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ANTHROP 2U03 > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Flu viruses

A

Orthmyxoviridae:

  • Family of RNA viruses
  • Types/clades: A B C
  • Virulent encapsulated
  • ID’d based on combo of surface antigens: hemaggultinin and neuraminidase
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2
Q

Evolution of flu viruses

A
  • Antigenetic drift: minor genetic changes, mostly non-beneficial (A B C)
  • Antigenetic shift: major genetic changes, acquires genes f/other strains through reassortment, usually in pigs (A only)
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3
Q

History of flu

A
  • Middle Ages: Florence 1387, possibly 1st case
  • Late 18th c: first major pandemics
  • Late 19th c: first detailed analysis of pandemic
  • 1930s: virus isolated
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4
Q

Flu: experience (physical)

A
  • Heliotrope cyanosis: lavender-grey hue on face/ears
  • Drowned in lung fluid (attempt to protect itself)
  • 20% developed secondary pneumonia (secondary infections=main killers)
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5
Q

Flu Origin Theories

A

Camp Funston, KS (Fort Riley)

  • Farm country
  • Early 1918: mysterious illness, spread f/camp to camp
  • NYC: excessive mortality (port f/which soldiers left)
  • European epidemic coincided w/US troops’ arrival

Etaples, France

  • 1916: un-ID’d bug killing soldiers (descriptions: similar symptoms)
  • Birds and pigs both there (everything and everyone in place)
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6
Q

Virus: Spanish flu specifically

A
  • Influenza A
  • Almost entirely avian, NOT reassortment virus
  • Jumped f/fowl to humans, suggesting it had already circulated prior
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7
Q

Flu W-Curve Theories

A
  • Age group fighting in trenches, probably fighting co-infections
  • Over-reaction: reproduces quickly –> immune system goes into overdrive –> fluid in lungs
    • Antigenetic imprinting: exposure to virulent flu in utero/infancy –> over-reactions to similar strains later (1889 Russian Flu)
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8
Q

Treatment for flu

A
  • Anti-pneumonia vaccines (useless)
  • Good nursing only effective remedy
  • Drs: sleep, wash hands, don’t kiss, etc.
  • Some isolation hospitals (Ham)
  • Informal support networks (donations, care, adopted orphans, took care of animals)
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9
Q

Geographic Distribution of flu: Hamilton

A
  • Started in West

- Higher MR in north (working class, smaller houses): shows how social inequalities affect mortality

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10
Q

Spanish flu: why was it forgotten?

A
  • Lack of imagery/lit/news coverage (didn’t want to demoralize)
  • Few high profile deaths
  • Medical failure –> omitted f/textbooks
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11
Q

Syphilis transmission

A
  • Bacteria crossing mucous membrane
  • Mainly sexual but also through cuts, lesions, drug use
  • Mainly horizontal, can be vertical
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12
Q

Venereal syphilis: microorganism

A
  • Treponema pallidum pallidum

- Spirochete

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13
Q

Syphilis: primary stage

A
  • 3-6 weeks post infection

- Painless ulcer: highly infectious, leaves no scar

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14
Q

Secondary: Syphilis

A
  • Bacteraemic stage: multiply, spread through blood
  • 6 weeks after primary chancre heals
  • Widespread rash
  • Condyloma lata: highly contagious wart-like lesions in warm, moist areas (genitals, mouth)
  • Small, flat red lesions (palms, sores, mouth)
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15
Q

Tertiary: Syphilis

A
  • 6-40 years after primary infection
  • Gummas: soft, non-cancerous growths
  • Bone lesions: painful, good skeletal indicator
  • Irreversible damage to heart, liver, kidney, can cause death
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16
Q

Pinta

A
  • T. pallidum carateum
  • South/central America
  • Skin to skin contact
  • Flaky skin paules, hypo-pigmentation of skin
  • Easily treated w/antibiotics
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17
Q

Yaws

A
  • T. pallidum pertenue
  • Across equatorial zone
  • Spread most effectively by children
  • Skin lesions, ulcers, may –> joint pain, fatigue, scarring of skin
  • Easily treated w/antibiotics
18
Q

Bejel

A
  • T. pallidum endemicum
  • E. Med/W. Af (arid regions)
  • Contaminated drinking vessels/utensils
  • Childhood disease
  • Gums -> mouth -> raised lesions on limbs
  • Very rare
19
Q

Europe: Emergence (syphilis)

A

-First documented amongst soldiers in Naples, French soldiers brought disease back

20
Q

Early 20th c: syphilis revealing social values

A
  • Deep fears re: contagion, disease, death, sexuality (–>stigma)
  • Why? Taboo, strict ideas about “correct” social relations, viewed sexuality w/suspicion
21
Q

