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PSYCH SCIENCE APPLIED > MIDTERM #2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM #2 Flashcards

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1
Q

The central nervous system consists of the _________ and the _________.

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _________ and the _______ nervous systems.

A

autonomic, somatic

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3
Q

The function of the autonomic nervous system is coordinating __________ body movements.

A

involuntary

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4
Q

The function of the somatic nervous system is coordinating ____________ body movements.

A

voluntary

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5
Q

The ____________ nervous system initiates the fight-or-flight response.

A

sympathetic

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6
Q

The ________ _________ regulates the production of hormones.

A

pituitary gland

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7
Q

Allostasis helps the body _____________.

A

adapt to stress

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8
Q

Allostatic load occurs when ____________.

A

we are exposed to chronic stressors

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9
Q

Stressors can be divided into _______ and _______.

A

daily hassles, life events

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10
Q

True or False: Life events are linked to psychological disorders.

A

True

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11
Q

Primary appraisal is assessing…

A

the threat or challenge from a stressor

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12
Q

People who are neurotic are prone to _______ _______.

A

negative emotions

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13
Q

True or False: Neuroticism causes increased physical symptoms.

A

False

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14
Q

Someone who takes extra time to double-check their work is likely high in ____________.

A

Conscientiousness

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15
Q

True or False: Optimism is one of the big five personality traits

A

False

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16
Q

True or False: Hostility can be easy to reverse with simple lifestyle changes

A

False

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17
Q

Cognitive dissonance is a ________ feeling that arises when one’s ________ is inconsistent with one’s attitude.

A

negative, behavior

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18
Q

According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, _______ and _______ determine the likelihood that a message is systematically processed.

A

motivation, ability

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19
Q

the aggregate of the educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction and the improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.

A

health psychology

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20
Q

Health psychology is 2 things: what are they?

A

1) academic discipline

2) profession

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21
Q

allows us to adapt to changes within our body and environment by using our senses to understand, interpret and respond to internal and external changes.

A

nervous system

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22
Q

What are the 3 components of the nervous system?

A

1) brain
2) spinal cord
3) nerves

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23
Q

What are the 2 distinct parts of the nervous system?

A

1) Central Nervous System

2) Peripheral Nervous System

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24
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of and what is it protected by?

A

consists of brain and spinal cord; protected by bone

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25
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of and what does it do?

A

consists of a network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

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26
Q

What two systems is the Peripheral Nervous System further divided into?

A

1) Somatic Nervous System

2) Autonomic Nervous System

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27
Q

concerned with coordinating the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles

A

Somatic Nervous System

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28
Q

What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

concerned with regulating internal body processes that require no conscious awareness

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29
Q

What 2 divisions can the Autonomic Nervous System further be divided into?

A

1) Sympathetic Division

2) Parasympathetic Division

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30
Q

What are the 4 brain lobes?

A

1) frontal lobe
2) occipital lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) temporal lobe

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31
Q

Where are the 4 brain lobes located?

A

in the cerebrum

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32
Q

Where is the frontal lobe located and what is its function?

A

front of the brain; controls muscle movement, motor skills, and cognitive functions

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33
Q

Where is the occipital lobe located and what is its function?

A

back of the brain; interprets visual stimuli and information

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34
Q

Where is the parietal lobe located and what is its function?

A

middle section of the brain; processes sensations of touch, pain, and pressure

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35
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located and what is its function?

A

bottom section of the brain; interprets auditory information (language)

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36
Q

Where is the brainstem located and what is its function?

A

connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; transports motor and sensory neurons between the brain and the spinal cord to relay signals

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37
Q

Where is the cerebellum located and what is its function?

A

behind the brainstem; helps coordinate muscular activity

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38
Q

What are the main components of a neuron?

A

1) cell body
2) dendrites
3) axon
4) Myelin sheath
5) synapse

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39
Q

What 2 biological systems are activated in response to stress?

A

1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)

2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)

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40
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, the biological response to stress is _________.

A

adaptive

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41
Q

a physiological response to stress leading to the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin to put the body on alert

A

Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)

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42
Q

a physiological response to stress leading to the release of the stress hormone cortisol

A

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)

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43
Q

__________ provides the basis for coping with stress.

A

Appraisal

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44
Q

What are the 2 types of appraisal processes?

A

1) Primary Appraisal

2) Secondary Appraisal

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45
Q

the process of assessing the threat or challenge posed by the stressor

A

Primary Appraisal

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46
Q

the process of assessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor

A

Secondary Appraisal

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47
Q

a range of negative perceptions and reactions experienced when pressure becomes too much

A

stress

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48
Q

What are the 2 broad categories for coping with stress?

