MIDTERM #2 Flashcards
The central nervous system consists of the _________ and the _________.
brain, spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the _________ and the _______ nervous systems.
autonomic, somatic
The function of the autonomic nervous system is coordinating __________ body movements.
involuntary
The function of the somatic nervous system is coordinating ____________ body movements.
voluntary
The ____________ nervous system initiates the fight-or-flight response.
sympathetic
The ________ _________ regulates the production of hormones.
pituitary gland
Allostasis helps the body _____________.
adapt to stress
Allostatic load occurs when ____________.
we are exposed to chronic stressors
Stressors can be divided into _______ and _______.
daily hassles, life events
True or False: Life events are linked to psychological disorders.
True
Primary appraisal is assessing…
the threat or challenge from a stressor
People who are neurotic are prone to _______ _______.
negative emotions
True or False: Neuroticism causes increased physical symptoms.
False
Someone who takes extra time to double-check their work is likely high in ____________.
Conscientiousness
True or False: Optimism is one of the big five personality traits
False
True or False: Hostility can be easy to reverse with simple lifestyle changes
False
Cognitive dissonance is a ________ feeling that arises when one’s ________ is inconsistent with one’s attitude.
negative, behavior
According to the Elaboration Likelihood Model, _______ and _______ determine the likelihood that a message is systematically processed.
motivation, ability
the aggregate of the educational, scientific and professional contributions of the discipline of psychology to the promotion and maintenance of health, the prevention and treatment of illness, the identification of etiologic and diagnostic correlates of health, illness and related dysfunction and the improvement of the health care system and health policy formation.
health psychology
Health psychology is 2 things: what are they?
1) academic discipline
2) profession
allows us to adapt to changes within our body and environment by using our senses to understand, interpret and respond to internal and external changes.
nervous system
What are the 3 components of the nervous system?
1) brain
2) spinal cord
3) nerves
What are the 2 distinct parts of the nervous system?
1) Central Nervous System
2) Peripheral Nervous System
What does the central nervous system consist of and what is it protected by?
consists of brain and spinal cord; protected by bone
What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of and what does it do?
consists of a network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
What two systems is the Peripheral Nervous System further divided into?
1) Somatic Nervous System
2) Autonomic Nervous System
concerned with coordinating the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous System
What is the function of the Autonomic Nervous System?
concerned with regulating internal body processes that require no conscious awareness
What 2 divisions can the Autonomic Nervous System further be divided into?
1) Sympathetic Division
2) Parasympathetic Division
What are the 4 brain lobes?
1) frontal lobe
2) occipital lobe
3) parietal lobe
4) temporal lobe
Where are the 4 brain lobes located?
in the cerebrum
Where is the frontal lobe located and what is its function?
front of the brain; controls muscle movement, motor skills, and cognitive functions
Where is the occipital lobe located and what is its function?
back of the brain; interprets visual stimuli and information
Where is the parietal lobe located and what is its function?
middle section of the brain; processes sensations of touch, pain, and pressure
Where is the temporal lobe located and what is its function?
bottom section of the brain; interprets auditory information (language)
Where is the brainstem located and what is its function?
connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord; transports motor and sensory neurons between the brain and the spinal cord to relay signals
Where is the cerebellum located and what is its function?
behind the brainstem; helps coordinate muscular activity
What are the main components of a neuron?
1) cell body
2) dendrites
3) axon
4) Myelin sheath
5) synapse
What 2 biological systems are activated in response to stress?
1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)
From an evolutionary perspective, the biological response to stress is _________.
adaptive
a physiological response to stress leading to the release of adrenalin and noradrenalin to put the body on alert
Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
a physiological response to stress leading to the release of the stress hormone cortisol
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA)
__________ provides the basis for coping with stress.
Appraisal
What are the 2 types of appraisal processes?
1) Primary Appraisal
2) Secondary Appraisal
the process of assessing the threat or challenge posed by the stressor
Primary Appraisal
the process of assessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor
Secondary Appraisal
a range of negative perceptions and reactions experienced when pressure becomes too much
stress
What are the 2 broad categories for coping with stress?
