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Plagues > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

In what time period and from what did TB arise from?

A

The Neolithic

Derived from cattle

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2
Q

Causative agent of TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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3
Q

Is TB an endemic, epidemic, or pandemic?

A

Endemic

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4
Q

What is the iconic symbol of TB

A

Chest x Ray

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5
Q

Why was TB believed to be hereditary

A

Because it was often passed from older family members to younger children

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6
Q

TB mode of transmission

How was this proved

A

Droplet

Riley proved by exposing cages of guinea pigs to either treated air or untreated air from TB wards

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7
Q

3 stages of TB disease process

A

Primary (childhood TB)
Reactivation disease (cavities TB)
Reinfection

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8
Q

Details of primary TB

A

Occurs in children
Minor, many non-specific symptoms which are misdiagnosed
Slips into latency

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9
Q

Details of cavitation TB

A

10% of latent TB cases will reactivate
Caused by aggressive IR that destroys lung tissue creating cavities
Causes coughing, sneezing

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10
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis generally affects _______

A

The lungs (pulmonary TB)

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11
Q

Explain the granuloma response of pulmonary TB

A

Appears as swollen lymph nodes
Macrophage eat TB, normally joins with lysosomes for granuloma enzyme response
If the macrophage doesn’t join with lysozyme, it calcifies and can be felt as a hard mass in the lungs

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12
Q

Symptoms of pulmonary TB

A 
Fever and Night sweats
Fatigue due to disease related anemia
Appetite and weight loss
Severe cough with haemoptysis
Cavities in the lungs
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13
Q

Risk factors for TB infection

A 
Duration of exposure
Frequency of coughs
Concentration of droplets in air
Small/ enclosed spaces
Inadequate air flow
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14
Q

Risk factors for TB disease

A 
Strain of bacterium
Effectiveness of IR
- genetics
- nutrition 
- other infections (immunocompromised)
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15
Q

Explain extrapulmonary TB

A

Causes by m. Bovis
Affects lymph nodes, kidneys, bones and joints
Often gets into bone tissue via infected blood
Causes a hump back by infecting vertebra
Transmission via unpasteurized cows milk or meat

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16
Q

What was Canada’s first TB sanatorium called?

A

Muskoka cottage sanatorium

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17
Q

What is a bug box?

A

Boxes that TB patients would spit mucus into so that they wouldn’t spread it on the ground or swallow it to their own digestive tract

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18
Q

What was the Brompton TB sanatorium (England) treatment method?

A

Graduated labour (worked in gravel pits)

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19
Q

Who is Dr. William Dock?

A

TB physician, studied the effects of gravity.
Argued that when we position our bodies upright, there is a high oxygen supply and lack of blood flow to the apex region of the lungs
Said that laying down increase blood flow and reduces oxygen concentration

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20
Q

What is artificial pneumothorax?

A

Intentionally collapsing certain parts of one lung

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21
Q

What is thoracoplasty?

A

Removing ribs to allow for the compression of the lungs

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22
Q

What was the golden age of TB?

A

1930s

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23
Q

Who invented the drug streptomycin?

A

Waksman

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24
Q

Syphilis:
Bacteria name
Shape
Motility

A

Treponema pallidum
Spirochete
Extremely motile (corkscrew movements)

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25
Q

Syphilis transmission

A

Direct contact with a sore on genitalia/ mouth

In utero via placenta (congenital syphilis)

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26
Q

Affects of congenital syphilis

A

Increased risk of stillbirth/ early infant death
Developmental delays
Saber shin tibia (infection and developmental issues in legs and face)

27
Q

2 ways to screen for syphilis

A 
Microscopy
Blood sample (looking for antibodies - Wassermann test)
28
Q

What drug is used to treat syphilis?