A

1) Problem-focused Coping

2) Emotion-focused Coping

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49
Q

involves making plans or taking actions to help change the situation or reduce its impact

A

Problem-focused Coping

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50
Q

Focuses on regulating the individual’s emotions rather than changing the stressful situation

A

Emotion-focused Coping

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51
Q

What is a major source of stress?

A

the workplace

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52
Q

specialize in the application of psychology to protecting and promoting the safety, health and well-being of workers within the work place

A

Occupational Health Psychologists

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53
Q

What two key aspects of work does the Demand-Control model focus on?

A

1) Job Demands

2) Job Control

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54
Q

refers to how challenging a job is, and includes factors such as heavy workload, fast pace of work and conflicting demands

A

Job Demands

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55
Q

refers to the extent to which an employee has a say in decisions about their job and is able to develop their abilities

A

Job Control (also known as job decision latitude)

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56
Q

What are jobs that are high in demand and low in control known as?

A

High-strain Jobs

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57
Q

What are jobs that are low in demand and high in control known as?

A

Low-Strain Jobs

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58
Q

What are jobs that are high in demand and high in control known as?

A

Active Jobs

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59
Q

What are jobs that are low in demand and low in control known as?

A

Passive Jobs

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60
Q
  • Is based on the principle of social exchange, i.e., that individuals in exchange relationships expect reciprocity, and stress occurs if this is not met.
  • Argues that negative health outcomes stem from an imbalance (between the efforts the employee puts in at work and the rewards they receive)
A

Effort-Reward Imbalance Model

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61
Q

Experiencing high efforts and low rewards is known as what in the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model?

A

over-commitment

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62
Q

What are the 5 key dimensions of personality in the Big Five Personality Model?

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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63
Q

the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as distress, anxiety, fear and guilt

A

neuroticism

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64
Q

the ability to control one’s behavior and complete tasks

A

conscientiousness

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65
Q

he expectation that in the future good things will happen to you and bad things will not

A

optimism

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66
Q

Those high in optimism are more likely to avoid ______ _________.

A

high-risk situations

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67
Q

A behavior pattern characterized by competitive drive, aggression, chronic impatience, and a sense of time urgency.

A

Type A Behavior Pattern

68
Q

A negative attitude towards others, consisting of enmity, denigration and ill will

A

hostility

69
Q

an unpleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent or when the person’s behavior is inconsistent with their underlying attitudes

A

cognitive dissonance

70
Q

a shift in a person’s hypothetical construct in one or more of its three components: cognition, affect and behavior

A

attitude change

71
Q

considers the factors that influence the extent to which a message is systematically processed (known as ‘cognitive elaboration’)

A

Elaboration Likelihood Model

72
Q

The likelihood of elaboration is determined by what two factors?

A

1) Motivation to think about the messages

2) Ability to process message

73
Q

What are the two different routes of persuasion?

A

1) Central (or Systematic) Route

2) Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route

74
Q

requires careful and systematic consideration of the message, and so involves significant cognitive effort

A

Central (or Systematic) Rout

75
Q

requires little cognitive effort, and persuasion depends on the presence of peripheral cues rather than the in-depth processing of messages

A

Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route

76
Q
  • the levels of confidence individuals have in their ability to execute courses of action or attain specific performance outcomes
  • a situationally-specific form of self-confidence that can vary from task to task, or even moment to moment
A

self efficacy

77
Q

self-efficacy judgments derive from the cognitive processing of information from what four principle sources?

A

1) Performance accomplishments
2) Vicarious experiences
3) Verbal persuasion
4) Emotional arousal

78
Q

What is the most dependable source of self-efficacy and why?

A

Performance accomplishments because they are based on personal mastery experiences

79
Q

a term used to reflect a person’s overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth

A

self-esteem

80
Q

What are the 2 crucial features of attention?

A

1) the selectivity of attention

2) the ‘mental effort’ required to maintain alertness for prolonged periods

81
Q

What underpins effective decision-making?

A

The ability of individuals to selectively perceive and process information

82
Q

the process by which all thoughts and senses are focused totally upon a selected object or activity to the exclusion of everything else

A

concentration

83
Q

Concentration varies in what?

A

intensity and focus

84
Q

As emotions intensify, concentration tends to ________.

A

narrow

85
Q

Individuals need to be able to _______ ______ _______ to reduce the risk of poor decision-making.