Message of syphilis campaigns

A
  • STDs=enemy of war, female
  • Women trick men/undermine war efforts
  • Punishment for sexual license
  • Triple threat to moral order: working women, disordered sexuality, subverted ideals of family
22
Q

Syphilis today in Can

A
  • Rising since 2001

- Highest in NWT, AB

23
Q

HIV/AIDS history

A
  • 1981: rare infections (P. carinii) in gay comms signalled severe immuno-deficiency
  • Also present in drug users/hemophiliacs, signalled infectious agent
  • 1983: HIV-1 virus isolated
  • Few years later: HIV-2
24
Q

HIV/AIDS viruses

A
  • F/lentivirus groups of retroviruses
  • RNA molecules, reverse transcription
  • Host takeover, shuts down all other functions
  • Evolution: 1m x faster due to high mutation and replication rate
  • Majority: HIV-1, group M
25
Q

HIV/AIDS peak

A
  • 1997: peak in mortality

- On average, still stable/increasing in SE Asia, E Europe

26
Q

Demographic Impact: HIV/AIDS

A
  • Tremendous adult mortality –> orphans
  • Reduced like expectancy (Swaziland, women: 40-45)
  • Population structure inverted
27
Q

HIV/AIDS virus: sources and origins

A
  • Sources:
    • HIV-1: chimps
    • HIV-2: sooty mangabey monkeys
  • Congo: origin (Kinshasa, Brazzaville)
    • Bushmeat
    • Civil war
  • Hoover: unethical testing, possible use of chimp kidneys
28
Q

NA: Blame

A
  • “Plague”: othering, smw else, foreign
  • Religious right, moral majority tied in with politics (Helm’s Amendment)
  • Non-natural sex, punishment
29
Q

Stats: TB

A
  • Leading cause of death 2nd to HIV/AIDS
  • 95% of deaths in middle/low income countries
  • Developed countries: focalize on poor
  • 20-40 hardest hit: huge social/econ impact
30
Q

Mircoorganism: TB

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Small, slow growing, non-motile, rod-shaped
  • Well adapted to lung (long co-evolution) but can infect other organs
  • Close relationship w/M. bovis
31
Q

TB Epidemiology and Symptoms

A
  • Highly infectious, airborne
  • Transmission: droplet nuclei (reqs close proximity)
  • Settings: crowded, dark, cold, moist
  • Symptoms: fever, coughing, weight loss (often mild)
32
Q

Infection Experience: TB

A
  • Eventually: tubercles (small, hard lumps)

- Can lead to non-infection, dormant infection, or active infection

33
Q

Antiquity/Origins

A
  • Skeletal indicators: spinal lesions, kyphosis
  • Firm ev for at least 6 kya, maybe before 10 kya
  • Link to cattle domestication, ~10 kya
  • Molecular clock: arose in Fertile Crescent, ~40 kya
  • Indications in SA pre-contact: independent origins?
34
Q

High point: TB

A
  • 18th c pandemic

- Almost entire cities had it (Paris, London)

35
Q

19th c view: TB

A
  • Consumption: seen as seductive, romantic, aphrodisiac

- Caused by unconventional behaviours

36
Q

Discovery of M. tuberculosis

A
  • 1882, Koch
  • Demystified disease, medicalized it, gave it an element of control
  • Better understandings, focus on healthy living/environments–>sanatorium movement
37
Q

Henle and Koch’s postulates

A
  • Specific microorganism always found in association w/specific disease, and no other
  • Culture in lab produces disease in animal
38
Q

Sanatorium movement

A
  • Ideas about best treatment/environment
  • Defence against contagion (like Plague Houses)
    • Laws requiring isolation (only disease)
  • Lead to physical and social death
  • Impact: already on decline, continued
39
Q

TB risk factors

A
  • Age: infancy, puberty, old age
  • Gender: young women
  • Genetics: poverty?
  • Environment: crowing NOT density
  • Nutrition
  • Working conditions
  • Industrialization: early vs late
40
Q

TB: why resurgence in NA

A
  • Herd immunity diminished
  • MDR strains
  • Research/funding disappeared
  • Inadequate treatment programs
  • Synergy w/HIV/AIDS
41
Q

2006-08 outbreak

A
  • Transmission in bursts, clusters
  • Linked to arrival of crack houses, depressed immune systems)
  • 10x normal rate
  • 2 strains
  • BC
42
Q

Decline in TB in western nations: why?

A

-Social improvements –> reduction in co-infections –> decline in syndemic conditions?

ANTHROP 2U03 (3 decks)

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