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BIS 2B > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium requirements

A

1) No mutations
2) No natural selection
3) No gene flow (no migration)
4) No genetic drift (which requires an infinitely large population size)
5) Random mating

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2
Q

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

A

When any individual produces gametes, the two copies of a gene separate so that each gamete receives only one copy

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3
Q

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation, haploid gametes

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4
Q

Mitosis

A

Duplicate, all cells except sex cells, identical

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5
Q

Meiosis

A

Two stages of duplication, not identical to parent cell, only sex cells

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6
Q

Types of Dominance

A

Complete Dominace, Incomplete Dominance, Codominace

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7
Q

Complete Dominance

A

A single dominant allele produces the dominant phenotype. The homozygous dominant and heterozygous genotypes have the same phenotype

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8
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

the heterozygote phenotype is intermediate between the two homozygous phenotypes

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9
Q

Codominance

A

the heterozygote shows both the homozygous phenotypes

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10
Q

Recombination

A

gene crossing over

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11
Q

Linkage

A

only crossovers happening in a small region

* Recombinant chromosomes do form, but not very often!

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12
Q

Recombination Frequency - eq.

A

recombinant frequency = recombinants / total offspring

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13
Q

Linkage Mapping

A

Determining the recombination frequency for numerous genes allows mapping each genes’ location on the chromosomes

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14
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

Females are less likely to exhibit sex-linked inheritance but can be carriers

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15
Q

Pleiotropy

A

When one gene affects multiple traits

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16
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

One trait is controlled by many genes

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17
Q

Environmental Influences

A

pH, food abundance, temperature, etc.

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18
Q

Epistasis

A

When multiple genes interact to determine the phenotype

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19
Q

allele frequencies

A

the proportion of a particular allele across all individuals, or in the gametes produced by those individuals

  • dominant allele
  • recessive allele
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20
Q

Genotype frequencies

A 
the proportion of individuals with a particular genotype in a population
homozygous dominant 
homozygous recessive
heterozygous
hemizygous
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21
Q

Allele frequencies equation

A

p(dominant) +q(recessive) = 1

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22
Q

Genotype frequencies equation

A

two alleles -> (p+q)^2
p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
p^2 ( Homozygous dominant) + 2pq (Heterozygous) + q^2 (Homozygous recessive) = 1
three alleles -> (p+q)^3

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23
Q

What is Mutation?

A

BIS 2A

  • Substitution
  • Insertion and deletions
  • Chromosomal Rearrangements
    ex. unequal crossover
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24
Q

Gene Flow (migration)

A

transfer of alleles through movement of fertile individuals of their gametes

  • immigration - into pop
  • emigration - out of pop
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25
Q

Gene Flow vs. Migration

A

Sessile organisms migrate when individuals post fertilization can move before settling down

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26
Q

Inbreeding

A

mating between relatives with similar genotypes

ex. Charles 2 of Spain

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27
Q

Outbreeding

A

mating between unrelated individuals with dissimilar genotypes

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28
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Individuals nearest the mean have the highest fitness. the mean stays the same, variation is reduced

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29
Q

directional selection

A

individuals at one extreme have the highest fitness. Mean trends toward that extreme

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30
Q

Disruptive selection

A

individuals at both extremes have higher fitness than the mean. Variation is increased, a bimodal pattern emerges
ex. Biston betularia

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31
Q

The breeder’s equation

A

R= h^2 S
R-Evolutionary response
h^2 - Heritability
S - strength of selection

32
Q

the biological species concept

A

a species is a group of organisms that can interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offsprings

33
Q

The Phylogenetic species concept

A

A species is a group of organisms that share a common ancestor and can be distinguished from other organisms by particular traits

34
Q

The morphological Species Concept

A

A species is a group of organisms that are similar in appearance

35
Q

what is a prezygotic barriers

A

prevent mating or prevent fertilization if mating occurs

36
Q

what is a postzygotic barriers

A

prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult

37
Q

types of prezygotic barriers

A
  • habitat Isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • mechanical isolation
  • gametic isolation
38
Q

types of postzygotic barriers

A
  • Reduced Hybrid Viability
  • Reduced Hybrid Fertility
  • Hybrid breakdown
39
Q

microevolution

A

changes in allele frequencies across generations

  • small-scale changes
  • short time frames (human time scales)
40
Q

macroevolution

A

accumulation of many microevolutionary changes, such that a new group arises

  • large-scale changes
  • long time frames
41
Q

phylogenetic trees

A

a graphical depiction of the history of relationships among a group of organisms
speciation- creates branches, new lineages
extinction- removes branches, loss of lineages

