Midterm 2

Question 1

What are dinosauromorphs?

Answer 1

not a proper group
includes petidae, marasuchidae, and silesauridae (not on terms list)
excludes dinosaurs

Question 2

Where are dinosauromorphs found?

Answer 2

mostly in Argentina
some in the US, but they are younger
some in Africa, but older

Question 3

When did dinosauromorphs live?

Answer 3

They started in the Carnian in the Triassic

Question 4

What were the earliest dinosaurs?

Answer 4

herrerasaurus- oldest dinosaur fossil (3-4m)

eoraptor- 2nd oldest, small (1m)

Question 5

What features did the earliest dinosaurs share?

Answer 5

widely open acetabulum, lack of postfrontal bone, metatarsal II and IV equal in length

Question 6

Compare Saurischia and Ornithischia

Answer 6

S (lizard hips) gave rise to O (bird hips)

Question 7

What are the eight major groups of dinosaurs?

Answer 7

pachycephalosauria, ceratopsia, ornithopoda, ankylosauria, prosauropoda, sauropoda, theropoda, stegosauria

Question 8

pachycephalosauria (etymology, order, and food)

Answer 8

bone head lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

Question 9

ceratopsia (etymology, order, and food)

Answer 9

horn head
Ornithischia
plant eater

Question 10

Ornithopoda (etymology, order, and food)

Answer 10

bird foot
Ornithischia
plant eater

Question 11

Ankylosauria (etymology, order, and food)

Answer 11

bent lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

Question 12

Stegasauria (etymology, order, and food)

Answer 12

roof lizard
Ornithischia
plant eater

Question 13

Prosauropoda

Answer 13

Before lizard foot
Saurischia
plant eater

Question 14

Sauropoda

Answer 14

Lizard foot
Saurischia
plant eater

Question 15

Theropoda

Answer 15

beast leg
Saurischia
Meat eater

Question 16

Theropoda

Answer 16

beast leg
Saurischia
Meat Eater

Question 17

What are Thyreophora?

Answer 17

They had a door-shaped shield on their backs and gave rise to ankylosaurs and stegosaurs
osteoderms- bones growing in skin

Question 18

What are Marginocephalia and their features?

Answer 18

Margin+ head
bony shelf (margin) on the back of the skull
Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria

Question 19

What makes stegosaurs diverse?

Answer 19

males have rounded plates, females have sharp plates
they have browsing teeth, small brains, and three supraorbital bones
does well in Cretaceous

Question 20

What are ankylosaurs?

Answer 20

they have bigger brains than stegosaurs
combined all their back plates to form one plate
good sense of smell
a big chunk of bone at the end of their tail, most likely a weapon
did well in Triassic

Question 21

Describe the ceratopsian lifestyle

Answer 21

the margin is an ornamental frill, they had tooth batteries, the lower and upper jaw shear together, there is evidence of parents with kids

Question 22

What are the major groups of Ornithopoda?

Answer 22

Hadrosauridae, saurolophinae, iguanadon, lambeosaurinae

Question 23

hadrosaur lifestyle

Answer 23

duck-billed, lived by rivers, good mothers, juveniles stayed around

Question 24

Lambeosaurinae lifestyle

Answer 24

a long chamber used to smell and to communicate with others, contained in a hollow crest

Question 25

How did ornithopoda eat?

Answer 25

They were browsers that had wrench-like teeth and used ridges to grind their food

Question 26

What is Sauropoda, and how did they live?

Answer 26

lit. lizard leg | they had a big nose opening, browsers, not in the water, Brachiosaur was the biggest

Question 27

What are theropods?

Answer 27

lit. beast leg | around since the beginning of dinosaurs, spread within the Triassic and kept doing better until the Cretaceous

Question 28

What are the basic features of theropods?

Answer 28

bipedal, serrated laterally compressed teeth, active forelimbs with big claws, subduing feet with an elongated 2nd claw probably kept in the air while running

Question 29

What are the major groups of theropods?

Answer 29

Paraves Maniraptora Coelurosauria Tetanurae

Question 30

What are the features of the T. Rex?

Answer 30

could break bones in the mouth, robust, big olfactory region, average eyesight, elongated cochlea (enhanced hearing), good semicircular canals (good balance)

Question 31

What was the evolution of feathers?

Answer 31

Prum's theory- filamentous feather, then down, then pennaceous forms barb, then barbulae, then rachis

Question 32

What are Avialae?

Answer 32

all species more closely related to birds than dinosaurs

Question 33

What is Aves?

Answer 33

The last common ancestor of all modern birds. There is no clear fossil.

Question 34

What were the early Avialae?

Answer 34

Jeholornis (long tail), CONFUCIOUSORNIS (long pygostyle), Pagornis, Yxianornis (short pygostyle, at least 8 tail feathers), HESPERORNIS (flightless swimmer), ICHTHYORNIS (seabird)

Question 35

What features changed as dinosaurs gave rise to birds and in what order?

Answer 35

feathers, 3 part air sac system, wishbone, semilunate carpal, change in orientation of shoulder, pennaceous feathers, pelvic girdle, short tail

Question 36

Citipati

Answer 36

theropod, maniraptora, Oviraptosauria (egg thief), late cretaceous

Question 37

semilunate carpal

Answer 37

basal- Coelophysis and Allosaurs Maniraptora- velociraptor, archaeopteryx, columba

Question 38

Plateosaurus

Answer 38

Prosauropoda

Question 39

Yahornis

Answer 39

Early Cretaceous bird