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ANTHROP 2U03 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mortality rate (def)

A

of deaths in a given location, of a particular cause

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2
Q

Microbe/where did it come f: SARS

A

Coronavirus

Zoonosis: civet cat
Markets of Guandong (live game)

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3
Q

Zoonoses (def)

A

Natural infection of animals that, under the right conditions, can jump to humans

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4
Q

Epidemic (def)

A

Cases of an illness in excess of normal expectancy in a given place (old disease increasing or new one taking hold quickly)

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5
Q

Pandemic (def)

A

Disease present throughout entire country, continent, world (epidemic over large area)

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6
Q

Endemic (def)

A

Entrenched in a region, country, continent

Can cycle through epi phases
Medical intervention may cure, but doesn’t prevent spread

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7
Q

Transmission: SARS

A

Person to person:

  • Direct contact
  • Droplets f/respiratory secretions
  • Fecal
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8
Q

Pestilence (def)

A

-Disease outbreak w/high MR

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9
Q

A plague (def)

A
  • Idea of pestilence: disease outbreak w/high MR

- Special case of epidemic: high mortality, destructive, fear, lack of control, may transform society/belief systems

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10
Q

Palaeopathology

A

Interpreting of disease in ancient human remains

  • Impact on individual AND society
  • Framework: epidemiological transition theory
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11
Q

Types of remains

A

Skeletons, mummies, DNA f/microorganisms

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12
Q

Skeletal and Dental Pathology (what can we tell)

A 
Bone formation/loss
Fractures/dislocations
Arthritis
Developmental abnormalities (cleft palate, spina bifida)
Genetic diseases
Dental abscesses, hypoplasia
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13
Q

TB in skeleton

A
  • Collapsed vertebrae

- Vertebral abscess

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14
Q

Leprosy on skeleton

A

Small holes and wearing away of layers of skull

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15
Q

Syphilis on skeleton

A

Worm-eaten appearance of skull

Saber shins

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16
Q

Other ev for diseases in past

A
  • Burials
  • Parasites in soil (ex: round worm)
  • Animal remains
  • Coprolites
  • Macroparasites (ex: fleas, lice)
  • Art and iconography
  • Historical records
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17
Q

Limitations of arch ev for disease

A
  • Uneven arch record
  • Most infections leave no trace on bones
  • Small samples, osteological paradox
  • Must be understood w/in context of societies/cultures (factors that influence who gets sick)
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18
Q

Theories of Body/Medicine

A
  • Humor Theory: balancing of humors
  • Miasma Theory: bad air (middle ages-19th c)
  • Germ Theory
  • Koch’s Theory: specificy (1 microorganism=1 disease)
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19
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in defined populations

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20
Q

Pathogen

A

Anything that produces disease

Types: micro/macroscopic

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21
Q

Microorganism and relationships

A
  • Visible only w/microscope
  • Symbiotic: micro and host benefit
  • Commensal: one benefits w/o damaging the other
  • Parasitic: one benefits at other’s expense
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22
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Single-celled, fast growing organisms
  • Cell wall
  • Gram +/-, shape
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23
Q

Virus

A
  • Much smaller, acellular organism, genomes consist of nucleic acid
  • Only 1 type of acid
  • No energy metabolism/protein synthesis
24
Q

