Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CMMB 343 > Final Exam 1 > Flashcards

Final Exam 1 Flashcards

Dunfield Portion

1
Q

FIRST and MOST Numerous organisms on earth?

A

Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Fermentation

Quick Definition

A

Supplying glucose to microorganisms and being able to utilize it in the absence of oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Louis Pasteur

A
  • discovered alcoholic fermentation was a biologically mediated process
  • disproved spontaneous generation theory
  • developed vaccines for: Anthrax, cholera, rabies
  • processes that were thought to be solely chemical are microbial
  • Pasteurization technique
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. Suspected pathogen present in all cases and absent in healthy animals
  2. Obtained/grown pure culture of suspected pathogen
  3. Cells from pure culture put into healthy animal
  4. Suspected pathogen re-isolated and shown to be same as original
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Pasteurization Technique

A
  • bend neck of bottle
  • prevents from contamination of air particles
  • sterilize by heating
  • tilting: allows contact with dust
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of energy source is nitrogen fixation?

A

Lithotrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Sergei Winogradsky

A
  • father of environmental biology
  • specific bacteria linked with certain biogeochemical transformations
  • Winogradsky column
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two carbon sources?

A

Heterotrophy: Organic C
Autotrophy: Inorganic C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain Winogradsky Column

A
  • more sulfide using bacteria at the bottom
  • more aerobic/light using at the top
  • 7 layers of bacteria (top -> down):
    Cyanobacteria
    Heterotrophic Bacteria
    Iron Oxidizing Bacteria
    Purple Non-Sulfer Bacteria
    Purple Sulfer Bacteria
    Green Sulfer Bacteria
    Surface Reducing Bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4 Ways of Looking at Microbial Diversity

A
  1. Morphological Diversity
    - cell shape + membrane structure
  2. Metabolic Diversity
    - physiological processes (how do they obtain carbon and energy)
  3. Genomic Diversity
  4. Evolutionary Diversity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 Groups based on cell shapes

A

Sphaerobacteria - Spheres
Microbacteria - Rod
Desmobacteria - Filamentous
Spirobacteria - Spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is the father of taxonomy

A

Ferdinand Cohn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the GOLD STANDARD for species definition

A

DNA - DNA Hybridization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is DDH

A
  • DNA-DNA Hybridization
  • DDH value of 70% = arbitrary number
  • DDH > 70% same species and will have 16s rRNA > 98%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would the DDH Value be if two species are evolutionary neighbors?

A

Less that 70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain how phylogenetic trees are constructed

A
  1. Sequence equivalent genes using PCR
  2. Align homologous sequences
  3. Distance method
    - put into distance matrix
    - compare mutations
    - count mutations
    * can only compare two at a time
  4. Use matrix to create a tree that represents evolutionary history
    - the lower the difference value = the more closely related
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 3 distinct lineages (i.e. domains)?

A

Eukarya (eukaryotic)
Archaea (prokaryotic)
Bacteria (prokaryotic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is Polyphasic Approach?

A
  • A way to define species
  • requires description of
    1. Morphology
    2. Metabolic
    3. Genomic
    4. Phylogenetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is Endosymbiosis

A
  • mitochondria & chloroplasts came about by being engulfed by eukaryotes
  • mitochondria was thought to look like a microbe
  • chloroplast was thought to look like cyanobacteria
  • suggests eukaryotic cells are chimeric
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Through endosymbiosis, eukaryotes got what functions/components that were similar to what organism?

A
  • lipids and energy metabolism similar to bacteria

- transcription and translation that is similar to archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are rRNAs good candidates for phylogenetic analysis?

A
  1. Universal
  2. They are functionally constant
  3. They are highly conserved
  4. Adequate in length
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How are viruses different from Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya?

A
  • They don’t have cytoplasm, cell, ribosomes
  • they are obligate parasites
  • can only replicate in the cytoplasm of a host cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is catabolism?

A

“Catabolic Reactions”

- biogeochemical reactions leading to energy conservation (usually as ATP) by the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 phyla of Bacteria

A
  1. Proteobacteria
  2. Actinobacteria
  3. Firmicutes
  4. Bacteroidetes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Explain Proteobacteria

A
  • 1 of 4 Phylas of bacteria
  • 40% of all cultured species
  • most abundant and diverse
  • divided into six classes:
    Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma Epsilon, Zelta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cyanobacteria

A
  • caused the great oxygenation event
  • ancestor of chloroplast
  • evident as stromatolites
27
Q

Enrichment Culture Technique

A

Isolating organisms by using highly selective media and certain incubation techniques

28
Q

What are the different energy sources?

