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PSYCH 202 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

working memory

A

AKA short-term memory. Works with or uses information to address a particular situation or question. Lasts from a few seconds to a minute or two.

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2
Q

long-term memory

A

Systems that are capable of encoding, storing, and retrieving information over periods of time. Divided into implicit and explicit memory.

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3
Q

implicit memory

A

AKA non declarative memory. The kinds of memories you can’t demonstrate verbally that you have. Involves skills and learning that can occur without conscious awareness

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4
Q

explicit memory

A

AKA declarative memory. Information that can be consciously recalled and expressed. Divided into semantic and episodic memory

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5
Q

procedural memory

A

A type of implicit memory. Memories for how to perform skills or habits. Major brain region: striatum

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6
Q

priming

A

A type of implicit memory. Past experiences influence or increase the response to a given sensory stimulus (recognizing an incomplete drawing of an elephant as an elephant). Major brain region: cortex

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7
Q

classical conditioning

A

A type of associative learning, implicit memory. Pairs an unconditioned stimulus with an unconditioned response through a conditioned stimulus.

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8
Q

operant conditioning

A

A type of associative learning, implicit memory. Pairs a behavior with a consequence, altering the frequency of the behavior.

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9
Q

non-associative learning

A

A type of implicit memory. Long-term changes in reflex pathways in the nervous system. Includes habituation and sensitization.

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10
Q

habituation

A

Repeated exposure to the same stimulus gradually reduces the response

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11
Q

sensitization

A

The response to a stimulus increases following exposure to an especially strong stimulus

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12
Q

motor conditioned/skeletal responses

A

A type of implicit memory. Example: eye blink in response to tones predicting a puff of air. Major brain region: cerebellum

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13
Q

emotional conditioned responses

A

A type of implicit memory. Example: autonomic responses like increased heart rate. Major brain region: amygdala

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14
Q

semantic memory

A

A type of explicit memory. Memories of facts.

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15
Q

episodic memory

A

A type of explicit memory. Memories for past autobiographical events.

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16
Q

familiarity

A

A vague sense of emotional content, without accompanying context.

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17
Q

recollection

A

A complete recollection involves rich recreation of place, time, surroundings, actions, and events.

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18
Q

Henry Molaison

A

A patient who had his hippocampus removed. Was then unable to form new episodic memories (anterograde amnesia)

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19
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

The inability to form new episodic memories. Can’t remember what you’ve done.

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20
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

The inability to retrieve episodic memories of events that occurred for a certain period of time before a brain injury.

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21
Q

place cells

A

Neurons in the hippocampus that only fire when the organism is located in a particular place in its local environment.

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22
Q

medial temporal lobe

A

Major brain region for explicit memory.

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23
Q

spatial memory

A

The part of memory responsible for recording information about one’s environment and spatial orientation

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24
Q

place field

A

The region of the external environment that elicits the activity of a particular place cell when the animal enters the region

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25
Q

spontaneous confabulation

A

Happens in brain injury patients. They generate confabulations without cues, and are convinced their fantasies are real.

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26
Q

confabulation

A

Creating a shifting version of reality that does not currently exist and acting as if they believe fully in this reality

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27
Q

provoked confabulation

A

Happens when we are pressed for the details of a memory beyond our ability to recall them accurately

28
Q

ventral medial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

A

When aneurysms in these areas rupture and cause damage, patients may have problems suppressing irrelevant memories

29
Q

misattribution

A

tendency to attribute an idea or memory to the wrong source

30
Q

suggestibility

A

the idea that false memories can be created by providing a fictitious suggestion about a past experience and then encouraging the person to elaborate upon the false memory by trying to recall it in detail

31
Q

bias

A

How our current knowledge and beliefs can create distortions in what we recall about the past

32
Q

neural/synaptic plasticity

A

the ability of our neurons to change the strength of their synaptic connections to other neurons depending on their activity

33
Q

Hebbian learning

A

A mechanism for learning which states that the connection between two neurons will be strengthened if the presynaptic cell consistency fires at the same time as the postsynaptic cell

34
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

long-lasting increases in synaptic strength that are induced when the activity of the presynaptic cell consistently activates along with the postsynaptic cell

35
Q

NMDA receptors

A

A type of glutamate receptor. Are usually blocked by magnesium ions, until a high-frequency synaptic input (incoming Na+ from AMPA receptors) unblocks them, allowing Ca 2+ to flow in

36
Q

AMPA receptors

A

A type of glutamate receptor. Allows Na+ to flow into postsynaptic neuron, depolarizing it and opening up NMDA receptors

37
Q

consolidation

A

Turning short-term memories into long-term memories

38
Q

reconsolidation

A

When a memory is recalled, it must be re-consolidated into long-term memory again. Interfering with this process can eliminate an established memory

39
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

A noninvasive technology for recording the electrical fields on the scalp using external electrodes. The primary technology used to study brain activity during sleep.

