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ANTHROP 2U03 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Mortality rate (def)

A

of deaths in a given location, of a particular cause

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2
Q

Microbe/where did it come f: SARS

A

Coronavirus

Zoonosis: civet cat
Markets of Guandong (live game)

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3
Q

Zoonoses (def)

A

Natural infection of animals that, under the right conditions, can jump to humans

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4
Q

Epidemic (def)

A

Cases of an illness in excess of normal expectancy in a given place (old disease increasing or new one taking hold quickly)

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5
Q

Pandemic (def)

A

Disease present throughout entire country, continent, world (epidemic over large area)

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6
Q

Endemic (def)

A

Entrenched in a region, country, continent

Can cycle through epi phases
Medical intervention may cure, but doesn’t prevent spread

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7
Q

Transmission: SARS

A

Person to person:

  • Direct contact
  • Droplets f/respiratory secretions
  • Fecal
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8
Q

Pestilence (def)

A

-Disease outbreak w/high MR

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9
Q

A plague (def)

A
  • Idea of pestilence: disease outbreak w/high MR

- Special case of epidemic: high mortality, destructive, fear, lack of control, may transform society/belief systems

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10
Q

Palaeopathology

A

Interpreting of disease in ancient human remains

  • Impact on individual AND society
  • Framework: epidemiological transition theory
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11
Q

Types of remains

A

Skeletons, mummies, DNA f/microorganisms

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12
Q

Skeletal and Dental Pathology (what can we tell)

A 
Bone formation/loss
Fractures/dislocations
Arthritis
Developmental abnormalities (cleft palate, spina bifida)
Genetic diseases
Dental abscesses, hypoplasia
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13
Q

TB in skeleton

A
  • Collapsed vertebrae

- Vertebral abscess

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14
Q

Leprosy on skeleton

A

Small holes and wearing away of layers of skull

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15
Q

Syphilis on skeleton

A

Worm-eaten appearance of skull

Saber shins

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16
Q

Other ev for diseases in past

A
  • Burials
  • Parasites in soil (ex: round worm)
  • Animal remains
  • Coprolites
  • Macroparasites (ex: fleas, lice)
  • Art and iconography
  • Historical records
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17
Q

Limitations of arch ev for disease

A
  • Uneven arch record
  • Most infections leave no trace on bones
  • Small samples, osteological paradox
  • Must be understood w/in context of societies/cultures (factors that influence who gets sick)
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18
Q

Theories of Body/Medicine

A
  • Humor Theory: balancing of humors
  • Miasma Theory: bad air (middle ages-19th c)
  • Germ Theory
  • Koch’s Theory: specificy (1 microorganism=1 disease)
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19
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease in defined populations

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20
Q

Pathogen

A

Anything that produces disease

Types: micro/macroscopic

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21
Q

Microorganism and relationships

A
  • Visible only w/microscope
  • Symbiotic: micro and host benefit
  • Commensal: one benefits w/o damaging the other
  • Parasitic: one benefits at other’s expense
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22
Q

Bacteria

A
  • Single-celled, fast growing organisms
  • Cell wall
  • Gram +/-, shape
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23
Q

Virus

A
  • Much smaller, acellular organism, genomes consist of nucleic acid
  • Only 1 type of acid
  • No energy metabolism/protein synthesis
24
Q

Modes of Disease Transmission

A
  • Human to human (best): contact, respiratory/saliva, alimentary tract, fecal-oral, sexual, blood
  • Zoonotic
25
Q

Vector (def)

A

-Carries of transmits parasite (intermediary)

26
Q

Reservoir

A

-Special in which pathogen multiplies and/or develops (even when active transmission isn’t occurring)

27
Q

BD: time

A
  • Started in mid 14th c
  • Lasted ~350 years
  • Recurred ~20 yrs
28
Q

BD: origin

A
  • No one knows exact origin, around Black Sea (Kaffa?)

