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Learning and Memory > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behaviour after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces that behaviour

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2
Q

Acoustic startle reflex

A

A defensive response to a startling stimulus

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3
Q

Orienting response

A

An organism’s innate reaction to a novel stimulus

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4
Q

Dishabituation

A

A renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs when the organism is presented with a novel stimulus

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5
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Reappearance (or increase in strength) of a previously habituated response after a short period of no stimulus presentation

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6
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in the strength or occurrence of a behavior due to exposure to an arousing or noxious stimulus

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7
Q

Dual process theory

A

The theory that habituation and sensitization are independent of each other but operate in parallel; For any type of stimulus you’re exposed to, it can be processed along two processing paths - reflex pathway and state system

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8
Q

Reflex pathway

A
  • Low threshold pathway
  • Responds to just about anything
  • Weakens with use
  • Accounts for habituation
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9
Q

State system

A
  • High threshold system
  • Very difficult to trigger activity
  • Globally boosts responding throughout reflex pathway when activated (sensitizes the reflex pathway)
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10
Q

Skin conductance response (SCR)

A

A change in the skin’s electrical conductivity associated with emotions such as anxiety, fear, or surprise

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11
Q

Novel object recognition

A

An organism’s detection of and response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behaviour

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12
Q

Synaptic depression

A

A reduction in synaptic transmission; a possible neural mechanism underlying habituation

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13
Q

Homosynaptic

A

Occurring in one synapse without affecting nearby synapses

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14
Q

Heterosynaptic

A

Occurring in several nearby synapses simultaneously

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15
Q

What happens during gill-withdrawal reflex in sea slugs?

A

Touching the siphon excites sensory neuron S, which releases glutamate, which excites motor neuron M, which drives the withdrawal response. With repeated stimulation, neuron S releases less glutamate, decreasing the chance that neuron M will be excited enough to fire

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16
Q

What are the properties that make the sea slug interesting to study?

A
  • Only about 20,000 neurons
  • Some neurons are visible to the naked eye
  • Consistent layout
17
Q

Fun facts about sea slugs

A
  • Can grow to be 2.5 feet long (75cm)
  • Can grow to be as heavy as 15lbs
  • Get their red colouring from eating red algae
  • Accumulate toxins from algae which makes them toxic to predators
  • Can release ink when approached by predators
  • When mating, they form chain of many sea slugs
18
Q

Stroke

A

When blood flow to some region of the brain stops or when an artery ruptures, causing neurons in the affected region to die

19
Q

Constraint-induced movement therapy

A

A motor rehabilitation technique in which unaffected limbs are restrained to increase usage of dysfunctional limbs

20
Q

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A

A cue that has some biological significance and in the absence of prior training naturally evokes a response

21
Q

Unconditioned response (UR)

A

The naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (US)

22
Q

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A

A cue that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) and comes to elicit a conditioned response (CR)

23
Q

Conditioned response (CR)

A

The trained response to a conditioned stimulus (CS) in anticipation of the unconditioned stimulus (US) that it predicts

24
Q

Appetitive conditioning

A

Conditioning in which the US is a positive event (such as food delivery)

25
Q

Aversive conditioning

A

Conditioning in which the US is a negative event (such as a shock or an air puff to the eye)

26
Q

Eyeblink conditioning

A

A classical conditioning procedure in which the US is an air puff to the eye and the conditioned and unconditioned responses are eyeblinks

27
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in reaction to a drug so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect

28
Q

Homeostasis

A

The tendency of the body to gravitate toward a state of equilibrium or balance

29
Q

Extinction

A

The process of reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment

30
Q

Compound conditioning

A

The simultaneous conditioning of two cues, usually presented at the same time

31
Q

Overshadowing

A

An effect seen in compound conditioning when a more salient cue within a compound acquires more association strength, and is thus more strongly conditioned, than does the less salient cue

32
Q

Blocking

A

A two-phase training paradigm in which prior training to one cue blocks later learning of a second cue when the two are paired together in the second phase of the training

33
Q

Prediction error

A

The difference between what was predicted and what actually occurred

34
Q

Error-correction learning

A

A mathematical specification of the conditions for learning that holds that the degree to which an outcome is surprising modulates the amount of learning that takes place

35
Q

Associative weight

A

In the Rescorla-Wagner model of conditioning, a value representing the strength of association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)

36
Q

Latent inhibition

A

A conditioning paradigm in which prior exposure to a CS retards later learning of the CS-US association during acquisition training

37
Q

US modulation theory

A

Any of the theories of conditioning that say the stimulus that enters into an association that is determined by a change in how the US is processed

38
Q

CS modulation theory

A

Any of the theories of conditioning holding that the stimulus that enters into an association is determined by a change in how the CS is processed

39
Q

Trial-level model

A

A theory of learning in which all of the cues that occur during a trial and all of the changes that result are considered a single event

Learning and Memory (2 decks)

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