3-)

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5
Q

Annamoxosome

A
  • forms this to contain hydrazine
  • intracytoplasmic compartment
  • performs anaerobic ammonium oxidation
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6
Q

Endospores

A
  • highly differentiated cells (resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation)
  • Dormant stage of bacterial life cycle
  • only in G+
  • only happens when growth becomes limited
  • sporulation (don’t do this if they are actively growing - sporulate when growth ceases due to an exhaustion of one nutrient)
  • function as survival structures
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7
Q

3 Protein Bound Compartments

A
  1. Carboxysomes
    - special structures that house certain cycle enzymes
    - little compartments are packed with RUBISCO
  2. Chlorosomes
    - allows growth at low light
  3. Gas Vesicles
    - buoyancy regulators
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8
Q

CAPSULE VS SLIME LAYER

A

Capsule
- tight

SLIME
- Loosely attached

Either has polysaccharides or proteins

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9
Q

Surface Polysaccharides

A

assist in microorganism attachment to solid surfaces

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10
Q

Surface Layer Functions

A
  • Acting as virulence factors

- Preventing dehydration

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11
Q

Fimbrae

A 
Thin
Filamentous
2-10nm (diameter)
A lot on a cell surface
Can help form pellicles or biofilms
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12
Q

Pili

A

Less than fimbrae
All G- have this
Many G+ can have
Can be a receptor for certain viruses

2 IMPORTANT

  1. Conjugation/Sex Pili
  2. Type IV
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13
Q

Conjugation / Sex Pili

A
  • exchanging genetic material via conjugation
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14
Q

Type IV Pili

A
  • adhere to host tissue

- support twitching motility

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15
Q

Magnetosomes

A
  • magnetic dipoles on the cells (orients magnetic field)

- Biomineralized particles of the magnetic iron oxides magnetite

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16
Q

What is the hypothesized function of Magnetosomes?

A

They guide the aquatic cells downwards towards the sediments where O2 is limited
(with the direction of earths magnetic field)

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17
Q

Endospores (3 Steps)

A
  1. ACTIVATION
    - When endospores are heated @ sublethal temp
  2. GERMINATION
    - rapid ; loss of refractility; resistance to heat, chemicals
  3. OUTGROWTH
    - visible swelling (water intake)
    - synthesis
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18
Q

What is used to stain an endospore cell?

A

Malachite Green

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19
Q

What is the outermost layer of an endospore?

A

Exosporium

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20
Q

What family is peptidoglycan found in?

A

Bacteria ONLY

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21
Q

Instead of peptidoglycan in Archae, what is present?

A

Psuedomurein

S-Layer

22
Q

Psuedomurein

A
  • polysaccharide
  • structurally similar to peptidoglycan
  • differs in glycosidic bonds
  • immune to lysosome and penicillin
  • common in methane producing archaea (methanogens)
23
Q

S-Layers

A
  • Proteins / glycoproteins
  • paracrystalline structure
  • strong
  • outermost wall layer
  • acts like a seive
  • retains proteins in cytoplasm + periplasm (forms a psuedo-periplasmic space)
24
Q

Signal Transduction Systems: 2 Components Regulatory System

List

A
  1. Sensor Kinase

2. Response Regulator

25
Q

2 Component Regulatory System

A
  1. SENSOR KINASE
    - in cytoplasmic membrane
    - detects signal
    - autophosphorylation (phosphoryl group transferred to second component [RR])
  2. RESPONSE REGULATOR
    - in cytoplasm
    - DNA binding protein
    - regulates transcription
    - the phosphorylated form bound to DNA
    - slowly releases phosphate –> resets
26
Q

What linkages are used in Archaea VS Eukaryotes/Bacteria

A

ARCHAEA = Ether linkages

EUKARYA/BACTERIA = Ester linkages

27
Q

What benefit with ether linkages

A
  • better in acidic + thermophilic

- more resistant in hydrolytic cleavage`

28
Q

Flagellum VS Archaellum

A

FLAGELLUM

  • bacteria
  • 15-20nm wide
  • long/thin
  • free at one end + anchored at other
  • driven by PMF
  • helical
  • composed of protein flagellin
  • found on rod / curved bacteria

ARCHAELLUM

  • Archaea
  • similar to type IV
  • capable of rotation
  • smaller
  • driven by hydrolysis of ATP
  • evolved separately
29
Q

Polar Flagellaton

A
  • attached to one or both ends
    (if both = amphitrichous)
  • rapid
30
Q

Peritrichous Flagellation

A
  • around cell surface

- move in slow straight line

31
Q

Flagellin

A

Protein that composes Flagellum

32
Q

Flagellum Motor

A

2 parts

  1. Rotor (MOT proteins)
  2. Stator (C+MS rings)

these make the flagellum body

33
Q

Where are the rings located on a G- Flagellum

A

Outer Ring = L-ring
Peptidoglycan (2) = P-Ring
Cytoplasmic Mem + Mem = MS + C Rings

34
Q

Where are the rings located on a G+ Flagellum

A

Because there is no outermembrane there is no L Ring

35
Q

MOT proteins

A

Cause basal body to rotate

36
Q

Gliding Motility

A
  • slower / smoother
  • happens on long axis
  • requires contact with solid surface
  • glide away from colony
  • NO gliding archaea
  • important in cell-to-cell interactions
37
Q

4 types of motility

A
  • swimming via flagellar rotation
  • gas vesicles that allow vertical movement
  • gliding motility
  • twitching motility using pili
38
Q

Formation of Flagella

A
  1. Basal structure formed
  2. Filament grows from tip (not base)
  3. Flagellum moves up through the hollow core and attached to the terminal end via self-assembly
39
Q

Chemotaxis

A

response of a cell to a chemical gradient

Sensory Response System

40
Q

Chemical Gradient Sampling

A
  • while moving cells monitor environment
  • sample chemicals in environment periodically
  • compare those concentrations
  • respond to temporal rather than spatial
    SENSORY TRANSDUCTION
41
Q

Peritrichously VS Polar Flagellated (CHEMOTAXIS)

A

Peritrichously Flagellated

  • runs become longer
  • tumbles less frequent
  • moves up the concentration gradient

Polar Flagellated

  • can fully reverse
  • do not tumble
  • rotation stops –> cells reoriented
42
Q

Phototaxis

A

allows cells to position itself most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis

43
Q

Scotophobotaxis

A

Happens when phototrophic bacteria swim outside illuminated field of view

  • they’ll swim back towards the light
  • likely improves competitive success
44
Q

Peritrichous Flagellar Rotation

A

CCW Rotation - form a rolling bundle
CW Rotation - fly apart and bacteria tumbles
Reorientation - VIA CCW rotation

45
Q

Single Flagellar Rotation

A

CCW Rotation - swims straightforward
CW - swim backwards
Reorientation - via random movement during a pause

46
Q

Low Reynolds Number

A

Friction of water is massive compared to momentum

47
Q

Aerotaxis

A

movements in response to O2 gradient

48
Q

Thermotaxis

A

response to temperature gradiant

49
Q

pH Taxis

A

movement to or away from alkali/acidic environments/gradients

50
Q

MCP

A

Methyl-accepting Chemotaxis Proteins

  • usually at poles of cells
  • indirectly/directly bind to attractants/repellants
  • interact with CheW or CheA

CMMB 343 (5 decks)

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