Midterm 2 Flashcards
Behavioural pathogens
Health damaging behaviours
Behavioural immunogens
Health protective behaviours
Addiction
Physically or psychologically dependent on a substance following use over a period of time
State that occurs when the body has adjusted the substance and incorporates the use of that substance into the normal functioning
Physical Dependence
Process by which the body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects
Tolerance
Craving
Strong desire to engage in a behaviour or consume a substance; seems to result from a physical dependence and from a conditioning process
The unpleasant symptoms (both psychological and physical) that people experience when they stop using a substance on which they have become dependent.
Withdrawal
Problem drinking
Substantial social, psychological, and medical problems
Alcoholism
Involves physical dependency (high tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, lack control over their drinking), social, psychological problems
Consequences of Smoking
Increase in risk of premature death, CHD, Cancers of the respiratory
Overall, smoking has ____ except in college students
Decreased
Smoking is the leading _____ cause of ____ and ____
Preventable, mortality, morbidity
Smoking has a _____ relapse rate than alcohol
Higher
Obesity
Having a body mass index of 30 or greater
BMI
Body Mass Index
Consequences of Obesity
Coronary heart disease, Type II diabetes, Gallbladder disease, Hypertension, Osteoarthritis
Primary Prevention
To avoid the development of disease
Secondary Prevention
To diagnose and treat an existing disease in its early stages before it results in significant morbidity
Tertiary Prevention
To reduce the negative impact of established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications
Binge Eating Disorder
Consuming large quantities of food
Anorexia Nervosa
An obsessive disorder amounting to self-starvation, in which an individual diets and exercises to the point that body weight is grossly below optimum level, threatening health and potentially leading to death.
Bulimia Nervosa
Habitual overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise
Prevention: 3 Levels:
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Involves modifying the environment in ways that affects people’s ability to practice in a particular behaviour
Social Engineering
Involves modifying the environment in ways that affects people’s ability to practice in a particular behaviour
Social Engineering
Unintentional injuries are a major cause of _____ death
Preventable
Recent years have seen _____ in the use of accident prevention measures, especially car safety restraints for children and bicycle helmets
Increases
Immunity is provided to an individual by introducing a small amount of antigen
Vaccination
_____ and _____ most common cause of death and disability among children
Poisonings, falls
______ situation: more attentive to symptoms
Boring
_____ busy: More likely to recognize a symptom
Less
Three main stages of illness behaviours:
Recognition, seeking treatment, adhering to treatment
Worried that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.
Hypochondriacs
Characterized by negative emotions, self-consciousness, and a concern with bodily functions. May exaggerate symptoms or may be more attentive to real symptoms
Neuroticism
Other Individual differences
Confirmation bias, Attribution or misattribution, perceptions of pain- pain threshold
The effect of mood:
_____ mood= Healthy
_____ mood= Report more symptoms
Positive, negative
5 Components to Illness Schema
Identity, Consequences, Causes, Duration, Cure
What contributes to the interpretation of symptoms (3)
Prior experience, expectations, seriousness of the symptoms
Most people have ____ disease models of illness. They are:
- Acute, chronic, cyclic
What contributes to a lay referral network?
Family and friends, preferred method of treatment (elder in a community), ethnic communities (may recommend home remedies)
Factors predicting the use of health services (7)
Age, Gender, Social norms, economic factors, socialization, attitudes and beliefs, and culture: access and linguistic barriers
Stages of Delay (7)
Appraisal delay, Illness delay, Behavioural delay, Sceduling delay, Treatment delay, Medical delay, Total patient delay
Delay between the detection of symptoms and inferring illness
Appraisal delay
Delay between inferring illness and deciding to seek medical attention
Illness delay
Delay between deciding to seek medical attention and making an appointment
Behavioural delay
Delay between making an appointment and receiving medical attention
Scheduling delay
Delay between first receiving medical attention and beginning treatment
Treatment delay
Medical delay
Delay between scheduling delay and treatment delay
Total patient delay
The sum of all the delays, from first noticing symptoms to beginning treatment
_____ major models of interaction:
Three. Active-passive model, guidance- cooperation model, mutual- cooperation model
What factors impede effective communication?
Patient consumerism, setting, structure of the delivery system
Adherence
The extent to which a patient’s behaviour matches his or her practitioner’s advice
What is creative nonadherance?
Patients will directly disobey their doctor’s orders. Patients will modify and supplement their treatment plans
Adherence is increased when: (6)
Patients decide to adhere They feel the provider cares about them They understand what to do Good communication is used They have received clear, written instructions They have good family support
Asks closed-ended questions and allows discussion
Ignores attempts to discuss other problems
Provider-centered
Asks open-ended questions and allows discussion
Avoids jargon and encourages participation
Patient-centered
Consequences of Bad/ Imprecise Communication
Confusion
Nonadherence
Decreased patient satisfaction
Barriers to patient-provider communication
Standard response Jargon Robotic response One-word question No empathy
