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Health Psychology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Health Behaviours

A

Activity that people perform to maintain or improve health

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2
Q

Preventing Behaviours (3)

A

Primary : actions taken to avoid disease or injury
Secondary : actions taken to identify and treat an illness early(to stop or reverse health problem)
Tertiary: actions to retard lasting damage, prevent disability, and rehabilitate

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3
Q

What prompts health behaviours?

A

Beliefs and attitudes about threat, consequences, importance, benefits, ability and norms

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4
Q

Health Belief Model

A

Theory that attempts to explain or predict the likelihood of making a specific behaviour choice

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5
Q

Health belief model diagram

A

In pictures

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6
Q

Core concepts of health belief model

A
  1. Perceived Susceptibility
  2. Perceived Seriousness
  3. Perceived beliefs (what can I gain by changing behaviours)
  4. Perceived barriers
  5. Self Efficacy
  6. Cues to action (what will give me the final push to change)
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7
Q

What is the likelihood of preventive action based on?

A

It is based on the combination of perceived threat and the cost-benefit ratio

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8
Q

Theory of Planned Behaviour

A

People are reasonable, make systematic use of information when deciding how to behave
>Immediate determinant of behaviour is the INTENTION to act or not to act

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9
Q

Diagram of theory of planned behaviour

A

in pictures

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10
Q

3 Elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

A
  1. Attitudes
  2. Subjective Norms
  3. Perceived behavioural control (self-efficacy)
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11
Q

Competing Goals

A

Almost always present (losing weight vs enjoying food)
Have to weight the importance of goals
One goal is often more salient than the other

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12
Q

Habits

A

Automatic behaviours that occur outside of awareness and are triggered by environment/situational cues

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13
Q

Stages of Change (Transtheoretical Model)

A
  1. Pre-contemplation - has not thought about change
  2. Contemplation - aware of problem, considering change
  3. Preparation - ready and plans to change
  4. Action - trying to change
  5. Maintenance - work to maintain behaviour
  6. Relapse - revert to old habit
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14
Q

Components of the Transtheoretical Model

A
  • It explains why many people do not change behaviour

- Rate of moving through stages is diff for diff people

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15
Q

Goal Pursuit

A

Implementation Intentions
Build good habits
Self regulation
Monitoring

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16
Q

Motivation Continuum

A

Controlled –> Autonomous

Extrinsic - introjected - Identified - Integrated - Intrinsic

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17
Q

Implementation Intentions

A

Specific “If…then” pans

It strengthens the intention-behaviour relationship

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18
Q

Implementation Intentions and Habits

A

They can help us break bad habits and create new habits

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19
Q

Stages of the motivation continuum

A

Extrinsic - doing it for someone/thing else
Introjected - because you would feel shame if not
Identified - see that you should do it, it would be good for you
Intrinsic - do it because you want to you and like doing it

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20
Q

How long does it take to create a habit?

A

Approximately 66 days

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21
Q

Temptation

A

It is automatic and externally triggered

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22
Q

Using will power to resist temptation

A

It is effortful, it depletes our resources so it is not something we can do endlessly

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23
Q

What is a better way to resist temptation

A

It is best to change the environment to decrease the cues and possibilities for temptation
Can also re-evaluate desire

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24
Q

What part do awareness and monitoring play in goal pursuit?

A

Better monitoring = better progress

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25
Q

Other people’s influence on goal pursuit

A

Encourage or discourage
Can provide consequences
Modelling

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26
Q

Ways to get people to engage in health behaviours

A

Primary care settings
Public health campaigns/advertisements
In specific settings
Social engineering

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27
Q

The assumption of educational appeals

A

That people will change behaviour if they have the correct information
>uses persuasion

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28
Q

Things to consider in educational appeals

A 
Source 
Message 
Channel 
Receiver 
Destination
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29
Q

Appeals are most persuasive when:

A
  • Colourful and vivid
  • Source is credible
  • Message is short, clear and direct
  • State conclusions explicitly
  • Not too extreme
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30
Q

Loss-Framing

A

Emphasize the costs of a behaviour

> works best for illness detection behaviours

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31
Q

Gain-Framing

A

Emphasizes benefits from performing behaviour

>works best for behaviours to prevent illness or recover from injury

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32
Q

How do you know which is the best strategy to use?

