Midterm 2

Question 1

Economic Issues

Answer 1

Opinions on these types of issues tend to correspond to self-interest

Question 2

Social issues

Answer 2

opinions on these types of issues tend to correspond to values

Question 3

World views/cultural cognition

Answer 3

the tendency of individuals to form beliefs about societal dangers that reflect and reinforce their commitments to particular visions of the ideal society

Question 4

Egalitarians/Solidarists

Answer 4

these individuals are in favor or regulating commercial activities

Question 5

Individualists/Hierarchists

Answer 5

these individuals are in favor of deregulating markets

Question 6

Information Deficit Model

Answer 6

Behavior/attitudes/opinions are due to a lack of understanding (or lack of info)

Question 7

Persuasion

Answer 7

• this is most effective when people are moderately aware of issues
• More knowledge leads to people holding more extreme beliefs on the issue

Question 8

Journalistic Norms

Answer 8

Objectivity, fairness, accuracy, and balance are all examples of these

Question 9

Media Coverage

Answer 9

when it comes to aggregate public concern over climate change, the salience of elite cues and extreme weather, for example, are boosted by this

Question 10

Congressional Dynamics

Answer 10

the strongest predictor of concern over climate change, according to Carmichael and Brulle

Question 11

Structural Equation Models

Answer 11

A form of analysis used to examine linkages between variables

Question 12

Outlier Voices

Answer 12

Skeptics, denialists, or contrarians can all be considered

Question 13

Precautionary principle

Answer 13

the government framework would call for regulations on a toxin if the risk in teh production of the toxicant is in question

Question 14

Pluralism

Answer 14

the political philosophy that affirms the existence of multiple competing interests

Question 15

Receive-Accept-Sample Model

Answer 15

• this is Zaller’s model that predicts when people will accept or reject arguments based on whether it aligns with their predispositions
• People accept arguments consistent with political predispositions and reject arguments inconsistent with predispositions

Question 16

Agenda setting

Answer 16

correlation between issues voters believed were important and issues reported prominently in the media

Question 17

Framing

Answer 17

Determines how we think about something by making characteristics of an issue more applicable to predispositions

Question 18

Generation effect

Answer 18

different age cohorts develop different opinions

Question 19

Period effect

Answer 19

when public opinion changes in similar fashion across cohorts in response to current events

Question 20

Life cycle effect

Answer 20

when people’s opinions change as they age

Question 21

Episodic framing

Answer 21

Failure to place news stories in sufficient context (in contrast to thematic framing)

Question 22

Passive inclusion

Answer 22

• the government does not make active efforts to provide interest groups with access, but every interest group in theory has an opportunity to have their voice heard
• “Whatever constellation of interest groups emerges from society at any given time can attempt to influence gov’t”

Question 23

Strategic accommodation

Answer 23

When a political actor accepts an outcome short of their first preference due to perceived political realities

Question 24

Policy drift

Answer 24

Prolonged, systematic failures of government to respond to societal changes

Question 25

Venue shopping

Answer 25

when political actors strategically seek decisions by favorable institutions

Question 26

Institutional Racism

Answer 26

This is the continuous discrimination that ensures lesser educational and employment opportunities to people of color resulting in lower socioeconomic status limiting populations' residence in more affluent spaces. This practice allows for discriminatory real estate and lending practices and the white flight phenomenon.

Question 27

Double Disproportionality

Answer 27

This is both the unevenness in the production of harm (polluter disproportionality) and unevenness is the exposure to environmental harm (exposure disproportionality)

Question 28

Environmental Injustice

Answer 28

the unequivocal exposure to environmental hazards among people based on race, gender, class, and nation.

Question 29

Environmental Racism

Answer 29

- policies, practices or political directives that intentionally affect or disadvantage people, groups, or communities based on their race or color. - race and class are determinants of environmental hazards

Question 30

Physical impacts of environmental racism

Answer 30

people of color disproportionately suffer from the health issues linked to the environment

Question 31

Mental impacts of environmental racism

Answer 31

living somewhere with high levels of pollution elicits anxiety, fear, and feelings of injustice. The toll of emotional stress is that it can exacerbate the health risks and induce chronic illness.

Question 32

Bean v. Southwestern Waste Management Corp

Answer 32

The first successful lawsuit challenging institutional racism using civil rights laws

Question 33

Collective grievances

Answer 33

political grievances experienced by marginalized groups that accrue and collect over time

Question 34

Political opportunity

Answer 34

a political event or critical juncture, which allows for a protest or social movement to occur

Question 35

Astroturf organizations

Answer 35

the use of fake grassroots campaign strategies, which has the goal of swaying public opinion but are backed and funded by large corporate interests

Question 36

Charmichael and Brulle Reading

Answer 36

- Elites/advocacy groups critical in influencing climate change concern - Strongest effects on public concern are a function of increases in Congressional attention on climate change, which in turn influences public concern about climate change

Question 37

Forming public opinion

Answer 37

values + beliefs = attitudes --> opinion

Question 38

2 Ingredients for Social Movements

Answer 38

Collective Grievances + Political Opportunity

Question 39

1969 Santa Barbara Oil Spill

Answer 39

- 3 million gallons of oil spilled off the coast of SB over a 10 day period - Inspired Earth Day, created momentum for EPA, Clean Water Act, Endangered species Act

Question 40

Ex of Active Exclusion

Answer 40

Regan and broad deregulatory agenda

Question 41

Memory work

Answer 41

In remediation, necessary to avoid the erasure of narratives and struggles

Question 42

Dryzek Reading

Answer 42

- Environmental movements in the US have been dominated by moderate mainstream orgs that utilize the plurality of institutional lobbying channels - It may be a culture for US government agencies to consider public input, but that does not mean that agencies are required to abide by it

Question 43

Edwards and Pruden Reading

Answer 43

Research requires building a cohesive scientific team that puts ethics first and is ready to volunteer for a good cause

Question 44

Barron Reading

Answer 44

People and institutions engaged in remediation projects should be challenged to think beyond the current structures of environmental remediation and pay closer attention to grassroots demands for justice over the long term