1) Problem-focused Coping
2) Emotion-focused Coping
involves making plans or taking actions to help change the situation or reduce its impact
Problem-focused Coping
Focuses on regulating the individual’s emotions rather than changing the stressful situation
Emotion-focused Coping
What is a major source of stress?
the workplace
specialize in the application of psychology to protecting and promoting the safety, health and well-being of workers within the work place
Occupational Health Psychologists
What two key aspects of work does the Demand-Control model focus on?
1) Job Demands
2) Job Control
refers to how challenging a job is, and includes factors such as heavy workload, fast pace of work and conflicting demands
Job Demands
refers to the extent to which an employee has a say in decisions about their job and is able to develop their abilities
Job Control (also known as job decision latitude)
What are jobs that are high in demand and low in control known as?
High-strain Jobs
What are jobs that are low in demand and high in control known as?
Low-Strain Jobs
What are jobs that are high in demand and high in control known as?
Active Jobs
What are jobs that are low in demand and low in control known as?
Passive Jobs
- Is based on the principle of social exchange, i.e., that individuals in exchange relationships expect reciprocity, and stress occurs if this is not met.
- Argues that negative health outcomes stem from an imbalance (between the efforts the employee puts in at work and the rewards they receive)
Effort-Reward Imbalance Model
Experiencing high efforts and low rewards is known as what in the Effort-Reward Imbalance Model?
over-commitment
What are the 5 key dimensions of personality in the Big Five Personality Model?
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
the tendency to experience negative emotions, such as distress, anxiety, fear and guilt
neuroticism
the ability to control one’s behavior and complete tasks
conscientiousness
he expectation that in the future good things will happen to you and bad things will not
optimism
Those high in optimism are more likely to avoid ______ _________.
high-risk situations
A behavior pattern characterized by competitive drive, aggression, chronic impatience, and a sense of time urgency.
Type A Behavior Pattern
A negative attitude towards others, consisting of enmity, denigration and ill will
hostility
an unpleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent or when the person’s behavior is inconsistent with their underlying attitudes
cognitive dissonance
a shift in a person’s hypothetical construct in one or more of its three components: cognition, affect and behavior
attitude change
considers the factors that influence the extent to which a message is systematically processed (known as ‘cognitive elaboration’)
Elaboration Likelihood Model
The likelihood of elaboration is determined by what two factors?
1) Motivation to think about the messages
2) Ability to process message
What are the two different routes of persuasion?
1) Central (or Systematic) Route
2) Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route
requires careful and systematic consideration of the message, and so involves significant cognitive effort
Central (or Systematic) Rout
requires little cognitive effort, and persuasion depends on the presence of peripheral cues rather than the in-depth processing of messages
Peripheral (or Heuristic) Route
- the levels of confidence individuals have in their ability to execute courses of action or attain specific performance outcomes
- a situationally-specific form of self-confidence that can vary from task to task, or even moment to moment
self efficacy
self-efficacy judgments derive from the cognitive processing of information from what four principle sources?
1) Performance accomplishments
2) Vicarious experiences
3) Verbal persuasion
4) Emotional arousal
What is the most dependable source of self-efficacy and why?
Performance accomplishments because they are based on personal mastery experiences
a term used to reflect a person’s overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own worth
self-esteem
What are the 2 crucial features of attention?
1) the selectivity of attention
2) the ‘mental effort’ required to maintain alertness for prolonged periods
What underpins effective decision-making?
The ability of individuals to selectively perceive and process information
the process by which all thoughts and senses are focused totally upon a selected object or activity to the exclusion of everything else
concentration
Concentration varies in what?
intensity and focus
As emotions intensify, concentration tends to ________.
narrow
Individuals need to be able to _______ ______ _______ to reduce the risk of poor decision-making.
control their emotions
a dynamic process reflected in the ‘tendency for a group to stick together and remain united in the pursuit of instrumental objectives and/or the satisfaction of member affective needs’
cohesion
the desire of group members to complete a given task
task cohesion
the desire to develop and maintain social bonds between team members
social cohesion
the ability to perceive, monitor, employ, and manage emotions within oneself and in others
Emotional Intelligence (EI)
Emotional intelligence is associated with frequent use of ____________ _______.
psychological skills
What are 3 strategies found to be used by athletes both during training and while competing to control emotions?