42
Q

monophyletic clads

A

a group that includes ALL of the taxa descended from a specific common ancestor

43
Q

Paraphyletic clades

A

a group that excludes some of the descendants from a specific common ancestor (part of a monophyletic group)

44
Q

Polyphyletic

A

a group that does not contain the most recent common ancestor of its members (parts of multiple monophyletic groups)

45
Q

Modes of Speciation

A
  • Allopatric (vicariance) ex. panama canal
  • Allopatric (Founder Effect) ex. Oahu tree snail
  • Parapatric
  • Sympatric
46
Q

Polyploidy

A

having more than 2 sets of chromosomes

47
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

The polyploid carries the combined genomes of two separate species

48
Q

Autopolyploidy

A

The polyploid carries the duplicated genome of a single species

49
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an embryo in a female from an unfertilized egg (no sperm, no male)
ex. lizards that cuddle

50
Q

competition

A

everybody loses

51
Q

amensalism

A

one species is not affected and the other is negatively affected
rare because if none of the species are benefiting the negatively impacted

52
Q

Predation Parasitism

A

one species is + impacted and the other is - impacted

53
Q

Commensalism Facilitation

A

one species is + impacted and the other is not affected

ex. birch tree and douglass fir seedling

54
Q

Mutualism

A

everybody wins

55
Q

Fundamental Niches

A

the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (temperature, precipitation, soil type)

56
Q

Realized Niches

A

The biotic conditions (interactions with other species) that determine where the species occurs

57
Q

Fundamental Niches

A

the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (temperature, precipitation, soil type)
where it is physically able to occupy

58
Q

Realized Niches

A

The biotic conditions (interactions with other species) that determine where the species occurs
where it physically occupies when competing with other species

59
Q

Lotka-Volterra Model

A

prey -> dV/dt= rV - pVP

predator -> dP/dt = cpVP - d(predator death)P

60
Q

what is competition

A

when individuals require the same shared limiting resource

61
Q

intraspecific

A

competition for resources between members of the same species
ex. self thinning, less surviving but larger mass survives

62
Q

interspecific

A

competition for resources between members of different species
ex. self thinning larger/ better competitors survive, purple plant is larger than the other plant therefore survives more

63
Q

Competitive Exclusion Principle

A

two species competing for the same limiting resource cannot coexist. Eventually the stronger competitor will drive the weaker competitor extinct
ex. P. aurelia and P. caudatum both - impacted

64
Q

coexistence

A

occurs when resource partitioning is applied

ex. p. bursaria and P. caudatum separates in vial, however lower carrying capacities than when grown alone
ex. different parts of a tree

65
Q

resource partitioning

A

different parts of a tree vs. different parts of the resource (kinds of flowers different wavelength)
ex. south african bats

66
Q

character displacement

A

species competing for the same limiting resource diverge in morphology due to natural selections
ex. galapagos finches

67
Q

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

Species diversity is highest at intermediate levels of disturbance because competition reduces diversity at low levels of disturbance and death reduces diversity at high levels of disturbance

68
Q

facilitation

A

a relationship between species where one benefits

ex. limber pine and douglas fir seedling

69
Q

Obligate mutualism

A

a relationship that benefits both species that are reliant on the relationship for reproduction or function
ex. yucca plant and yucca moth

70
Q

Facultative Mutualism

A

a relationship between species where both benefit but are not reliant for reproduction or function
ex. plants and mycorrhizae

71
Q

Conditional Interactions

A

relationships that can shift from one interaction to another
ex. Mycorrhizae is always + impacted but the plant can be - impacted when it is able to acquire enough nutrients from the soil with its own roots and the mycorrhizae continues to take the sugar from the plant

72
Q

low vs high elevations

A

at low elevations species interactions are usually competition and at high elevations the relationships turn mutualistic. they must work together to survive harsh conditions

73
Q

primary succession

A

new land , bare rock, NO soil
takes time to develop
ex. lava (new island)

74
Q

secondary succession

A

when an environmental catastrophe occurs and kills everything, however soil is PRESENT
*soil allows colonization of the environment faster, also some seeds depending on ecosystem can survive within the soil

75
Q

pioneer species

A

ones that can disperse very well, can survive harsh environments, short life spans and reproduce really quickly (r-selected)

BIS 2B (4 decks)

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