Midterm 1 Flashcards
What is health?
“A state of physical, mental and social well-being - being and not just the absence of illness or disease”
Early cultures thought that the body was controlled by ____
Spirits
What were some early treatments?
Exorcism
herbs
Magical rituals
Trephination
Drilling a hole into the skull to “let the demon out”
Ancient Greece and Rome used what health perspective?
Hippocrate’s Humoral Theory
What are the 4 Humours?
Blood
Black Bile
Yellow Bile
Phlegm
In the ancient health perspective, they view the mind and body as separate or together?
Separate
In the Middle Ages, disease was seen as a ____ problem and caused by ____
Spiritual Problem
Sin
Health perspectives of the Renaissance
A scientific revolution
More understanding of how the body worked
Influenced by Descartes (the body is a machine –> mind and body can communicate)
Biological Model of Health
Health is the absence of disease
Illness is physical
Views body as a machine
Emphasis on diagnosis and treatment
Biopsychosocial Model of Health
Health and illness are consequences of the interplay of biological, psychological and social factors
Intensive Repeated Measures Sampling
Instead of being sampled over a long period of time, people are sampled frequently in a short time span
Neurotransmitters
Electrochemical Messengers
Central Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord
Lower level structures of the brain
Medulla (breathing, heart rate)
Reticular Formation (sleep/wake)
Thalamus (senses)
Cerebellum (body balance and coordination)
Limbic System
Amygdala
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
Peripheral Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
Endocrine Glands
Pituitary Gland
Adrenal Gland
Pancreas
Thyroid Gland
Systolic
Maximum force in arteries with each heart contraction
Diastolic
Resting pressure between myocardial contractions
Asphyxia
Too little oxygen and too much CO2
Anoxia
Shortage of oxygen
Antigens
Substances (bacteria, viral, fungi) that can trigger an immune response
What are allergies
They are immune responses to (normally) harmless substances
Organs of the immune system
Bone Marrow Thymus Lymph Nodes Lymph vessels Spleen
Phagocytes
What are the two types?
Non-specific immunity. They engulf and ingest antigens
- Macrophages - attach to tissue and stay there
- Neutrophils - circulate the blood
Lymphocytes
Tailored to specific antigens
Cell-mediated immunity
T-cells, there are 5 different types
Antibody-mediated Immunity
B-cells attack the antigens directly while they are still in the blood stream before they enter cells
What are the 3 lines of immune system defence?
- Skin
- Non-specific and specific immune processes
- T-cells
What is the primary function of the digestive system
To break down food, absorb nutrients and excrete waste
Disorders of the digestive system
Peptic Ulcers
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Cancer
Stress activates which two body systems?
Nervous system and endocrine system
Sympathetic-Adrenomedullary (SAM) Pathway
Fast Acting
> leads to the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline
Sympathetic Responses to Stress (6)
- Increased heart rate and blood pressure
- Constriction of blood vessels
- Increased respiration
- Bronchial dilation
- Pupils dilate
- Digestion decreases
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis
Slow Acting
Hypothalamus –> corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) –> Pituitary –> adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) –> Adrenal Cortex –> Cortisol
What is stress
It is the perceived discrepancy between the physical or psychological demands of the situation ad the resources one has
Fight or flight response
The physiological reaction of people and animals in response to perceived danger
General Adaptation Syndrom (GAS)
- Alarm - energy increase
- Resistance - body resists or adapts to a stressor
- Exhaustion - energy is depleted
Allostatic Load
The wear and tear on the body after being exposed to repeated or chronic levels of stress
- Can impede the ability to adapt to stressors in the future
- Has a cumulative effect
The 4 Factors of Stress
Exposure (amount, intensity)
Reactivity (magnitude of response)
Recovery (rate of recovery)
Restoration (allowing for repair)
Primary Appraisal
Is there a potential threat or harm?
Secondary Appraisal
Do you have enough resources to deal with it
“Optimal” Performance
There is an optimal level of arousal where you are at peak ability
Flow
The optimal balance between the difficulty of a challenge and the abilities one has to achieve it
True or False, reframing how we think of the stress response can be less stressful
True, if we perceive it as the body getting ready to work, then it is perceived as less stressful
Stressful events can be categorized as:
Catastrophic events
Life changes/events
Daily hassles
What is the problem with using checklists to rate stressful life events
To know which events to include
There are individual differences in experiences to stress:
Demographic - women and lower socio economic status experience more stress
Personality
Prior Health
How is stress induced most frequently in the lab?