A

It depends on the receiver - whether they are approach or avoidance oriented

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33
Q

Fear Appeals

A

Assumption that by increasing fear, people will change behaviour to reduce fear

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34
Q

Potential problems with fear appeals

A

Too much fear - undermine behaviour change

Fear alone is not enough

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35
Q

Social Engineering

A

Modify environment in ways that affect ability to practice health behaviours

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36
Q

What is the recommended level of exercise per week

A

150 minutes of moderate to high intensity

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37
Q

What are predictors of people who exercise

A
  • Young
  • Upper SES
  • Educated
  • History of exercise
  • Urban
  • More active in adolescence
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38
Q

Isotonic, isomentric, isokinetic exercise

A

Builds strength/endurance

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39
Q

Aerobic Exercise

A

Sustained exercise that stimulated/strengthens heart and lungs

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40
Q

Psychological benefits of exercise

A
  • Increase cog function
  • Increase positive mood and well-being
  • Reduce stress, anxiety and depression
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41
Q

Barriers to exercise

A
  • lack of time
  • too much effort required/too tired
  • not enjoyable
  • too self conscious
  • low self efficacy
  • no convenient place
  • fear of injury
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42
Q

Why do so many people drop out of exercising?

A

Initially aversive, few rewards
Lack of knowledge, threatens self esteem
Social comparison
Boring and repetitive

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43
Q

Strategies to improve adherence to exercise

A 
Cognitive-Behavioural strategies 
- self monitoring 
- self-reinforcement 
- goal setting 
Relapse Prevention 
Understanding Motivation and Attitudes
44
Q

How much sleep do we need?

A

Teenager 8-10h
Young Adult 7-9h
Adult 7-9h
Older Adult 7-8h

45
Q

Consequences of insufficient sleep

A 
Poorer cog function 
Decreased mood 
Worse performance 
Dampened immune 
Appetite regulation 
More accidents 
More stress --> leads to less sleep
46
Q

Types of Insomnia

A
  1. Difficulty falling asleep
  2. Multiple awakenings
  3. Early awakenings
  4. Unrefreshed sleep
47
Q

Strategies for getting better sleep

A 
Avoid stimulants close to bed 
Avoid heavy meals before bed 
Exercise 
Avoid napping
Comfortable sleep enviro
Relaxing bed routine 
De-stress
Only use bed for sleep
48
Q

Problems with Canada food guide

A

Ambiguous - how much is 1 serving

Does not take into account junk food

49
Q

Why is eating healthy a concern?

A

We have nutritional requirements
Bad diet is linked to diseases
Prevalence of obesity

50
Q

BMI

A

kg/m^2
or
(lb/in^2)X703

51
Q

BMI ranges

A

Under 18.5 : underweight
18.5-25 : normal
25-30 : over weigh
Over 30: obese

52
Q

Problem with BMI

A

It does not distinguish between fat, muscle and bone mass

53
Q

What causes us to eat too much?

A

Mindless eating
Mood
Social Network and norms

54
Q

What is the actual consequence of dieting?

A

Greater weight gain long term

55
Q

Alternatives to diets

A

Mindful eating
Preventing weight gain
Medically supervised approaches

56
Q

Eating Disorders

A

Altered consumption of food that impairs health or functioning

57
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Restricted intake
Low body weight
Fear of gaining weight
Distorted image of body

58
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A 
Binge eating in a short period of time and feel out of control 
Compensatory behaviours 
^ happen once a week for 3 months 
Self worth dependent on body 
Disturbance of body image
59
Q

Binge Eating

A 
At least 3 of:
- eating rapidly 
- eating past full 
- eating lots when not hungry 
- eating alone from embarrassment 
- feeling disgust with self 
Lack of control 
Happens at least once a week for 3 months 
No compensatory behaviours
60
Q

Prevalence of Anorexia

A

~0.4% young women

61
Q

How many people have bulimia

A

~1-1.5% young females

62
Q

Prevalence of binge eating

A

~1.5% women

~0.8% men

63
Q

Development and course of eating disorders

A

Usually begin during adolescence and young adulthood

Associated with stressful life event

64
Q

Treatment of eating disorders

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy

65
Q

What leads to drug dependence?

A 
Reinforcement 
Avoiding withdrawal
Substance-related cues 
Expectancies 
Individual differences
66
Q

How many Canadians smoke

A

14.6%

67
Q

How many cigarettes on average so people smoke

A

13.9

68
Q

Is smoking the greatest cause of preventable death?

