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BIO 121 > Midterm #2 > Flashcards

Midterm #2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the defining processes of deuterostome development?

A

They have radial cleavage, under go enterocoely, Anus forms from blastopore and have regulative development.

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2
Q

Which phyla are deuterostomes?

A

Echinoderms and chordates

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3
Q

Name 5 characteristics of phylum Echinodermata

A
  1. Have an endo-skeleton. 2. Have a water vascular system. 3. Adults have pent-radial symmetry. 4. Larva have bilateral symmetry. 5. capable of regeneration
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4
Q

Name the common classes of Echinodermata.

A
  1. Asteroidea (sea stars). 2.Ophiuroidea (brittle stars). 3. chinoidea (sea urchins). 4. Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers). 5. crinoidea (feather stars)
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5
Q

What are the three main parts of asteroidea’s nervous system?

A
  1. Radial nerve ring in central disk. 2. radial nerve ring in ambulacral groove. 3. Nerve net connects the two
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6
Q

what is a ambulacral groove and what phylum and class have them?

A

Echinodermata—> asteroidea

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7
Q

Name characteristics of phylum Echinodermata

A
  1. Have radial cleavage (deterstomes). 2. Anus develops from blastopore. 3. larva are bilateral. 4. adults have pent-radial symmetry. 5. Have a endo-skeleton. 6.Use a water vascular system to move via hydrostatic pressure. 7. Can regenerate body parts.
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8
Q

What are the defining processes of protostome development?

A
  1. Spiral cleavage. 2. Blastopore forms mouth. 3. schizocoely (embryonic development). 4. mosaic development
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9
Q

What does autotomy refer to?

A

The ability to detach a body part

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10
Q

What are pedicellariae?

A

Small claspers that are used i cleaning the animals body.

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11
Q

What are 5 defining characteristics of chordates?

A
  1. posses notochord (supports body). 2. Have a DHNC (Dorsal hollow nerve cord. 3. Pharyngeal slits. 4. Postanal tail. 5. Endostyle/throid.
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12
Q

What animals are included in the phylum chordata

A

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

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13
Q

What animals are included in the sub-phylum Urochordata?

A

sea squirts and tunicates (both look like condoms)

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14
Q

is the cardiac stomach investable or the pyloric stomach?

A

cardiac stomach is invertable, pyloric stomach is not invertable.

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15
Q

What is the feeding process for asterodiea?

A

mouth–> cardiac stomach (invertable)–>pyloric stomach (not invertable)—>digestive caeca (intestine).

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16
Q

What are the main parts of asteroid’s sensory system?

A

Ocean (sensory tube feet) and eye spots plus sensory cells all over body.

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17
Q

What defines prochordata? and what are the main sub phylums?

A

they have no skull. Urochordata (sea-squirts) and cephalochordate (laclets)

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18
Q

in chordates what does the notochord do?

A

supports and stiffens animal and acts as an anchor point for muscle attachment. Allows them to twist and or flex their entire body.

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19
Q

What is the dorsal hollow nerve chord?

A

the anterior end forms a 3 lobed brain.

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20
Q

What do the pharyngeal slits do?

A

Connect throat to outside of body and are used for filter feeding. Early vertebrates used them for respiration and in tetrapod they became the ear canal.

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21
Q

What is the postanal tail used for?

A

swimming

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22
Q

What is the endostyle for?

A

Primative form of thyroid , secretes mucos to trap food also coats pharyngeal slits to be more effective in filter feeding, also releases hormones.

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23
Q

What is the sub phylum urochordata?

A

sea squirts

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of urochordata?

A

free swimming larva and sessile adults. Larva have all 5 chordate characteristics, adults only retain pharyngeal slits and end-style.

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25
Q

What is the life cycle of urochordata?

A

larva attach to sediments lose tail—-> lose notochord—> DHNC is reduced (one ganglion)—> reproduction (form gametes)—> new larva.

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26
Q

How does an adult urochordata develop?

A

pharyngeal slits become a basket for filter feeding. use incurrent and excurrent siphons. endostyle coats pharyngeal basket for more effective feeding.

27
Q

How does an adult urochordata feed?

A

water—> incurrent siphons—>pharyngeal basket—>esophagus—> gut—> excurrent siphons—-> removes waste and filtered water.

28
Q

What animals are sin the sub-phylum cephalochordate?

A

tunicates. (invasive)

29
Q

What is significant about cephalochordates?

A

no gills Diffuse through body tissues, heart, red bloods cells, no brain.

30
Q

how do cephalochordates feed?

A

cilia push water down mouth—> filter food (pharyngeal slits)—>cilia move food to intestine—> intracellular digestion. water leaves through atriopore.

31
Q

How do cephalochordates respire?