Trier Social Stress Test (TSST)
What makes the TSST stressful?
Motivated performance
Uncontrollability
Social-evaluative threat
Why is stress studied in the lab?
Used to study:
- Stress reactivity
- Habituation
- Effect of acute stress on outcomes
What are sources of stress?
Ourselves
Environment
Job/School
Family/relationships
Effects of stress on relationships
- Emotional Withdrawal
- Fewer household tasks
- Less affection and together time
- Attributional style
- Reactivity
Bulldozer
Stress tears through life and makes everything worse
Diathesis-Stress Model
Looks at both predispositions and the interplay with stressors
(Experiencing stress will have an effect on that particular predisposition)
Effects of the Allostatic Load
- Cardiovascular
- Metabolic
- Immune
- Brain, CNS
Stress and Diseases
Asthma Digestive system diseases Headaches Hypertension Coronary heart disease Cancer
Things that cause chronic stress
Low socio-economic status Environmental stress Discrimination Chronic Illness Family environment Work PTSD
Five Factor Model of Personality
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
High Openness
Intellectually curious Nonconforming Daring Appreciative of art Aware of feelings
Hight Conscientiousness
Dependable Productive Purposeful High Achievement Persistent
High Extraversion
Talkative
Sociable
Affectionate
High energy/activity levels
High agreeableness
Sympathetic Warm Trusting Cooperative Generous Helpful Optimistic view of human nature
High Neuroticism
Emotionally reactive Vulnerable to stress Interpret ordinary situation as threatening Anxious Insecure Self-conscious
Which personality trait experiences the least stress
Conscientious
Which personality trait experiences the most stress?
Neuroticism
Optimism and stress
- Decreased exposure to stress
- Increased social support
- Lower blood pressure
2 types of perfectionism and stress
- Personal Standards
2. Self-critical - linked to greater stress
What part of a type A is a health risk
Hostility
Coping
The process by which people try to manage the perceived discrepancy between the demands and resources they appraise in the stressful situation
Emotion-Focused Coping
Attention is directed at minimizing the distress triggered by the stressor
>Make yourself feel better by self-soothing, distracting, etc.
»Rarely ideal when used exclusively
Problem Focused Coping
Attention directed at the stressor itself, steps to remove, evade, or diminish impact
Best coping strategies
- Engaging positive emotions
- Finding benefits or meaning
- Engaging in emotional approach
- Accommodating to a stressor
What affects how you cope?
- Internal Resources
- Personality, resilience - External Resources
- Tangibles
- Social Support
Types of Social Support
- Tangible Assistance = material support
- Informational Support = advice
- Emotional Support = make person feel valued and cared for
- Companionship Support = sense of belonging
Objective and Subjective Social Support
When people have a diverse network and they feel like they are supported is best
Direct Hypothesis
Social support has the same benefit during stressful and not stressful times (same magnitude of highs and low, but you start off higher)
Buffering Hypothesis
Social support is especially beneficial when stressful things happen (Start high, dip low during stressor, but bouncy back quicker)
Types of support (part 2)
- Autonomy Support = support the choices of others
- Controlling Support = telling them what they “should” do
- Cheerleading/Directive Support
Visible Support
The support that can be seen
Invisible Support
The behind the scenes support that it not visible
>Can be more beneficial
Where can social support be found?
Friends
Family
Pets
God
Things that reduce the potential for stress
Social support Exercise Feeling in control Time management Feeling prepared
SMART goals
Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Time-limited
Relaxation Techniques
- Progressing muscle relaxation
- MBSR and Mindfulness Meditation
- Biofeedback
How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy work?
Aims to alter thinking, mood and behaviour by identifying, evaluating and responding to dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs
Thinking Traps
Fortune-Telling
Black-and-white thinking
Behavioural Interventions
- Exposure &systematic desensitization
- Modeling
- Behavioural activation
- Problem solving training
- Social skills trailing
Other ways to manage stress
Medication
Massage
Disclosure
Positive Health
The scientific study of health assets : strengths that promote a healthier life
Health Assets
Personal - Physical Psychological - Positive emotions, purpose Behavioural - Exercise, eat well, sleep Social - Relationships Environmental - Meaningful job, being in nature
Broaden and Build theory
Build resources and psychological resilience for when stress comes
5 Types of Post Traumatic Growth
- Relating to others
- New possibilities or opportunities
- Personal strength
- Appreciation for life
- Spiritual change
Enhances Allostasis
The body adapts to the stress over the long term