A

Chemotrophs (chemoorganotrophs + chemolithotrophs)

Phototrophy

29
Q

What is the difference between species richness and species abundance

A

SPECIES RICHNESS
- total number of different species present

SPECIES ABUNDANCE
- Proportion of each species

30
Q

How can a “bloom” occur?

A

With high species abundance and low species richness

31
Q

What is a Microbial Habitat?

A
  • almost everything

- constrained with physical limits: pH, temp, water activity

32
Q

Define GUILD

A
  • metabolically similar organisms that exploit the same resources
  • having multiple guilds forms a microbial community
33
Q

Define NICHE

A
  • habitats that are shared by guilds / supplies what is required for growth
34
Q

What are the forms of energy that come into a system

A
  • light

- chemicals (inorganic + organic)

35
Q

What is the difference between microbial population and microbial community

A

Microbial population - might have come from a single cell

Microbial community - is a collection of different populations

36
Q

What is a biogeochemical cycle?

A
  • Transformation of an element that are catalyzed by either biological or chemical means
  • most are oxidaiton-reduction reactions
37
Q

Why are biogeochemical cycles also called nutrient cycles?

A

Microorganisms are sometimes the only biological agent that is capable of creating things that other organisms need

38
Q

What is Biofilms

A

Adhesive matrix (mixture of polysaccharides) that traps nutrients and protects the cells from detachment in a flowing system

39
Q

What is Quorum Sensing

A
  • sensing + responding to population density
  • important in biofilms
  • more signalling molecules produce = more signalling - turning on homoserine molecules
40
Q

Why are biofilms formed?

A
  • Self-defense
  • staying in favourable niche
  • close association with one another
41
Q

What are Microbial Mats

A
  • Very thick biofilms
  • can be phototrophic or chemolithotrophic bacteria
  • usually in extreme environments
  • usually in low predation/grazing
42
Q

What is soil composed of?

A

Inorganic Mineral Matter (~40%)
Organic Matter (~5%)
Water and Air (~50%)
Living organisms

43
Q

What the different layers in the soil?

A

O Horizon
- top layer

A Horizon

  • high organic layer
  • microbial life

B Horizon

  • inorganic
  • root penetrating

D Horizon
- soil base/sediment

44
Q

What is the Rhizosphere

A

Around the plant roots where organic matter and microbial life is high

45
Q

What is Phylotype

A

Species defined with 16S rRNA sequence. There is a <3% chance that it differs from all other sequences

3% underestimates species diversity

46
Q

What is the ‘Great Plate Count Anomaly’

A
  • hard to cultivate all bacteria
  • some have special metabolic requirements
  • some grow more abundantly that overwhelm the system
  • might be dormant
  • might not be able to grown on agar
47
Q

Most primary productivity in the oceans due to photosynthesis is:

A

Cyanobacteria

48
Q

Prochlorococcus

A
  • Accounts for 40% of all marine biomass

- Accounts for ~50% of all marine net production

49
Q

What is Oligo-

A

Organisms that grow in environments where nutrients are extremely rare

50
Q

What is the most abundant marine heterotroph

A

Peligabacter

51
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

Organisms that can survive in environments that are considered outside the “normal”

52
Q

What is cardinal temperature?

A

the minimum, maximum, and optimum temperature in which an organism grows

53
Q

What happens when an organism reaches its maximum temperature?

A
  • the proteins start to denature
  • collapse of the cytoplasmic membrane
  • thermal lysis
54
Q

What are the temperature classes of microorganisms?

A

Psychrophile - < 15
Mesophile - 15-60
Thermophile - 60-80
Hyperthermophile - > 80

55
Q

What is the temperature limit for bacteria?

A

95 degrees

56
Q

What is the temperature limit for organotrophs?

A

Less than 95 degrees

57
Q

What is the temperature limit for phototrophs?

A

73 degrees

58
Q

What is the organism that can survive at the highest temperature possibly known (temperature and organism)?

A

Methanopyrus Kandlerii

122 degrees

59
Q

Eukarya cannot grow above what temperature?

A

62 degrees Celsius

60
Q

Hyperthermophiles

A

Above 80

  • almost all are hydrogen or sulfer metabolisers
  • no hyperthermic bacteria
61
Q

What temperature does photosynthesis stop at?

A

73 degrees celsius

62
Q

What is the temperature limit for Archaea

A

122 degrees (possibly 150)

63
Q

What are the primary energy sources at higher temperatures?

A

Hydrogen and Sulfide

64
Q

What are hydrothermal vents

A
  • spill out reduced sulfur and iron
  • become the main energy source
  • hyperthermophiles and thermophiles
  • usually has chemolithotrophic prokaryotes
  • it is a chemosynthetic system that does not rely on light

CMMB 343 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions