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HSCI 2211 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a non communicable disease?

A

often chronic, result of combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behavioral factors

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2
Q

What are the 4 main kinds of NCDs?

A
  • Cardiovascular diseases
  • Cancers
  • Chronic respiratory diseases
  • metabolic diseases (diabetes)
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3
Q

What is the leading cause of death in Canada?

A

Cancer

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4
Q

Why are NCDs rising in lowand mid income countries?

A
  • treatment can drain household resources

- private healthcare

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5
Q

What are 6 modifiable risk factors?

A
  • obeisity
  • high BP
  • smoking
  • diabetes
  • psychosocial facotrs
  • high cholesterol
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6
Q

what are 4 non-modifiable risk factors?

A
  • genetics
  • gender
  • age
  • ethnicity
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7
Q

what are 4 main modifiable risk factors most associated with NCDs?

A
  • Tobacco use
  • diet
  • physical inactivity
  • harmful use of alcohol
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8
Q

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

A

transports nutrients and oxygen to cells in body while CO2 and waste products of cell metablism are removed

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9
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from heart?

A

Arteries

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10
Q

where is nutrients exchanged in blood path?

A

capillaries

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11
Q

the top chambers of the heart are the

A

atriums

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12
Q

blood enters right atrium via

A

superior and inferior venae cavae

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13
Q

blood enters right ventricle via

A

tricuspid valve

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14
Q

blood is ejected from right ventricle via the

A

pulmonary artery

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15
Q

blood enters left atrium via

A

pulmonary veins

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16
Q

blood enters left ventricle via

A

bicuspic/mitral valve

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17
Q

blood is ejected from left ventricle via

A

aorta

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18
Q

where does blood go from aorta

A

coronary arteries

body

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19
Q

which ventricle is thicker and why?

A

left ventricle is thicker because it needs to push against greater resistance

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20
Q

are atriums or ventricles thicker. why?

A

ventricles are thicker and stronger because they need to push harder

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21
Q

where are the semilunar valves located

A

lead to aorta and pulmonary artery

22
Q

what did the framingham study find?

A

CVD is multi factorial

23
Q

what were thefindings of the monica project?

A

coronary hard disease is decreasing because of reduced smoking, hypertension rates, but obeisity is going back up

24
Q

what are the 4 main modifiable risk factors for CHD

A

-cigarette
-hypertension
elevated cholesterol
-diabetes

25
Q

what is the clinical definition of blood pressure

A

systolic of 140 and diastolic of 90

26
Q

blood pressure is dependent upon:

A
  • cardiac output
  • total blood volume
  • viscocity
  • resistance
27
Q

how does sodium intake increase blood pressure?

A
  • salty diet
  • water retention increases blood volume
  • volume increases blood pressure
28
Q

what is hypertension known as in pregnant women?

A

pre-eclampsia

can turn into eclampsia where protein develops in urine and seizures happen

29
Q

what is the clinical presentation of HTN:

A

usually asymptomatic until complications occue. (heartdisease, kidney failure, retina malfunction)

30
Q

what is tx for hypertension?

A

pharmacotherapy (diuretics, calcium channel blockers

lifestyle changes

31
Q

what is prevention?

A

lifestyle changes

32
Q

what is atherosclerosis

A

arterial wall hardening and loss of elasticity

33
Q

how is atherosclerosis causes?

A

caused by atherosclerotic plaque build up in vessel wall

34
Q

plaque has 3 main components:

A
  • smooth uscle cells, macrophages and leukocytes
  • extracellular matrix
  • cholesterol particles (lipoproteins)
35
Q

what is the first sign of athsclor

A

fatty streaks present in aorta almost from birth

36
Q

what is the 4 step plaque building process?

A
  • excess cholestrol in blood vessels collects in artery wall
  • body sends wbc
  • macrophage cells die after eating cholesterol
  • dead cells contribute to formation of plaque
37
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A
  • unstable angina
  • myocardial infarction
  • sudden cardiac death
38
Q

Chronic coronary artery disease

A
  • stable angina

- coronary artery disease

39
Q

What i s myocardial ischemia? what does it do?

A

imbalance between myocardial O supply n demand

impairs pumping ability of heart due to insuff O, reduced nutrient, inadequate removal of waste

40
Q

what is angina pectoris

A

-chest pain caused by MI

41
Q

What are the two types of angina?

A

Stable angina:
common, due to narrowing of coronary artery
Unstable angina: pain occurs at rest, due to rupture of plaque

42
Q

What is sudden cardiac death?

A

unexpected death from cardiac causes, coronary atherosclerosis

43
Q

What is a cardiac arrhythmia

A

disturbance of crdiac rhythm

44
Q

What are the effects of nicotine on CHD?

A
  • vasoconstrictor

- tobacco contains carcinogens

45
Q

Preventio of CHD:

A

anticholest/hypertens/diabetic meds
sodium restriction
weight reduction

46
Q

Definition of myocardial infarction:

A

interpution of blood supply to part of heart causing necrosis
Infarct: ischemic necrosis of myocardium because cannot self repair

47
Q

what is most common cause of heart attak:

A

occlusion of coronary artery caused by artherosclerosis or rupture of artherosclertic plaque

48
Q

what are the 2 types of MI

A

subendocardial infarction: involves inner 1/3to 1/2 of ventricular wall
transmural infarction: full thickness of ventricular wall

49
Q

what is cardiogenic shock?

A

complications from MI, severe ventricular dysfunction

50
Q

what is ventricular aneurysm?

A

patch of weakened tissue in ventricular wall

HSCI 2211 (2 decks)

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