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Health Psychology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health?

A

“A state of physical, mental and social well-being - being and not just the absence of illness or disease”

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2
Q

Early cultures thought that the body was controlled by ____

A

Spirits

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3
Q

What were some early treatments?

A

Exorcism
herbs
Magical rituals

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4
Q

Trephination

A

Drilling a hole into the skull to “let the demon out”

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5
Q

Ancient Greece and Rome used what health perspective?

A

Hippocrate’s Humoral Theory

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6
Q

What are the 4 Humours?

A

Blood
Black Bile
Yellow Bile
Phlegm

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7
Q

In the ancient health perspective, they view the mind and body as separate or together?

A

Separate

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8
Q

In the Middle Ages, disease was seen as a ____ problem and caused by ____

A

Spiritual Problem

Sin

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9
Q

Health perspectives of the Renaissance

A

A scientific revolution
More understanding of how the body worked
Influenced by Descartes (the body is a machine –> mind and body can communicate)

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10
Q

Biological Model of Health

A

Health is the absence of disease
Illness is physical
Views body as a machine
Emphasis on diagnosis and treatment

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11
Q

Biopsychosocial Model of Health

A

Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors

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12
Q

Intensive Repeated Measures Sampling

A

Instead of being sampled over a long period of time, people are sampled frequently in a short time span

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13
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Electrochemical Messengers

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14
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain

Spinal cord

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15
Q

Lower level structures of the brain

A

Medulla (breathing, heart rate)
Reticular Formation (sleep/wake)
Thalamus (senses)
Cerebellum (body balance and coordination)

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16
Q

Limbic System

A

Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus

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17
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Autonomic Nervous System

Somatic Nervous System

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18
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Thyroid Gland

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19
Q

Systolic

A

Maximum force in arteries with each heart contraction

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20
Q

Diastolic

A

Resting pressure between myocardial contractions

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21
Q

Asphyxia

A

Too little oxygen and too much CO2

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22
Q

Anoxia

A

Shortage of oxygen

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23
Q

Antigens

A

Substances (bacteria, viral, fungi) that can trigger an immune response

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24
Q

What are allergies

A

They are immune responses to (normally) harmless substances

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25
Q

Organs of the immune system

A 
Bone Marrow 
Thymus 
Lymph Nodes 
Lymph vessels 
Spleen
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26
Q

Phagocytes

What are the two types?

A

Non-specific immunity. They engulf and ingest antigens

  1. Macrophages - attach to tissue and stay there
  2. Neutrophils - circulate the blood
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27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Tailored to specific antigens

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28
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T-cells, there are 5 different types

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29
Q

Antibody-mediated Immunity

A

B-cells attack the antigens directly while they are still in the blood stream before they enter cells

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30
Q

What are the 3 lines of immune system defence?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Non-specific and specific immune processes
  3. T-cells
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31
Q

What is the primary function of the digestive system

A

To break down food, absorb nutrients and excrete waste

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32
Q

Disorders of the digestive system

A

Peptic Ulcers
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cancer

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33
Q

Stress activates which two body systems?

A

Nervous system and endocrine system

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34
Q

Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary (SAM) Pathway

A

Fast Acting

> leads to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline

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35
Q

Sympathetic Responses to Stress (6)

A
  1. Increased heart rate and blood pressure
  2. Constriction of blood vessels
  3. Increased respiration
  4. Bronchial dilation
  5. Pupils dilate
  6. Digestion decreases
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36
Q

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis

A

Slow Acting
Hypothalamus –> corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) –> Pituitary –> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –> Adrenal Cortex –> Cortisol

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37
Q

What is stress

A

It is the perceived discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of the situation ad the resources one has

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38
Q

Fight or flight response

A

The physiological reaction of people and animals in response to perceived danger

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39
Q

General Adaptation Syndrom (GAS)

A
  1. Alarm - energy increase
  2. Resistance - body resists or adapts to a stressor
  3. Exhaustion - energy is depleted
40
Q

Allostatic Load

A

The wear and tear on the body after being exposed to repeated or chronic levels of stress

  • Can impede the ability to adapt to stressors in the future
  • Has a cumulative effect
41
Q

The 4 Factors of Stress

A

Exposure (amount, intensity)
Reactivity (magnitude of response)
Recovery (rate of recovery)
Restoration (allowing for repair)

42
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

Is there a potential threat or harm?

43
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

Do you have enough resources to deal with it

44
Q

“Optimal” Performance

A

There is an optimal level of arousal where you are at peak ability

45
Q

Flow

A

The optimal balance between the difficulty of a challenge and the abilities one has to achieve it

46
Q

True or False, reframing how we think of the stress response can be less stressful

A

True, if we perceive it as the body getting ready to work, then it is perceived as less stressful

47
Q

Stressful events can be categorized as:

A

Catastrophic events
Life changes/events
Daily hassles

48
Q

What is the problem with using checklists to rate stressful life events

A

To know which events to include

49
Q

There are individual differences in experiences to stress:

A

Demographic - women and lower socio economic status experience more stress
Personality
Prior Health

50
Q

How is stress induced most frequently in the lab?

A

Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)

51
Q

What makes the TSST stressful?

A

Motivated performance
Uncontrollability
Social-evaluative threat

52
Q

Why is stress studied in the lab?

A

Used to study:

  • Stress reactivity
  • Habituation
  • Effect of acute stress on outcomes
53
Q

What are sources of stress?