Modes of Disease Transmission

A
  • Human to human (best): contact, respiratory/saliva, alimentary tract, fecal-oral, sexual, blood
  • Zoonotic
25
Vector (def)
-Carries of transmits parasite (intermediary)
26
Reservoir
-Special in which pathogen multiplies and/or develops (even when active transmission isn't occurring)
27
BD: time
- Started in mid 14th c - Lasted ~350 years - Recurred ~20 yrs
28
BD: origin
- No one knows exact origin, around Black Sea (Kaffa?) | - Spread through trade
29
BD: vector, reservoir, host
- Vector: rat flea - Reservoir: wild rodent pop (immune) - Microbe: Yersinia pestis
30
BD: cause of rats --> humans
-Climate change --> contact between wild and commensal rodents (not adapted, as they die fleas jump to humans, bite, throw up bacteria)
31
BD Forms and Transmission
- Bubonic: animal to human - Pneumonic: blood sputum, highly transmissible person to person - Septicaemic: secondary pneumonic form
32
BD Contributing Factors
- Snap cooling --> drought (Great Famine, movement of rodents) - 100 Years' War
33
Omran Transition Theory
-Shift in importance of infectious of infectious vs chronic disease 1. Pestilence and famine (-1875) 2. Receding Pandemics (1875-1930 3. Degenerative and man made disease (1930+)
34
Omran critiques
- Eurocentric | - Short time scale
35
Armelagos, Barnes, Lin: Transition Theory
- Palaeo baseline: HG (4 mya-10 kya) - 1st transition: food production and urbanisation (10 kya-100 ya) - 2nd transition: industrialization - 3rd transition: post-industrial world
36
Holmes: Transition Theory
0. Co-divergence of hosts and pathogens (100 kya) 1. Origins of ag (10 kya): zoonoses, density (TB) 2. Urbanization (5 kya): density (measles) 3. Colonization (Yellow Fever) 4. Globalization and Enviro Change (SARS)
37
Ag and disease
- Monoculture --> nutritional disease, increased risk of famine - Zoonoses - Increased pop density --> increased transmission possibilities
38
War and disease
Create conditions conducive to infectious disease, the effects of which depend on the social context in which they occur
39
Typhus: Microorganism and vector
- Rickettsia (bacteria-like) - Vector: louse (feces scratched in) - Species specific - Survival depends on growth/replication w/in the host cell
40
Web of Biosocial Interactions
- Hot, dry summer --> scarcity, contam of water - Bad roads --> food scarcity - Fear of attack --> crowding - Syndemics (dysentery, etc.)
41
Factors in Bubonic Plague, Vietnam
- Sterilization of land --> bamboo --> rats - Bombing --> crowded refugee camps - Destruction of fields --> malnutrition
42
Pathogenicity (def)
Ability or an organism to cause harm/disease or not
43
Virulence (def)
-Degree of pathology, influence by ability to multiple w/in host
44
Spanish flu: shift in virulence
- Genetic change? - Trench warfare: crowded, ambulance drivers - Normally we are immobilized --> limited transmission
45
Bosnia Herzegovina: highlights and buffers
- 3-4x in mortality, mainly trauma/war related - Low acute malnutrition - Buffers: private homes, public health in tact, pre-war nourishment/affluence, effective food distribution
46
Somalia
- ID leading cause of death - Refugee camps: water shortages, sanitation overwhelmed, crowding - Pre-war: infrastructure/overall health much lower
47
Pathognomonic
-Symptoms readily identifiable
48
Smallpox: microbe, transmission
- Variola virus - Transmission: contact/airborne transmission (highly contagious, initial outbreaks had high MR --> childhood disease) - No animal reservoir (host-specific=long co-ev)
49
Smallpox: origins
-Unknown, maybe associated w/irrigation ag societies, ~10 kya (make sense b/c crowd disease)
50
Lithuanian mummies
- Their virus sits much farther back | - Coalescent date: 1588-1645 (more recent ev or genetic shift)
51
Smallpox vaccine inventor
Jenner, 1796
52
Smallpox Eradication Timeline
- Mid 50s: early campaign, failed - Late 60s: intensified - Last case: 1977 - How: campaigns, working w/religious groups, significant infrastructure
53
Why was smallpox eradicable?
- No animal reservoir - Vaccine effective and easy to produce - Herd immunity only reqs min # of ppl
54
Arguments for destroying smallpox
- Potential bioweapon - Could escape - Clones/sequences exist - Study other diseases
55
Argument against destroying smallpox
- Eliminating stock =/= eliminating smallpox - Bioweapon/escape unlikely, easily controlled - Study has enormous benefits - Could re-emerge

ANTHROP 2U03 (3 decks)

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