1) Imagery
2) Self-talk
3) Goal setting
a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others
trait anxiety
an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers
state anxiety
What outcomes has trait anxiety been used to predict?
burnout and sports injury
Trait anxiety is associated with what?
narrowing of attention
includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices.
mental health
What is the most common mental illness in the U.S.?
anxiety
typified by a constant chronic non-specific worry and anxiety
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Evidence suggests that individuals with GAD are in a state of ________ ______________.
constant hypervigilance
GAD sufferers strongly believe that worrying protects them from ____________ ____________.
negative outcomes
intrusive and recurring thoughts
obsessions
An individual with OCD may find thoughts such as obsessions ___________ and _____________.
disturbing, uncontrollable
What kind of people are more likely to feel responsible for having “bad thoughts”, fear the consequences of these thoughts and have inflated thoughts about their own role in preventing harm?
individuals with OCD
What are 4 psychological features of GAD sufferers?
1) intolerant of uncertainty
2) High on perfectionism
3) Feel responsible for negative outcomes
4) Poor problem-solving confidence
what are 3 symptoms of OCD sufferers?
1) fear of contamination
2) causing harm to others
3) expressing an unacceptable sexual, aggressive or immoral impulse
Most likely GAD sufferers are not “_____ _________”
born worriers
Those with GAD are ]more likely to allocate attention to ___________ _______ and _________.
threatening stimuli, information
What are some symptoms of depression?
- Frequent crying and overwhelming sadness
- Feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness
- Excessive sleeping or the inability to sleep
- Anxiety
- Anger
- Difficulty enjoying previously-enjoyed activities
- Unexplained physical ailments such as headaches or muscle pain
- Difficulty concentrating
- Changes in weight or eating habits
- Thoughts of suicide
a theory introducing the idea that depression could be caused by biases in ways of thinking and processing information
Beck’s cognitive theory
What 3 things do those with depression have negative views towards in the negative triad?
1) themselves
2) future
3) world
a theory of depression that argues that people become depressed following unavoidable negative life events because these events give rise to a way of thinking that makes them learn to become ‘helpless’
learned helplessness
the argument that people learn to become helpless and hopeless because they explain their behavior and events by attributing them to causes that generate pessimistic thinking
attributional theories of depression
People who are likely to become depressed attribute negative life events to what 3 factors?
1) internal
2) stable
3) global
an expectation that positive outcomes will not occur, negative outcomes will occur, and that the individual has no way to change this
hopelessness
The hopelessness theory differs from basic attributional accounts by predicting that other factors, such as ____ _________, may also be involved as vulnerability factors.
low self-esteem
True or False: Self-efficacy has a negative correlation with sports performance.
False
True or False: Contrary to popular sentiment, there is actually little evidence to suggest that moderate exercise is beneficial for adults.
False
the underlying, relatively stable psychological structure and processes that organize human experience and shape a person’s activities and reactions to the environment
personality
Emotions that are noncompliant with cultural beliefs tend to be __________.
suppressed
True or False: High-cohesion groups always outperform low-cohesion groups.
False
As task cohesion decreases, the size of the team tends to _________.
increase
True or False: Emotional Intelligence (EQ/EI) is unrelated to athletic performance.
False
True or False: Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being.
True
As of 2015, how many adults in the U.S. experience mental illness in a given year?
43.8 million
As of 2015, what is the most prevalent mental illness for adults in the U.S.?
anxiety
What type of disorder is depression?
mood disorder
Obsessions are _______ and compulsions are ________.
intrusive, recurring thoughts; repetitive behaviors
What are some symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Disturbances in thought and language, sensory perception, emotion regulation and behavior
- Sensory hallucinations
- Thought disorders, which may lead to pervasive false beliefs or delusions about themselves and the world around them
- Withdrawal from day-to-day activities
What type of disorder is schizophrenia?
heterogeneous
What specific neurotransmitter has been implicated in the development of schizophrenia?
dopamine
The dopamine hypothesis argues that the symptoms of schizophrenia are related to what?
excessive dopamine levels
What are 2 contributors in families to psychotic symptoms?
