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GEL 012 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are dinosauromorphs?

A

not a proper group
includes petidae, marasuchidae, and silesauridae (not on terms list)
excludes dinosaurs

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2
Q

Where are dinosauromorphs found?

A

mostly in Argentina
some in the US, but they are younger
some in Africa, but older

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3
Q

When did dinosauromorphs live?

A

They started in the Carnian in the Triassic

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4
Q

What were the earliest dinosaurs?

A

herrerasaurus- oldest dinosaur fossil (3-4m)

eoraptor- 2nd oldest, small (1m)

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5
Q

What features did the earliest dinosaurs share?

A

widely open acetabulum, lack of postfrontal bone, metatarsal II and IV equal in length

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6
Q

Compare Saurischia and Ornithischia

A

S (lizard hips) gave rise to O (bird hips)

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7
Q

What are the eight major groups of dinosaurs?

A

pachycephalosauria, ceratopsia, ornithopoda, ankylosauria, prosauropoda, sauropoda, theropoda, stegosauria

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8
Q

pachycephalosauria (etymology, order, and food)

A

bone head lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

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9
Q

ceratopsia (etymology, order, and food)

A

horn head
Ornithischia
plant eater

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10
Q

Ornithopoda (etymology, order, and food)

A

bird foot
Ornithischia
plant eater

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11
Q

Ankylosauria (etymology, order, and food)

A

bent lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

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12
Q

Stegasauria (etymology, order, and food)

A

roof lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

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13
Q

Prosauropoda

A

Before lizard foot
Saurischia
plant eater

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14
Q

Sauropoda

A

Lizard foot
Saurischia
plant eater

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15
Q

Theropoda

A

beast leg
Saurischia
Meat eater

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16
Q

Theropoda

A

beast leg
Saurischia
Meat Eater

17
Q

What are Thyreophora?

A

They had a door-shaped shield on their backs and gave rise to ankylosaurs and stegosaurs
osteoderms- bones growing in skin

18
Q

What are Marginocephalia and their features?

A

Margin+ head
bony shelf (margin) on the back of the skull
Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria

19
Q

What makes stegosaurs diverse?

A

males have rounded plates, females have sharp plates
they have browsing teeth, small brains, and three supraorbital bones
does well in Cretaceous

20
Q

What are ankylosaurs?

A

they have bigger brains than stegosaurs
combined all their back plates to form one plate
good sense of smell
a big chunk of bone at the end of their tail, most likely a weapon
did well in Triassic

21
Q

Describe the ceratopsian lifestyle

A

the margin is an ornamental frill, they had tooth batteries, the lower and upper jaw shear together, there is evidence of parents with kids

22
Q

What are the major groups of Ornithopoda?

A

Hadrosauridae, saurolophinae, iguanadon, lambeosaurinae

23
Q

hadrosaur lifestyle

A

duck-billed, lived by rivers, good mothers, juveniles stayed around

24
Q

Lambeosaurinae lifestyle

A

a long chamber used to smell and to communicate with others, contained in a hollow crest

25
Q

How did ornithopoda eat?

A

They were browsers that had wrench-like teeth and used ridges to grind their food

26
Q

What is Sauropoda, and how did they live?

A

lit. lizard leg

they had a big nose opening, browsers, not in the water, Brachiosaur was the biggest

27
Q

What are theropods?

A

lit. beast leg

around since the beginning of dinosaurs, spread within the Triassic and kept doing better until the Cretaceous

28
Q

What are the basic features of theropods?

A

bipedal, serrated laterally compressed teeth, active forelimbs with big claws, subduing feet with an elongated 2nd claw probably kept in the air while running

29
Q

What are the major groups of theropods?

A

Paraves
Maniraptora
Coelurosauria
Tetanurae

30
Q

What are the features of the T. Rex?

A

could break bones in the mouth, robust, big olfactory region, average eyesight, elongated cochlea (enhanced hearing), good semicircular canals (good balance)

31
Q

What was the evolution of feathers?

A

Prum’s theory- filamentous feather, then down, then pennaceous

forms barb, then barbulae, then rachis

32
Q

What are Avialae?

A

all species more closely related to birds than dinosaurs

33
Q

What is Aves?

A

The last common ancestor of all modern birds. There is no clear fossil.

34
Q

What were the early Avialae?

A

Jeholornis (long tail), CONFUCIOUSORNIS (long pygostyle), Pagornis, Yxianornis (short pygostyle, at least 8 tail feathers), HESPERORNIS (flightless swimmer), ICHTHYORNIS (seabird)

35
Q

What features changed as dinosaurs gave rise to birds and in what order?

A

feathers, 3 part air sac system, wishbone, semilunate carpal, change in orientation of shoulder, pennaceous feathers, pelvic girdle, short tail

36
Q

Citipati

A

theropod, maniraptora, Oviraptosauria (egg thief), late cretaceous

37
Q

semilunate carpal

A

basal- Coelophysis and Allosaurs

Maniraptora- velociraptor, archaeopteryx, columba

38
Q

Plateosaurus

A

Prosauropoda

39
Q

Yahornis

A

Early Cretaceous bird

GEL 012 (2 decks)

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