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CMMB 343 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

1
Q

4 Storage Compounds

A
  1. Carbon/Energy storage polymers
  2. Polyphosphate granules
    - inorganic phosphate storage
  3. Sulfur Globules
    - elemental sulfur in periplasm
  4. Carbonate Materials
    - biomineralization of barium, strontium and magnesium
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2
Q

Magnetotaxis

A

Migration/movement of cells at magnetic field lines

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3
Q

Gas Vesicles

A

Buoyancy regulators in soma planktonic bacteria
- allows them to position themselves that best suit their
metabolism
- made of protein
- hollow and rigid
- conical shape
- impermeable to water / Permeable to gases
- optimal for photosynthesis

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4
Q

Nitrification

A

The oxidation of ammonia (NH3) to Nitrate (NO3-)

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5
Q

Annamoxosome

A
  • forms this to contain hydrazine
  • intracytoplasmic compartment
  • performs anaerobic ammonium oxidation
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6
Q

Endospores

A
  • highly differentiated cells (resistant to heat, harsh chemicals, and radiation)
  • Dormant stage of bacterial life cycle
  • only in G+
  • only happens when growth becomes limited
  • sporulation (don’t do this if they are actively growing - sporulate when growth ceases due to an exhaustion of one nutrient)
  • function as survival structures
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7
Q

3 Protein Bound Compartments

A
  1. Carboxysomes
    - special structures that house certain cycle enzymes
    - little compartments are packed with RUBISCO
  2. Chlorosomes
    - allows growth at low light
  3. Gas Vesicles
    - buoyancy regulators
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8
Q

CAPSULE VS SLIME LAYER

A

Capsule
- tight

SLIME
- Loosely attached

Either has polysaccharides or proteins

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9
Q

Surface Polysaccharides

A

assist in microorganism attachment to solid surfaces

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10
Q

Surface Layer Functions

A
  • Acting as virulence factors

- Preventing dehydration

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11
Q

Fimbrae

A 
Thin
Filamentous
2-10nm (diameter)
A lot on a cell surface
Can help form pellicles or biofilms
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12
Q

Pili

A

Less than fimbrae
All G- have this
Many G+ can have
Can be a receptor for certain viruses

2 IMPORTANT

  1. Conjugation/Sex Pili
  2. Type IV
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13
Q

Conjugation / Sex Pili

A
  • exchanging genetic material via conjugation
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14
Q

Type IV Pili

A
  • adhere to host tissue

- support twitching motility

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15
Q

Magnetosomes

A
  • magnetic dipoles on the cells (orients magnetic field)

- Biomineralized particles of the magnetic iron oxides magnetite

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16
Q

What is the hypothesized function of Magnetosomes?

A

They guide the aquatic cells downwards towards the sediments where O2 is limited
(with the direction of earths magnetic field)

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17
Q

Endospores (3 Steps)

A
  1. ACTIVATION
    - When endospores are heated @ sublethal temp
  2. GERMINATION
    - rapid ; loss of refractility; resistance to heat, chemicals
  3. OUTGROWTH
    - visible swelling (water intake)
    - synthesis
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18
Q

What is used to stain an endospore cell?

A

Malachite Green

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19
Q

What is the outermost layer of an endospore?

A

Exosporium

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20
Q

What family is peptidoglycan found in?

A

Bacteria ONLY

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21
Q

Instead of peptidoglycan in Archae, what is present?

A

Psuedomurein

S-Layer

22
Q

Psuedomurein

A
  • polysaccharide
  • structurally similar to peptidoglycan
  • differs in glycosidic bonds
  • immune to lysosome and penicillin
  • common in methane producing archaea (methanogens)
23
Q

S-Layers

A
  • Proteins / glycoproteins
  • paracrystalline structure
  • strong
  • outermost wall layer
  • acts like a seive
  • retains proteins in cytoplasm + periplasm (forms a psuedo-periplasmic space)
24
Q

Signal Transduction Systems: 2 Components Regulatory System

List

A
  1. Sensor Kinase

2. Response Regulator

25
2 Component Regulatory System
1. SENSOR KINASE - in cytoplasmic membrane - detects signal - autophosphorylation (phosphoryl group transferred to second component [RR]) 2. RESPONSE REGULATOR - in cytoplasm - DNA binding protein - regulates transcription - the phosphorylated form bound to DNA - slowly releases phosphate --> resets
26
What linkages are used in Archaea VS Eukaryotes/Bacteria
ARCHAEA = Ether linkages EUKARYA/BACTERIA = Ester linkages
27
What benefit with ether linkages
- better in acidic + thermophilic | - more resistant in hydrolytic cleavage`
28
Flagellum VS Archaellum
FLAGELLUM - bacteria - 15-20nm wide - long/thin - free at one end + anchored at other - driven by PMF - helical - composed of protein flagellin - found on rod / curved bacteria ARCHAELLUM - Archaea - similar to type IV - capable of rotation - smaller - driven by hydrolysis of ATP - evolved separately
29
Polar Flagellaton
- attached to one or both ends (if both = amphitrichous) - rapid
30
Peritrichous Flagellation
- around cell surface | - move in slow straight line
31
Flagellin
Protein that composes Flagellum
32
Flagellum Motor
2 parts 1. Rotor (MOT proteins) 2. Stator (C+MS rings) these make the flagellum body
33
Where are the rings located on a G- Flagellum
Outer Ring = L-ring Peptidoglycan (2) = P-Ring Cytoplasmic Mem + Mem = MS + C Rings
34
Where are the rings located on a G+ Flagellum
Because there is no outermembrane there is no L Ring
35
MOT proteins
Cause basal body to rotate
36
Gliding Motility
- slower / smoother - happens on long axis - requires contact with solid surface - glide away from colony - NO gliding archaea - important in cell-to-cell interactions
37
4 types of motility
- swimming via flagellar rotation - gas vesicles that allow vertical movement - gliding motility - twitching motility using pili
38
Formation of Flagella
1. Basal structure formed 2. Filament grows from tip (not base) 3. Flagellum moves up through the hollow core and attached to the terminal end via self-assembly
39
Chemotaxis
response of a cell to a chemical gradient Sensory Response System
40
Chemical Gradient Sampling
- while moving cells monitor environment - sample chemicals in environment periodically - compare those concentrations - respond to temporal rather than spatial SENSORY TRANSDUCTION
41
Peritrichously VS Polar Flagellated (CHEMOTAXIS)
Peritrichously Flagellated - runs become longer - tumbles less frequent - moves up the concentration gradient Polar Flagellated - can fully reverse - do not tumble - rotation stops --> cells reoriented
42
Phototaxis
allows cells to position itself most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis
43
Scotophobotaxis
Happens when phototrophic bacteria swim outside illuminated field of view - they'll swim back towards the light - likely improves competitive success
44
Peritrichous Flagellar Rotation
CCW Rotation - form a rolling bundle CW Rotation - fly apart and bacteria tumbles Reorientation - VIA CCW rotation
45
Single Flagellar Rotation
CCW Rotation - swims straightforward CW - swim backwards Reorientation - via random movement during a pause
46
Low Reynolds Number
Friction of water is massive compared to momentum
47
Aerotaxis
movements in response to O2 gradient
48
Thermotaxis
response to temperature gradiant
49
pH Taxis
movement to or away from alkali/acidic environments/gradients
50
MCP
Methyl-accepting Chemotaxis Proteins - usually at poles of cells - indirectly/directly bind to attractants/repellants - interact with CheW or CheA

CMMB 343 (5 decks)

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