1) communication deviance (CD)
2) expressed emotion (EE)
a general term used to describe communication that is difficult for ordinary listeners to follow and leaves them puzzled and unable to share a focus of attention with the speaker
communication deviance (CD)
- a qualitative measure of the ‘amount’ of emotion displayed, typically in the family setting
- high levels of criticism, hostility and emotional involvement between key members of a family
expressed emotion (EE)
What are symptoms of autism?
- The child seems withdrawn
- Failure to develop normal means of communication
- Disinterest in his or her surroundings
- Difficulty learning new skills
What are the 2 parts of the nervous system?
1) central
2) peripheral
Explain the function of the Somatic nervous system.
Coordinates the ‘voluntary’ body movements controlled by the skeletal muscles
Repeated activation of the stress response system may increase the risk of _____________ through ___________.
cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis
What kind of job consists of high demand and low control?
high-strain
what kind of job consists of high demand and high control?
active
what kind of job consists of low demand and low control?
passive
what kind of job consists of low demand and high control?
low-strain
What is the difference between a life event and a daily hassle?
life event - a change in a person’s circumstances
daily hassle - a daily happening that causes the repeated habit of the stress response system
________ refers to cognitive restructuring so that one sees the stressful situation in a more positive light.
Positive reappraisal
Who uses the DSM-5?
Clinical psychologists, psychiatrists, and licensed mental health professionals
What is the DSM-5 used for?
to diagnose mental health disorders
The ability of individuals to ________ ______ ___ _______ ________ underpins effective decision-making.
selectively perceive and process information
Self-esteem is often seen to be one of the most important indicators of __________ ________.
psychological well-being
True or False: Cognitive Dissonance is defined as “a pleasant feeling arising in an individual when two or more cognitions are inconsistent.”
False
Compare and contrast the characteristics of people with high self-esteem and people with low self-esteem.
High self-esteem: embrace positive events, disregard negative events, maintaining positive psychological states
Low self-esteem: respond to events in balanced ways - positive events lead to positive psychological states, negative events lead to negative ones
What are the five key dimensions of personality according to the Big Five Personality Model?
Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
Name two characteristics of Type A Behavior.
- Competitive drive
- aggression
- chronic impatience
- sense of time urgency
Situational, personal, leadership, and team factors that influence performance and satisfaction
group cohesion
Allostatic response is maintained when the stressor becomes _______ and is __________.
chronic, repeated
What are the two factors in an active job?
1) high demand
2) high control
What are 4 situational factors that influence cohesion?
1) Orientation of the competition
2) team size
3) geography
4) task type
What is the difference between trait anxiety and state anxiety?
- Trait anxiety is a personality disposition to experience anxiety whereby some individuals are more anxious than others.
- State anxiety is an unpleasant emotional arousal in face of threatening demands or dangers.
What are the 3 components of Beck’s Cognition Theory?
Negative views about…
1) the world
2) oneself
3) the future
Describe the difference between dysfunction, distress, and deviance.
- Dysfunction: aspects of individual’s life negatively impacted by symptoms
- Distress: symptoms that upset individual or others
- Deviance: irrational, violating standards
What two factors determine the likelihood of elaboration?
1) the motivation to think about the messages
2) the ability to process messages
True or False: Performance accomplishments are the most dependable source of self-efficacy.
True
What are primary appraisal and secondary appraisal?
- Primary: Processing of accessing and the threat or challenge of the stressor
- Secondary: Process of accessing the coping options and resources available with regard to a particular stressor
What happens to concentration as emotions intensify?
it narrows
The _________ of a neuron receive the neurotransmitters (messages) from the previous neuron and take them to the cell body.
dendrites
What are the two biological responses to stress?
1) Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary System (SAM)
2) Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Axis (HPA)
What are early symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Child seems withdrawn
- failure to develop normal means of communication
- disinterest in his/her surroundings
- difficulty learning new skills