A

Penicillin

29
Q

Stages of syphilis (time periods)

A

Primary stage:

  • incubation period = 21 days
  • lasts 3-6 weeks

Secondary stage

Latent stage

  • early latent = within 1 year of infection
  • late latent = after 1 year of infection
    • can last 3-39 years

Tertiary stage
- until death

30
Q

Symptoms of primary syphilis

A

Single or multiple sores at site of inoculation

31
Q

Symptoms of secondary syphilis

A

Rash on palms and feet

General symptoms + patchy hair loss + periostitis

32
Q

Symptoms of tertiary syphilis

A 
Organ and skeletal damage:
Paralysis
Perhaps death
Dementia
Inability to coordinate muscles
Numbness
Gradual blindness
33
Q

Which stages of syphilis are NOT infective?

A

Late latent and tertiary

34
Q

When was the Winnipeg outbreak of syphilis?

What was the 3 methods they used?

A

2003

Condoms, coasters, posters

35
Q

What disease is historically know as a disease of blame?

A

Syphilis

36
Q

Evidence for syphilis from the old world

A 
Confusion with “venereal leprosy”
Medieval Essex woman:
25-50 yo
Bones show signs of syphilis
Lived prior to new world connections 
BUT have to prove that It’s actually syphilis bacteria, and that acidic soil didn’t cause bone appearance
37
Q

Evidence for syphilis from the new world

A

Thought to be imported from the new world to the old world, no reports of syphilis in old world

38
Q

Old treatments of syphilis

A

Cupping and bleeding
Mercury treatment
Pyrotherapy

39
Q

Side effects of mercury treatment of syphilis

A

Black teeth

Degenerative neurological disorder

40
Q

Who invented pyrotherapy?

A

Julius Wagner-Jauregg

41
Q

What is pyrotherapy

A

Infecting syphilis patients with malaria (plasmodium vivax)

Induced high fever which Kills the syphilis bacteria, then treat malaria with Quinine

42
Q

What was the first condom made of?

A

Pig intestine

43
Q

What percentage of people are immune to leprosy?

A

90-95%

44
Q

Incubation period of leprosy

A

2-20 years

45
Q

Early stage symptoms of leprosy

A

Light patches on skin, with tingling or numbness

Fluid filled nodules

46
Q

Leprosy bacterium causes _____ and _______

A

Loss of sensory and motor function

47
Q

True or false: leprosy can cause blindness

A

True

48
Q

Lepers had to carry a _______ to announce their presence

A

A bell

49
Q

Leprosy:
Bacterium name
Shape
Distinctive feature

A

Mycobacterium leprae
Rod shaped
Waxy coat

50
Q

What temperature does M. Leprae favour?

A

30°C

51
Q

Where does M. Leprae reside in the body?

A 
Cooler areas:
Nerves of the hand and feet
Nose 
Skin
Anterior part of eye
52
Q

What is the difference between paucibacillary and multibacillary leprosy?

A 
Paucibacillary = milder, fewer bacteria
Multibacillary = more aggressive, more bacteria
53
Q

Other name for paucibacillary leprosy?

A

Tuberculoid leprosy

54
Q

Other name for multibacillary leprosy?

A

Lepromatous leprosy

55
Q

What causes a person to have multibacillary leprosy instead of paucibacillary leprosy?

A

Lower hydrogen peroxide production in macrophages

56
Q

What drug is used to treat leprosy?

A

Dapsone (derived from dyes)

57
Q

Leprosy transmission

A

Most widely believed to be direct contact
BUT
Bacteria can survive up to 35 hours outside host, so indirect contact and vector borne are possible

Most likely via droplet transmission

58
Q

What is slit skin sampling, what disease is it associated with?

A

Going to deeper tissues

Leprosy

59
Q

Leprosy numbers today

A

Over 1 million persist

0.5 million new each year

60
Q

Movement of leprosy around the world

A 
India
China
Mediterranean (Alexander the great)
Europe
Africa
61
Q

When were lazarettos established?

A

Middle Ages Europe (13th century)

62
Q

True or false:

TB infections make leprosy cases worse

A

False - TB infections improve resistance to leprosy

63
Q

Name 2 lazarettos in Canada

A

D’arcy island (BC)

Tracadie (NB)

Plagues (2 decks)

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