A

control their emotions

86
Q

a dynamic process reflected in the ‘tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of instrumental objectives and/or the satisfaction of member affective needs’

A

cohesion

87
Q

the desire of group members to complete a given task

A

task cohesion

88
Q

the desire to develop and maintain social bonds between team members

A

social cohesion

89
Q

the ability to perceive, monitor, employ, and manage emotions within oneself and in others

A

Emotional Intelligence (EI)

90
Q

Emotional intelligence is associated with frequent use of ____________ _______.

A

psychological skills

91
Q

What are 3 strategies found to be used by athletes both during training and while competing to control emotions?

A

1) Imagery
2) Self-talk
3) Goal setting

92
Q

a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others

A

trait anxiety

93
Q

an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers

A

state anxiety

94
Q

What outcomes has trait anxiety been used to predict?

A

burnout and sports injury

95
Q

Trait anxiety is associated with what?

A

narrowing of attention

96
Q

includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.

A

mental health

97
Q

What is the most common mental illness in the U.S.?

A

anxiety

98
Q

typified by a constant chronic non-specific worry and anxiety

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

99
Q

Evidence suggests that individuals with GAD are in a state of ________ ______________.

A

constant hypervigilance

100
Q

GAD sufferers strongly believe that worrying protects them from ____________ ____________.

A

negative outcomes

101
Q

intrusive and recurring thoughts

A

obsessions

102
Q

An individual with OCD may find thoughts such as obsessions ___________ and _____________.

A

disturbing, uncontrollable

103
Q

What kind of people are more likely to feel responsible for having “bad thoughts”, fear the consequences of these thoughts and have inflated thoughts about their own role in preventing harm?

A

individuals with OCD

104
Q

What are 4 psychological features of GAD sufferers?

A

1) intolerant of uncertainty
2) High on perfectionism
3) Feel responsible for negative outcomes
4) Poor problem-solving confidence

105
Q

what are 3 symptoms of OCD sufferers?

A

1) fear of contamination
2) causing harm to others
3) expressing an unacceptable sexual, aggressive or immoral impulse

106
Q

Most likely GAD sufferers are not “_____ _________”

A

born worriers

107
Q

Those with GAD are ]more likely to allocate attention to ___________ _______ and _________.

A

threatening stimuli, information

108
Q

What are some symptoms of depression?

A
  • Frequent crying and overwhelming sadness
  • Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
  • Excessive sleeping or the inability to sleep
  • Anxiety
  • Anger
  • Difficulty enjoying previously-enjoyed activities
  • Unexplained physical ailments such as headaches or muscle pain
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Changes in weight or eating habits
  • Thoughts of suicide
109
Q

a theory introducing the idea that depression could be caused by biases in ways of thinking and processing information

A

Beck’s cognitive theory

110
Q

What 3 things do those with depression have negative views towards in the negative triad?

A

1) themselves
2) future
3) world

111
Q

a theory of depression that argues that people become depressed following unavoidable negative life events because these events give rise to a way of thinking that makes them learn to become ‘helpless’

A

learned helplessness

112
Q

the argument that people learn to become helpless and hopeless because they explain their behavior and events by attributing them to causes that generate pessimistic thinking

A

attributional theories of depression

113
Q

People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to what 3 factors?

A

1) internal
2) stable
3) global

114
Q

an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no way to change this

A

hopelessness

115
Q

The hopelessness theory differs from basic attributional accounts by predicting that other factors, such as ____ _________, may also be involved as vulnerability factors.

A

low self-esteem

116
Q

True or False: Self-efficacy has a negative correlation with sports performance.

A

False

117
Q

True or False: Contrary to popular sentiment, there is actually little evidence to suggest that moderate exercise is beneficial for adults.

A

False

118
Q

the underlying, relatively stable psychological structure and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s activities and reactions to the environment

A

personality

119
Q

Emotions that are noncompliant with cultural beliefs tend to be __________.

A

suppressed

120
Q

True or False: High-cohesion groups always outperform low-cohesion groups.

A

False

121
Q

As task cohesion decreases, the size of the team tends to _________.

A

increase

122
Q

True or False: Emotional Intelligence (EQ/EI) is unrelated to athletic performance.

A

False

123
Q

True or False: Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.

A

True

124
Q

As of 2015, how many adults in the U.S. experience mental illness in a given year?

A

43.8 million

125
Q

As of 2015, what is the most prevalent mental illness for adults in the U.S.?

A

anxiety

126
Q

What type of disorder is depression?

A

mood disorder

127
Q

Obsessions are _______ and compulsions are ________.

A

intrusive, recurring thoughts; repetitive behaviors

128
Q

What are some symptoms of schizophrenia?

A
  • Disturbances in thought and language, sensory perception, emotion regulation and behavior
  • Sensory hallucinations
  • Thought disorders, which may lead to pervasive false beliefs or delusions about themselves and the world around them
  • Withdrawal from day-to-day activities
129
Q

What type of disorder is schizophrenia?