A

Ourselves
Environment
Job/School
Family/relationships

54
Q

Effects of stress on relationships

A
  • Emotional Withdrawal
  • Fewer household tasks
  • Less affection and together time
  • Attributional style
  • Reactivity
55
Q

Bulldozer

A

Stress tears through life and makes everything worse

56
Q

Diathesis-Stress Model

A

Looks at both predispositions and the interplay with stressors
(Experiencing stress will have an effect on that particular predisposition)

57
Q

Effects of the Allostatic Load

A
  1. Cardiovascular
  2. Metabolic
  3. Immune
  4. Brain, CNS
58
Q

Stress and Diseases

A 
Asthma 
Digestive system diseases 
Headaches 
Hypertension
Coronary heart disease 
Cancer
59
Q

Things that cause chronic stress

A 
Low socio-economic status 
Environmental stress 
Discrimination 
Chronic Illness 
Family environment 
Work 
PTSD
60
Q

Five Factor Model of Personality

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism
61
Q

High Openness

A 
Intellectually curious 
Nonconforming 
Daring 
Appreciative of art 
Aware of feelings
62
Q

Hight Conscientiousness

A 
Dependable
Productive 
Purposeful 
High Achievement 
Persistent
63
Q

High Extraversion

A

Talkative
Sociable
Affectionate
High energy/activity levels

64
Q

High agreeableness

A 
Sympathetic 
Warm 
Trusting 
Cooperative 
Generous 
Helpful
Optimistic view of human nature
65
Q

High Neuroticism

A 
Emotionally reactive 
Vulnerable to stress 
Interpret ordinary situation as threatening 
Anxious 
Insecure 
Self-conscious
66
Q

Which personality trait experiences the least stress

A

Conscientious

67
Q

Which personality trait experiences the most stress?

A

Neuroticism

68
Q

Optimism and stress

A
  • Decreased exposure to stress
  • Increased social support
  • Lower blood pressure
69
Q

2 types of perfectionism and stress

A
  1. Personal Standards

2. Self-critical - linked to greater stress

70
Q

What part of a type A is a health risk

A

Hostility

71
Q

Coping

A

The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in the stressful situation

72
Q

Emotion-Focused Coping

A

Attention is directed at minimizing the distress triggered by the stressor
>Make yourself feel better by self-soothing, distracting, etc.
»Rarely ideal when used exclusively

73
Q

Problem Focused Coping

A

Attention directed at the stressor itself, steps to remove, evade, or diminish impact

74
Q

Best coping strategies

A
  • Engaging positive emotions
  • Finding benefits or meaning
  • Engaging in emotional approach
  • Accommodating to a stressor
75
Q

What affects how you cope?

A
  1. Internal Resources
    - Personality, resilience
  2. External Resources
    - Tangibles
    - Social Support
76
Q

Types of Social Support

A
  1. Tangible Assistance = material support
  2. Informational Support = advice
  3. Emotional Support = make person feel valued and cared for
  4. Companionship Support = sense of belonging
77
Q

Objective and Subjective Social Support

A

When people have a diverse network and they feel like they are supported is best

78
Q

Direct Hypothesis

A

Social support has the same benefit during stressful and not stressful times (same magnitude of highs and low, but you start off higher)

79
Q

Buffering Hypothesis

A

Social support is especially beneficial when stressful things happen (Start high, dip low during stressor, but bouncy back quicker)

80
Q

Types of support (part 2)

A
  1. Autonomy Support = support the choices of others
  2. Controlling Support = telling them what they “should” do
  3. Cheerleading/Directive Support
81
Q

Visible Support

A

The support that can be seen

82
Q

Invisible Support

A

The behind the scenes support that it not visible

>Can be more beneficial

83
Q

Where can social support be found?

A

Friends
Family
Pets
God

84
Q

Things that reduce the potential for stress

A 
Social support 
Exercise 
Feeling in control 
Time management 
Feeling prepared
85
Q

SMART goals

A 
Specific 
Measurable 
Attainable 
Realistic 
Time-limited
86
Q

Relaxation Techniques

A
  • Progressing muscle relaxation
  • MBSR and Mindfulness Meditation
  • Biofeedback
87
Q

How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy work?

A

Aims to alter thinking, mood and behaviour by identifying, evaluating and responding to dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs

88
Q

Thinking Traps

A

Fortune-Telling

Black-and-white thinking

89
Q

Behavioural Interventions

A
  • Exposure &systematic desensitization
  • Modeling
  • Behavioural activation
  • Problem solving training
  • Social skills trailing
90
Q

Other ways to manage stress

A

Medication
Massage
Disclosure

91
Q

Positive Health

A

The scientific study of health assets : strengths that promote a healthier life

92
Q

Health Assets

A 
Personal 
 - Physical 
Psychological 
 - Positive emotions, purpose
Behavioural 
 - Exercise, eat well, sleep 
Social 
 - Relationships 
Environmental 
 - Meaningful job, being in nature
93
Q

Broaden and Build theory

A

Build resources and psychological resilience for when stress comes

94
Q

5 Types of Post Traumatic Growth

A
  1. Relating to others
  2. New possibilities or opportunities
  3. Personal strength
  4. Appreciation for life
  5. Spiritual change
95
Q

Enhances Allostasis

A

The body adapts to the stress over the long term

Health Psychology (3 decks)

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