Midterm 2

Question 1

What is a stroke?

Answer 1

blood going to brain is cut off, leading to loss of brain function and necrosis of neurons

Question 2

What is an ischemic stroke?

Answer 2

interuption of supply without bleeding

Question 3

whats a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 3

rupture of blood vessel

Question 4

strokes are most often caused by

Answer 4

atherosclerotic lesions in cerebral arteries

Question 5

whats a completed stroke?

Answer 5

lasts more than 24 hours

Question 6

how is stroke diagnosed?

Answer 6

mri, ct, ultrasound or cereral angiogram

Question 7

how many people are affected globally?

Answer 7

15 million annually, 1/3 are fatal

Question 8

2nd in global mortality

Answer 8

85% of deaths occur in developping nations

Question 9

what are main risk factors for stroke?

Answer 9

hypertension, smoking, alcohol and stimulant drugs, atrial fibrillation, hyperlipidimia

Question 10

what is the link between atrial fibrillation and stroke?

Answer 10

1/3 willl experience strokes

Question 11

how?

Answer 11

thrombus in left vent dislodge and migrate into brain

Question 12

what is anaplasia?

Answer 12

poor cellular differentiation

Question 13

what is metaplasia?

Answer 13

the replacement of one cell type with another

Question 14

what is dysplasia?

Answer 14

loss of uniformity and orientation of epithelia

Question 15

what is carcinoma in situ?

Answer 15

hasnt left its basement membrane

Question 16

what is the process for cancer cells to become invasive?

Answer 16

1. sever connections to other tumour cells
2. devs surface receptors that allow binding to extracellular matrix
3. expresses prteolytic enzymes that cut through stuff
4. needs to become mobile (motility inducing chemicals)

Question 17

what are the three ways cancer becomes metastatic?

Answer 17

-blood, lymph, direct seeding

Question 18

what are the 4 types of genes mutations occur in?

Answer 18

tumour suppressor genes,

oncogenes, dna repair genes, apoptotic genes

Question 19

what are the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 19

growing without signals
doesnt listen to stop signals (not density dependant)
unlimited number of cell divisions
avoidance of cell death
angiogenesis (gets its own blood vessels)
metastasis

Question 20

what is the most common risk factor category?

Answer 20

Environment at 65%~

Question 21

what are the 3 types of genetic causes

Answer 21

autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndromes
inherited autosomal recessive syndromes of defectic dna repair
familial cancers (no clear defined pattern)

Question 22

How do benign tumours do damage?

Answer 22

pressure necrosis