Midterm 1

Question 1

What is a non communicable disease?

Answer 1

often chronic, result of combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors

Question 2

What are the 4 main kinds of NCDs?

Answer 2

• Cardiovascular diseases
• Cancers
• Chronic respiratory diseases
• metabolic diseases (diabetes)

Question 3

What is the leading cause of death in Canada?

Answer 3

Cancer

Question 4

Why are NCDs rising in lowand mid income countries?

Answer 4

• treatment can drain household resources

- private healthcare

Question 5

What are 6 modifiable risk factors?

Answer 5

• obeisity
• high BP
• smoking
• diabetes
• psychosocial facotrs
• high cholesterol

Question 6

what are 4 non-modifiable risk factors?

Answer 6

• genetics
• gender
• age
• ethnicity

Question 7

what are 4 main modifiable risk factors most associated with NCDs?

Answer 7

• Tobacco use
• diet
• physical inactivity
• harmful use of alcohol

Question 8

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 8

transports nutrients and oxygen to cells in body while CO2 and waste products of cell metablism are removed

Question 9

Which blood vessels carry blood away from heart?

Answer 9

Arteries

Question 10

where is nutrients exchanged in blood path?

Answer 10

capillaries

Question 11

the top chambers of the heart are the

Answer 11

atriums

Question 12

blood enters right atrium via

Answer 12

superior and inferior venae cavae

Question 13

blood enters right ventricle via

Answer 13

tricuspid valve

Question 14

blood is ejected from right ventricle via the

Answer 14

pulmonary artery

Question 15

blood enters left atrium via

Answer 15

pulmonary veins

Question 16

blood enters left ventricle via

Answer 16

bicuspic/mitral valve

Question 17

blood is ejected from left ventricle via

Answer 17

aorta

Question 18

where does blood go from aorta

Answer 18

coronary arteries

body

Question 19

which ventricle is thicker and why?

Answer 19

left ventricle is thicker because it needs to push against greater resistance

Question 20

are atriums or ventricles thicker. why?

Answer 20

ventricles are thicker and stronger because they need to push harder

Question 21

where are the semilunar valves located

Answer 21

lead to aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 22

what did the framingham study find?

Answer 22

CVD is multi factorial

Question 23

what were thefindings of the monica project?

Answer 23

coronary hard disease is decreasing because of reduced smoking, hypertension rates, but obeisity is going back up

Question 24

what are the 4 main modifiable risk factors for CHD

Answer 24

-cigarette
-hypertension
elevated cholesterol
-diabetes

Question 25

what is the clinical definition of blood pressure

Answer 25

systolic of 140 and diastolic of 90

Question 26

blood pressure is dependent upon:

Answer 26

- cardiac output - total blood volume - viscocity - resistance

Question 27

how does sodium intake increase blood pressure?

Answer 27

- salty diet - water retention increases blood volume - volume increases blood pressure

Question 28

what is hypertension known as in pregnant women?

Answer 28

pre-eclampsia | can turn into eclampsia where protein develops in urine and seizures happen

Question 29

what is the clinical presentation of HTN:

Answer 29

usually asymptomatic until complications occue. (heartdisease, kidney failure, retina malfunction)

Question 30

what is tx for hypertension?

Answer 30

pharmacotherapy (diuretics, calcium channel blockers | lifestyle changes

Question 31

what is prevention?

Answer 31

lifestyle changes

Question 32

what is atherosclerosis

Answer 32

arterial wall hardening and loss of elasticity

Question 33

how is atherosclerosis causes?

Answer 33

caused by atherosclerotic plaque build up in vessel wall

Question 34

plaque has 3 main components:

Answer 34

- smooth uscle cells, macrophages and leukocytes - extracellular matrix - cholesterol particles (lipoproteins)

Question 35

what is the first sign of athsclor

Answer 35

fatty streaks present in aorta almost from birth

Question 36

what is the 4 step plaque building process?

Answer 36

- excess cholestrol in blood vessels collects in artery wall - body sends wbc - macrophage cells die after eating cholesterol - dead cells contribute to formation of plaque

Question 37

What is acute coronary syndrome?

Answer 37

- unstable angina - myocardial infarction - sudden cardiac death

Question 38

Chronic coronary artery disease

Answer 38

- stable angina | - coronary artery disease

Question 39

What i s myocardial ischemia? what does it do?

Answer 39

imbalance between myocardial O supply n demand | impairs pumping ability of heart due to insuff O, reduced nutrient, inadequate removal of waste

Question 40

what is angina pectoris

Answer 40

-chest pain caused by MI

Question 41

What are the two types of angina?

Answer 41

Stable angina: common, due to narrowing of coronary artery Unstable angina: pain occurs at rest, due to rupture of plaque

Question 42

What is sudden cardiac death?

Answer 42

unexpected death from cardiac causes, coronary atherosclerosis

Question 43

What is a cardiac arrhythmia

Answer 43

disturbance of crdiac rhythm

Question 44

What are the effects of nicotine on CHD?

Answer 44

- vasoconstrictor | - tobacco contains carcinogens

Question 45

Preventio of CHD:

Answer 45

anticholest/hypertens/diabetic meds sodium restriction weight reduction

Question 46

Definition of myocardial infarction:

Answer 46

interpution of blood supply to part of heart causing necrosis Infarct: ischemic necrosis of myocardium because cannot self repair

Question 47

what is most common cause of heart attak:

Answer 47

occlusion of coronary artery caused by artherosclerosis or rupture of artherosclertic plaque

Question 48

what are the 2 types of MI

Answer 48

subendocardial infarction: involves inner 1/3to 1/2 of ventricular wall transmural infarction: full thickness of ventricular wall

Question 49

what is cardiogenic shock?

Answer 49

complications from MI, severe ventricular dysfunction

Question 50

what is ventricular aneurysm?

Answer 50

patch of weakened tissue in ventricular wall