Midterm 1 Flashcards
Evolution
study of changes in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations
Ecology
study of how organisms interact with each other, and with the environment in which they live
Species richness
total number of species in the habitat
Species evenness
relative abundance of each species
Endotherm
body temp controlled primarily by metabolic energy
Ectotherm
body temp controlled primarily by external conditions
Acclimation
- change in phenotype
- within an individual
- short term
Adaptation
- change in genotype
- across generations
- long term
Weather
conditions in atmosphere over a short period of time
Climate
average weather conditions over a long period of time
C3 photosynthesis
- most common pathway 85% of all plants
- all mesophyll cells take up CO2 and build sugar
- two problems
- water loss
- photorespiration
C4 photosynthesis
(hot, wet, grasslands)
- about 3% of plants
- separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in space
- requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecules
CAM photosynthesis
(desert, water efficient)
- about 7% of all plants
- separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in time
- requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecule; limits growth
Fundamental niche
the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (determined by physiological tolerance)
Realized niche
The biotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (determined by species interactions)
r-selected
small body size short life expectancy rapid growth early reproduction produce many small offsprings little or no parental care
K-selected
large body size long life expectancy slow growth delayed reproduction produce few large offsprings high parental investment
CAM photosynthesis
(desert, water efficient)
- about 7% of all plants
- separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in time
- requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecule; limits growth
Patterns of Natural selection
Stabilizing, directional, disruptive, frequency
Altruism
a behavior that reduces individual fitness and increases the fitness of other individuals
Kin selection
favors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives
Inclusive fitness
the sum of an individual’s own fitness, and it’s contribution to the success/survival of relatives
Hamilton’s Rule
rB > C
Conditions for Natural Selection
Reproduction, Variation, Inheritance, Differential Success
Microevolution
changes in allele frequencies across generations
Macroevolution (speciation)
accumulation of many microevolutionary changes, such that a new group arises
Survivorship Type 1
most individuals survive to old age
Survivorship Type 2
individuals face constant risk of mortality at all ages
Survivorship Type 3
most individuals die young
semelparous
organisms that reproduce once and then die
iteroparous
organisms that reproduce many times throughout their lifespan
Descent with modification
homologous traits
similar in different organisms because inherited from common ancestor
Convergent evolution
analogous traits
similar in different organisms because of similar selective pressure
Vestigal Structures
A structure of trait that is rudementary, atrophied, or no longer ‘serves a purpose’
Natural Selection (Inferences 1)
Inference 1- There is a struggle for existence
populations do NOT grow exponentially
not all offsprings survive to reproduce
Natural Selection (Inferences 2)
Inference 2 - The best competitors win struggle for existence
members of a population vary in their traits
traits are passed from parents to offspring
Natural Selection (Inferences 3)
Inference 3- Over time, traits that enhance survival should increase in frequency in the population relative to other traits
natural and artificial selection
Natural Selection (Inferences 3)
Inference 3- Over time, traits that enhance survival should increase in frequency in the population relative to other traits
natural and artificial selection
Vicariance
the geographic separation of a species into separate populations through some physical barrier
Diversity Index
D= (p1^-p1)(p2^-p2)
exponetial growth
Nt = N0ert
logistic growth
Nt = K/
