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BIS 2B > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

study of changes in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

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2
Q

Ecology

A

study of how organisms interact with each other, and with the environment in which they live

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3
Q

Species richness

A

total number of species in the habitat

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4
Q

Species evenness

A

relative abundance of each species

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5
Q

Endotherm

A

body temp controlled primarily by metabolic energy

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6
Q

Ectotherm

A

body temp controlled primarily by external conditions

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7
Q

Acclimation

A
  • change in phenotype
  • within an individual
  • short term
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8
Q

Adaptation

A
  • change in genotype
  • across generations
  • long term
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9
Q

Weather

A

conditions in atmosphere over a short period of time

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10
Q

Climate

A

average weather conditions over a long period of time

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11
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A
  • most common pathway 85% of all plants
  • all mesophyll cells take up CO2 and build sugar
  • two problems
  • water loss
  • photorespiration
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12
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A

(hot, wet, grasslands)

  • about 3% of plants
  • separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in space
  • requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecules
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13
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

(desert, water efficient)

  • about 7% of all plants
  • separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in time
  • requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecule; limits growth
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14
Q

Fundamental niche

A

the abiotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (determined by physiological tolerance)

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15
Q

Realized niche

A

The biotic conditions in which a species can survive and reproduce (determined by species interactions)

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16
Q

r-selected

A 
small body size
short life expectancy
rapid growth 
early reproduction
produce many small offsprings
little or no parental care
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17
Q

K-selected

A 
large body size
long life expectancy 
slow growth
delayed reproduction
produce few large offsprings 
high parental investment
18
Q

CAM photosynthesis

A

(desert, water efficient)

  • about 7% of all plants
  • separate CO2 uptake and building sugar in time
  • requires 2 extra ATP per sugar molecule; limits growth
19
Q

Patterns of Natural selection

A

Stabilizing, directional, disruptive, frequency

20
Q

Altruism

A

a behavior that reduces individual fitness and increases the fitness of other individuals

21
Q

Kin selection

A

favors behaviors that increase the reproductive success of relatives

22
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

the sum of an individual’s own fitness, and it’s contribution to the success/survival of relatives

23
Q

Hamilton’s Rule

A

rB > C

24
Q

Conditions for Natural Selection

A

Reproduction, Variation, Inheritance, Differential Success

25
Q

Microevolution

A

changes in allele frequencies across generations

26
Q

Macroevolution (speciation)

A

accumulation of many microevolutionary changes, such that a new group arises

27
Q

Survivorship Type 1

A

most individuals survive to old age

28
Q

Survivorship Type 2

A

individuals face constant risk of mortality at all ages

29
Q

Survivorship Type 3

A

most individuals die young

30
Q

semelparous

A

organisms that reproduce once and then die

31
Q

iteroparous

A

organisms that reproduce many times throughout their lifespan

32
Q

Descent with modification

A

homologous traits

similar in different organisms because inherited from common ancestor

33
Q

Convergent evolution

A

analogous traits

similar in different organisms because of similar selective pressure

34
Q

Vestigal Structures

A

A structure of trait that is rudementary, atrophied, or no longer ‘serves a purpose’

35
Q

Natural Selection (Inferences 1)

A

Inference 1- There is a struggle for existence
populations do NOT grow exponentially
not all offsprings survive to reproduce

36
Q

Natural Selection (Inferences 2)

A

Inference 2 - The best competitors win struggle for existence
members of a population vary in their traits
traits are passed from parents to offspring

37
Q

Natural Selection (Inferences 3)

A

Inference 3- Over time, traits that enhance survival should increase in frequency in the population relative to other traits
natural and artificial selection

38
Q

Natural Selection (Inferences 3)

A

Inference 3- Over time, traits that enhance survival should increase in frequency in the population relative to other traits
natural and artificial selection

39
Q

Vicariance

A

the geographic separation of a species into separate populations through some physical barrier

40
Q

Diversity Index

A

D= (p1^-p1)(p2^-p2)

41
Q

exponetial growth

A

Nt = N0ert

42
Q

logistic growth

A

Nt = K/

BIS 2B (4 decks)

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