A

heterogeneous

130
Q

What specific neurotransmitter has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?

A

dopamine

131
Q

The dopamine hypothesis argues that the symptoms of schizophrenia are related to what?

A

excessive dopamine levels

132
Q

What are 2 contributors in families to psychotic symptoms?

A

1) communication deviance (CD)

2) expressed emotion (EE)

133
Q

a general term used to describe communication that is difficult for ordinary listeners to follow and leaves them puzzled and unable to share a focus of attention with the speaker

A

communication deviance (CD)

134
Q
  • a qualitative measure of the ‘amount’ of emotion displayed, typically in the family setting
  • high levels of criticism, hostility and emotional involvement between key members of a family
A

expressed emotion (EE)

135
Q

What are symptoms of autism?

A
  • The child seems withdrawn
  • Failure to develop normal means of communication
  • Disinterest in his or her surroundings
  • Difficulty learning new skills
136
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?

A

1) central

2) peripheral

137
Q

Explain the function of the Somatic nervous system.

A

Coordinates the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles

138
Q

Repeated activation of the stress response system may increase the risk of _____________ through ___________.

A

cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis

139
Q

What kind of job consists of high demand and low control?

A

high-strain

140
Q

what kind of job consists of high demand and high control?

A

active

141
Q

what kind of job consists of low demand and low control?

A

passive

142
Q

what kind of job consists of low demand and high control?

A

low-strain

143
Q

What is the difference between a life event and a daily hassle?

A

life event - a change in a person’s circumstances

daily hassle - a daily happening that causes the repeated habit of the stress response system

144
Q

________ refers to cognitive restructuring so that one sees the stressful situation in a more positive light.

A

Positive reappraisal

145
Q

Who uses the DSM-5?

A

Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and licensed mental health professionals

146
Q

What is the DSM-5 used for?

A

to diagnose mental health disorders

147
Q

The ability of individuals to ________ ______ ___ _______ ________ underpins effective decision-making.

A

selectively perceive and process information

148
Q

Self-esteem is often seen to be one of the most important indicators of __________ ________.

A

psychological well-being

149
Q

True or False: Cognitive Dissonance is defined as “a pleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent.”

A

False

150
Q

Compare and contrast the characteristics of people with high self-esteem and people with low self-esteem.

A

High self-esteem: embrace positive events, disregard negative events, maintaining positive psychological states
Low self-esteem: respond to events in balanced ways - positive events lead to positive psychological states, negative events lead to negative ones

151
Q

What are the five key dimensions of personality according to the Big Five Personality Model?

A 
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
152
Q

Name two characteristics of Type A Behavior.

A
  • Competitive drive
  • aggression
  • chronic impatience
  • sense of time urgency
153
Q

Situational, personal, leadership, and team factors that influence performance and satisfaction

A

group cohesion

154
Q

Allostatic response is maintained when the stressor becomes _______ and is __________.

A

chronic, repeated

155
Q

What are the two factors in an active job?

A

1) high demand

2) high control

156
Q

What are 4 situational factors that influence cohesion?

A

1) Orientation of the competition
2) team size
3) geography
4) task type

157
Q

What is the difference between trait anxiety and state anxiety?

A
  • Trait anxiety is a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others.
  • State anxiety is an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers.
158
Q

What are the 3 components of Beck’s Cognition Theory?

A

Negative views about…

1) the world
2) oneself
3) the future

159
Q

Describe the difference between dysfunction, distress, and deviance.

A
  • Dysfunction: aspects of individual’s life negatively impacted by symptoms
  • Distress: symptoms that upset individual or others
  • Deviance: irrational, violating standards
160
Q

What two factors determine the likelihood of elaboration?

A

1) the motivation to think about the messages

2) the ability to process messages

161
Q

True or False: Performance accomplishments are the most dependable source of self-efficacy.

A

True

162
Q

What are primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?

A
  • Primary: Processing of accessing and the threat or challenge of the stressor
  • Secondary: Process of accessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor
163
Q

What happens to concentration as emotions intensify?

A

it narrows

164
Q

The _________ of a neuron receive the neurotransmitters (messages) from the previous neuron and take them to the cell body.

A

dendrites

165
Q

What are the two biological responses to stress?

A

1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)

2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis (HPA)

166
Q

What are early symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder?

A
  • Child seems withdrawn
  • failure to develop normal means of communication
  • disinterest in his/her surroundings
  • difficulty learning new skills

PSYCH SCIENCE APPLIED (3 decks)

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