- Spread through trade

29
Q

BD: vector, reservoir, host

A
  • Vector: rat flea
  • Reservoir: wild rodent pop (immune)
  • Microbe: Yersinia pestis
30
Q

BD: cause of rats –> humans

A

-Climate change –> contact between wild and commensal rodents (not adapted, as they die fleas jump to humans, bite, throw up bacteria)

31
Q

BD Forms and Transmission

A
  • Bubonic: animal to human
  • Pneumonic: blood sputum, highly transmissible person to person
  • Septicaemic: secondary pneumonic form
32
Q

BD Contributing Factors

A
  • Snap cooling –> drought (Great Famine, movement of rodents)
  • 100 Years’ War
33
Q

Omran Transition Theory

A

-Shift in importance of infectious of infectious vs chronic disease

  1. Pestilence and famine (-1875)
  2. Receding Pandemics (1875-1930
  3. Degenerative and man made disease (1930+)
34
Q

Omran critiques

A
  • Eurocentric

- Short time scale

35
Q

Armelagos, Barnes, Lin: Transition Theory

A
  • Palaeo baseline: HG (4 mya-10 kya)
  • 1st transition: food production and urbanisation (10 kya-100 ya)
  • 2nd transition: industrialization
  • 3rd transition: post-industrial world
36
Q

Holmes: Transition Theory

A
  1. Co-divergence of hosts and pathogens (100 kya)
  2. Origins of ag (10 kya): zoonoses, density (TB)
  3. Urbanization (5 kya): density (measles)
  4. Colonization (Yellow Fever)
  5. Globalization and Enviro Change (SARS)
37
Q

Ag and disease

A
  • Monoculture –> nutritional disease, increased risk of famine
  • Zoonoses
  • Increased pop density –> increased transmission possibilities
38
Q

War and disease

A

Create conditions conducive to infectious disease, the effects of which depend on the social context in which they occur

39
Q

Typhus: Microorganism and vector

A
  • Rickettsia (bacteria-like)
  • Vector: louse (feces scratched in)
  • Species specific
  • Survival depends on growth/replication w/in the host cell
40
Q

Web of Biosocial Interactions

A
  • Hot, dry summer –> scarcity, contam of water
  • Bad roads –> food scarcity
  • Fear of attack –> crowding
  • Syndemics (dysentery, etc.)
41
Q

Factors in Bubonic Plague, Vietnam

A
  • Sterilization of land –> bamboo –> rats
  • Bombing –> crowded refugee camps
  • Destruction of fields –> malnutrition
42
Q

Pathogenicity (def)

A

Ability or an organism to cause harm/disease or not

43
Q

Virulence (def)

A

-Degree of pathology, influence by ability to multiple w/in host

44
Q

Spanish flu: shift in virulence

A
  • Genetic change?
  • Trench warfare: crowded, ambulance drivers
  • Normally we are immobilized –> limited transmission
45
Q

Bosnia Herzegovina: highlights and buffers

A
  • 3-4x in mortality, mainly trauma/war related
  • Low acute malnutrition
  • Buffers: private homes, public health in tact, pre-war nourishment/affluence, effective food distribution
46
Q

Somalia

A
  • ID leading cause of death
  • Refugee camps: water shortages, sanitation overwhelmed, crowding
  • Pre-war: infrastructure/overall health much lower
47
Q

Pathognomonic

A

-Symptoms readily identifiable

48
Q

Smallpox: microbe, transmission

A
  • Variola virus
  • Transmission: contact/airborne transmission (highly contagious, initial outbreaks had high MR –> childhood disease)
  • No animal reservoir (host-specific=long co-ev)
49
Q

Smallpox: origins

A

-Unknown, maybe associated w/irrigation ag societies, ~10 kya (make sense b/c crowd disease)

50
Q

Lithuanian mummies

A
  • Their virus sits much farther back

- Coalescent date: 1588-1645 (more recent ev or genetic shift)

51
Q

Smallpox vaccine inventor

A

Jenner, 1796

52
Q

Smallpox Eradication Timeline

A
  • Mid 50s: early campaign, failed
  • Late 60s: intensified
  • Last case: 1977
  • How: campaigns, working w/religious groups, significant infrastructure
53
Q

Why was smallpox eradicable?

A
  • No animal reservoir
  • Vaccine effective and easy to produce
  • Herd immunity only reqs min # of ppl
54
Q

Arguments for destroying smallpox

A
  • Potential bioweapon
  • Could escape
  • Clones/sequences exist
  • Study other diseases
55
Q

Argument against destroying smallpox

A
  • Eliminating stock =/= eliminating smallpox
  • Bioweapon/escape unlikely, easily controlled
  • Study has enormous benefits
  • Could re-emerge

ANTHROP 2U03 (3 decks)

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