Midterm 1 Flashcards
The study of how psychological influences contribute to health, illness, and reaction to illness
Health Psychology
Common definitions focus on lack of:
Objective signs of illness and subjective symptoms of illness
What do health psychologists do?
Health promotion and maintenance, prevention and treatment of illness and disease, the ethology and correlates of health, illness, and dysfunction, analyze and improve the health care system and health policy
Etiology
Origins/ causes of illness
Health psychology is the ______, educational, and professional contributions of ______ _______, _______, and ________ to health related issues
Scientific, psychological theory, practice, and research
17th, 18th, and 19th century focused on:
Dietary and infectious diseases
_______ illnesses account for more than half of all deaths (Who, 2006)
Chronic
Declines in infectious disease are the result of preventative measure comes from the ______ century
20th
_______ diseases develop and persist over time. This comes from ______ century society
Chronic, 21st
Biopsychosocial Model
The prominent model in Health Psychology practice and research
Biomedical Model
All illness can be explained in terms of abnormal bodily processes
- Reductionist
- Single causal factor considered
- Assumes mind- body dualism
- Emphasizes over health
Biomedical Model
- Macrolevel as well as microlevel
- Multiple causal factors considered
- Mind and body inseparable
- Emphasizes both health and illness
Biopsychosocial Model
There are ____ main factors affecting population health. They are:
12
Income and social status, social support networks, education, employment/ work conditions, social environments, physical environments, personal health practices and coping skills, healthy child development, biology and genetic, health services, gender, and culture
Experimental Design
Establishing cause and effect relationships using randomized clinical trials
Correlational Design
Looks at the relationship between variables
Random sampling and random assignment, experimental groups and control groups, placebos, and single blind/ double blind research are characteristics of _______ design
Experimental
Examining existing relationships and variables that cannot be manipulated, developing hypotheses, and generating predictive information are characteristics of ________ design
Correlational
Other designs include
Prospective designs, retrospective research, qualitative research, developmental approaches, case studies, single-subject design, twin studies, adoption studies, cross-sectional approach, and cohort effect
In-depth examination of an individual
Case Study
Qualitative Research
Interviews with individuals of interest; focus groups; case studies
Twin Studies. 2 Types
Used to determine whether heredity factors influence health. Monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins
Adoption Studies
Compare traits of adopted children with those of both natural and adoptive parents
Looking back in time, reconstruct conditions
Retrospective Research
Designs, such as longitudinal research, in which we observe people over time
Prospective Designs
Cohort Effect
Generational effect due to historical experiences of a group of subjects
4 Types of Acculturation
Marginalization, Assimilation, Separation, Integration
Low host culture/ low home culture
Marginalization
High host culture/ low home culture
Assimilation
Low host culture/ high home culture
Separation
High host culture/ high home culture
Integration
Balance of Mind, body, and spirit
Indian (Ayurveda) Medicine
Balance of Chi and Yin and Yang
Traditional Chinese Medicine
A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not the absence of illness, injuries, and disabilities
Western Medicine
Approaches outside of Western biomedicine are called ________ or __________ medicine
Complimentary, alternative
______ _____ is marked by reliance on technology and science for diagnosis and treatment
Western Biomedicine
Allopathic medicine, or treatments to cause the opposite effect of the disease.
The type of medicine taught, practiced, and prescribed
Reductionism or the search for a single cause of illness
Western Biomedicine
Treats more people than any other form of medicine
Critical elements of health are food choices, relationships, and emotional life
Holistic approach
Chinese Traditional Medicine
Tao
CTM source of illness
Organs of life and universe
Created by the opposing forces of Yin and Yang
The 5 phases or elemental activities
The active forces that illustrate the relationships between human beings and nature
Qi, or energy, moves within the body in the same pattern as in nature
The 5 elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water) are related to a season, an organ and food
CTM treatment is focused on settling the ______ through massage, acupuncture or acupressure, and herbs to ______ the flow of ______
Imbalance, enhance, Qi
The root for many common medical practices such as garlic, yoga, and supplements
Ayurveda
Ayurveda health is a ______ and _______ relationship between ______ and the _______ world
Symbiotic, balanced, nature, supernatural
Ayurveda 5 elements
Ether, air, fire, water, earth
Prior to research, what spurred the growth of CAM?
Trial and error
Health Behaviours
Behaviours that enhance or maintain health
Health Habits
Behaviour that is firmly established, performed automatically, very difficult to change
When do health habits usually develop and stabilize?
They develop in early childhood and stabilize around 11 or 12
What determines health behaviours?
Biological, Psychological, Societal
The health belief model has _____ factors
2
The first factor is _____ _____
Perceived threat
The second factor is ______ _____
Perceived effectiveness
Individuals will perform healthy behaviours if they believe
They are susceptible to an illness
The illness will have severe consequences
Their behaviour will reduce the severity and or susceptibility of the illness
The benefits of the behaviour outweighs the costs
They can successfully execute the behaviour
Prospect theory suggests that for _____ risk health behaviours, potential losses should be emphasized. For _____ risk health behaviours stress benefits or gains of changing the behaviour should be emphasized
High, Low
Transtheoretical Model
Outlines the process and different stages of change
There are _____ stages of change. They include:
6.
Pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination
Primary prevention
To avoid the development of disease
Secondary prevention
To diagnose and treat and existing disease in its early stages before it results in significant morbidity
Tertiary prevention
To reduce the negative impact of established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications
Involves modifying the environment in ways that affects people’s ability to practice in a particular behaviour
Social engineering
___ ______ attempts to increase healthy behaviours
Health education
______ _____ is being aware of health behaviours that pose a threat to our future health or existing risks
Health Promotion
Interventions
Programs designed to assess and change health behaviours
What are the barriers to modifying poor health behaviours?
Knowing when intervene
Incentives for practicing health behaviours
Lack of motivation
Instability of Health behaviours
A particular time when adolescents are more likely to develop health related behaviour
Window of Vulnerability
3 Key theories of health behaviour change
The Health Belief Model
Theory of Planned Behaviour
Transtheoretical Model
An ideal health message is one that changes a persons health behaviour for the ______
Better
Health messages that are _____ are most effective
Individualized
Educational Appeals
Assumption that people will change their health habits if they have the correct information
Fear Appeals
Assumption that if the people are fearful that particular habit is hurting their health, they will change their behaviour to reduce fear
Social Cognition Models
Propose that the beliefs that people hold about a health behaviour will motivate their decision to change (or not change) the behaviour
Expectancy Value Theory
People will choose to engage in behaviours they believe they will succeed in and have outcomes they value
A hypothetical construct that involves an assertion, often of he relationship between some object, action, or idea, and some attribute
Belief
A hypothetical construct that is used to explain consistencies within people in their affective reactions to (their feelings about) an object, phenomenon.
Attitude
What are the different types of attitudes?
Emotional, Cognitive, Behavioural
Behaviour as a result of intention determined by Attitude towards the action, subjective norms regarding action, perceived control
Theory of Planned Behaviour
A relatively long-term change in behaviour that results from experience
Learning Theories
Operant Conditioning
Describe the relationship between behavior and the environment events (antecedents and consequences) that influence behavior.
Operant Conditioning has ____ components. They are:
- Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequences
For a consequence to alter a particular behaviour, it must be _____ or _____ upon the occurrence go that behaviour
Dependent, Contingent
The major principles of contingency are _____ and ______
Reinforcement and punishment
________ strengthens or increases the probability of a specific response.
______ decreases the probability of a specific response
Reinforcement
Punishment