40
Q

REM

A

Rapid Eye Movement. A stage of sleep in which dreams occur and the body is paralyzed (aside from small facial muscles), but the eyes exhibit rapid movement. Brain waves at high frequencies, low amplitude, resembles waking a little bit.

41
Q

slow wave sleep (SWS)

A

Stage 3 of sleep, the deepest stage of non-REM. Associated with the basal forebrain. Brain waves are low frequency, high amplitude (synchronized)

42
Q

sleep cycles

A

We move through the stages of sleep several times a night. We don’t re-enter stage 3 in the second half of the night, and we spend more time in REM in the second half of the night.

43
Q

ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)

A

A region of the hypothalamus that promotes sleep by inhibiting the arousal network of the brain

44
Q

arousal network

A

A network in the brain that maintains alertness and wakefulness. Includes the locus coerulus (norepinephrine), raphae nucleus (serotonin), tuberomammillary nucleus (histamine) and acetycholinergic neurons (acetylcholine_

45
Q

PGO waves

A

Brain waves that originate in the pons, go to the lateral gesticulate nucleus, then to the occipital cortex. Their appearance comes right before REM sleep, and their density correlates with eye movement. Triggered by aceytlcholinergic neurons

46
Q

circadian rhythms

A

A natural internal rhythm (of sleep/wake) that runs on an approximately 24-hour cycle

47
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

A region in the hypothalamus in which cells maintain their own 24-hour clock, and serve as the master clock for the body’s circadian rhythms

48
Q

pineal gland

A

A gland which produces and releases melatonin. Receives signals from the SCN

49
Q

melatonin

A

A hormone produced and released by the pineal gland, the “darkness” hormone. Influences sleep and wake

50
Q

four sleep theories

A
  1. Restoration
  2. Survival advantage
  3. Simulate rare situations
  4. Information processing
51
Q

rehearsal

A

Memories need to form in two stages, the first during the event and again by a consolidation period in which the experience becomes long-term memory. The consolidation stage requires sleep. During REM, it is hypothesized that the information replayed during sleep determines what we remember later.

52
Q

forgetting

A

It is hypothesized that REM sleep helps us forget stuff so we don’t overload or form inappropriate connections and learning

53
Q

insight

A

It is hypothesized that sleep helps us restructure and further understand our experiences

54
Q

limbic system

A

Dreaming depends on a neural network of the limbic system

55
Q

activation-synthesis model

A

Proposes that random activity in the brainstem is sent to the cortex, which tries to turn it into motor output. But since the body is paralyzed, the brain tries to synthesize an explanation, which becomes a dream

56
Q

consequences of sleep deprivation

A

STRESS, cognitive impairment, memory lapses, amnesia, impaired moral judgement, irritability, hallucination, ADHD symptoms, low reaction time, tremors, aches, type 2 diabetes, growth suppression, obesity, variable heart rate, heart disease, poor immune system

57
Q

microsleeps

A

Brief sleep periods (seconds or less) that occur after severe sleep deprivation. Can be dangerous

58
Q

insomnia

A

Inability to get enough sleep to feel rested. A continuous state of hyperarousal

59
Q

over-the-counter sleep aids vs benzodiazepines

A

In patients with insomnia, over-the-counter sleep aids like lavender and melatonin don’t usually help, but benzodiazepines do work

60
Q

benzodiazepines

A

A medication used to help people with insomnia. Promote GABA activity

61
Q

hypersomnia

A

Excessive sleepiness such that naps are taken frequently, often at inappropriate times

62
Q

narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy

63
Q

cataplexy

A

Sudden muscle weakness experienced by people with narcolepsy

64
Q

orexin

A

A hormone that promotes wakefulness by stabilizing the sleep/wake switch in the waking state. Patients with narcolepsy have lower levels of orexin

65
Q

NREM parasomias

A

Actions performed during (non-REM) sleep that are not under voluntary control. Includes sleep walking and night terrors

66
Q

REM parasomnias

A

Actions performed during REM sleep that are not under voluntary control. Includes REM sleep behavior disorder and sleep paralysis

67
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

When sleepers are not paralyzed during REM and therefore act out their dreams

PSYCH 202 (3 decks)

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