A

Yes

69
Q

What are illnesses associated with smoking

A

Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Respiratory diseases

70
Q

What are the low-risk alcohol guidelines for women?

A

No more that 10 drinks/week
No more than 2 drinks/day
No more than 3 drinks on a single occasion

71
Q

What are the low-risk alcohol guidelines for men?

A

No more than 15 drinks/week
No more than 3 drinks/day
No more than 4 drinks in a single occasion

72
Q

Do men or women drink more?

A

Men

73
Q

What is problem drinking?

A

Binge drinking where people get very drunk

74
Q

What is the typical age range for binge drinking?

A

18-24

75
Q

Why do people drink? (4)

A

Social and Cultural factors
Reinforcement and substance related cues
Psychological factors in heavy drinking
Genetics

76
Q

Health impacts of drinking

A

Sleep disorders
Impaired immune
Cognitive impairment
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

77
Q

When can moderate drinking be good for you?

A

When you are older (over 65)

78
Q

Prevention strategies for drinking

A 
Social Engineering 
- Create barrier to buying 
- Monitor alcohol use 
- Restrict advertising 
Education Programs 
Family Involvement
79
Q

What are the barriers to change and treatment from alcohol abuse?

A

Little immediate incentives

Bad habits are enjoyable

80
Q

Motivational Interviewing

A

Having a conversation with a person to strengthen their own motivation and commitment to change

81
Q

What is an important factor when people are trying to quit substance abuse?

A

They need to work at their own pace and not feel pushed

82
Q

Abstinence Violation Effect

A

When people have failed their goal for the day they say “screw it” and completely blow their abstention for that day

83
Q

Harm reduction for substance reduction

A

Approach that focuses on the risks and consequences of the substance abuse problem rather than the use itself

84
Q

What is the average number of times that people use health services each year

A

On average 5.5 times/year

85
Q

What populations use health services the most?

A

Young children and elderly
Women more than men
Non-aboriginal, non-recent immigrants
High SES

86
Q

Symptoms are:

A

Subjective evidence of disease or physical disturbance

87
Q

Illness is :

A

the subjective sense of feeling unwell that often motivates a patient to consult a physician

88
Q

Is there much correspondence between perceived symptoms and actual physiological activity

A

No, there is little correspondence

89
Q

What des symptom perception depend on?

A

Individual differences
Situational factors
Beliefs and expectations

90
Q

What does recognizing illness depend on?

A

Prior experience
Expectation
Emotions

91
Q

Lay Referral Network

A

Non medical professionals that people go to for advice about illnesses (friends, family, internet)

92
Q

Treatment Delay

A

Time between noticing a symptom and seeking medical care

93
Q

Treatment delay intervals

A 
Appraisal Delay (am I ill?)
Illness delay (do I need to see a doctor?)
Utilization Delay (Is it worth the costs)
Medical delay (time from making to getting appointment)
94
Q

What is treatment delay affected by?

A

Presence or absence of pain
Life events
Perception of danger

95
Q

In what ways to people misuse the health care system

A

Using it for stress or emotional disturbance
Hypochondriacs
Secondary Gain (others are nicer to you when you’re sick

96
Q

Does taking an active role help with recovery?

A

Yes, people recover faster, it goes smoother and they exhibit greater treatment adherence

97
Q

What can make the patient experience less enjoyable?

A 
Interruptions 
Technical jargon 
Baby talk and "Elder-speak" 
Stereotypes 
Gender of physician
98
Q

Patients’ factors to the experience

A

Neuroticism
Anxiety
Knowledge/Language
Attitudes (what they think is important)

99
Q

What is a problem with the feedback that doctors get>

A

They get little feedback about treatment success or relationship satisfaction
Most of the feedback is negative

100
Q

Doctor centred care

A

All about what the doctor knows, the doctor is always right

101
Q

Patient-Centred care

A

What is best for the patient

> has best results

102
Q

Patient Directed care

A

The doctor gives the patients whatever they want

103
Q

Medication Adherence

A

The degree to which patients carry out prescribe treatments and behaviours

104
Q

How much to people adhere to prescriptions

A

15-93%

> Doctors think its higher

105
Q

What affects medication adherence

A

Physician communication and style - do they listen to patient

106
Q

What can improve medication adherence

A

Doctors give clear instructions and anticipate questions
Involve patient in planning
Involve significant others

Health Psychology (3 decks)

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