A

Direct diffusion through body wall to tissues.

32
Q

What 5 notochord characteristics do cephalochordates have?

A
  1. Pharyngeal slits. 2. DHNC. 3. Postanal tail. 4. notochord. 5.endosytle/ thyroid.
33
Q

What characteristics do larval and adult urochordata have?

A

Larva have 1) notochord. 2)pharyngeal slits. 3)DHNC. 4) end-style. 5) postnatal tail. Adults only have 1). pharyngeal slits and 2) endostyle.

34
Q

What are the 4 major evolutionary advantages of early vertebrates?

A

1) endoskeleton 2) Efficient respiration. 3) Developed brain and sensory structures. 4) paired jaws and limbs.

35
Q

What is the significance of an endoskeleton in early vertebrates?

A

1) allows for larger mass because larger muscles can be connected to the stable skeleton. 2) W- shaped muscle tissues gives greater control and strength. 3) Skeleton grows with body.

36
Q

Why did early vertebrates have more efficient respiration?

A

pharyngeal slits push water over slits. improved circulation because of gills, heart and muscular blood vessels. This allows for increased metabolism and a predatory life style.

37
Q

What is asteroid’s endoskeleton made up of?

A

1). Ossicles (calcium carbonate plates)joined with 2) catch collagen. 3) Stereom meshwork that penetrates ossicles.

38
Q

What made early vertebrate’s brain and sensory system more effective

A

they developed a three lobed brain and paired sensory structures (eyes), pressure receptors (lateral line) and chemical receptors.

39
Q

Name the two most important developments of an early vertebrate’s sensory system.

A

Neural crest cells helped form part of the skull and echodermal placodes which developed into sensory structures e.g eyes, ears, nose, lateral line.

40
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

these are the genes that determine what type of body plan and structures will be developed. E.g like a director decides which scene should happen next. More hox genes means great complexity in body structure.

41
Q

Name an early vertebrate? and why are they considered to be one?

A

A Condont because they had early (paired eyes, a notochord, and the first example of bone.

42
Q

When did early vertebrates first appear?

A

550 mya ago.

43
Q

What is the difference between Agnathans and Gnathostomes?

A

Agnathans are jawless fish and Gnathostomes are jawed fish.

44
Q

Name 3 Agnathan groups from class.

A

Ostracoderms( Extinct), Myxini (Hagfish), and Petromyzontida (Lampreys).

45
Q

Name 6 characteristics of Agnathans

A

1) weak vertebrae. 2) Notochord. 3) Fiberous and cartilage skeleton. 4) No jaw or paired fins. 5) No scales 6) Poorly developed stomach

46
Q

What are Myxini and some significant parts of it’s lifestyle?

A

Hagfish, they are parasitic, can go 7 months with out eating, tie themselves into knots for better leverage when working a carcass. Can produced a very very large amount of slime to avoid predation, have 3 hearts,

47
Q

What are Petromyzontida?

A

lamprey half of species are parasitic and half do not feed. Reproduction is selective ( large with large and small with small, selecting against average sized).

48
Q

What is significant about Petromyzontida larva?

A

lamprey larva are called ammocoetes they strongly resemble primitive chordates and filter feed for 3-7 years Lamprey also die after spawning.

49
Q

How do petromyzontida feed?

A

parasitic jawless so they attach and rasp flesh then produce anticoagulants to avoid clotting and lap up fluids.

50
Q

What is significant about hagfish reproduction?

A

Can change sex seasonally.

51
Q

What does the adaption of jaws do for Gnathostomes? and what does this change mean regrading locomotion?

A

jaws allow you to eat larger more active prey, so as a result paired fins are developed as well for greater speed.

52
Q

What structure did gills evolve from?

A

collagen gill arches turn into cartilage gill arches and turn into jaws.

53
Q

Name three types of Gnathostomes

A

Chondricthyes (cartilage skeleton), Actionpterygii (ray finned fish), Sarcopterygii (lobe- finned fish).

54
Q

Name the groups of Chondricthyes from class.

A

Elasmobranchi (Sharks, skates, rays), Holocephli( Ratfish)

55
Q

Name the groups of Actionpterygii from class

A

Chrondrosteans (primitive ray finned fish), Neopterygians (teleosts)

56
Q

What type of tail does Elasmobranchi have?

A

Heterocercal (helps with buoyancy by pushing the fish up slightly as it swims).

57
Q

What does Elasmobranchi lack that all ray finned fish have and what does it use instead to make up for it?

A

They lack swim bladders so to maintain buoyancy they have very large livers and secrete Squalene (oils) that are buoyant.

58
Q

What type of scales do Elasmobranchi have? and what are they made up of?

A

Placoid scales( arrow head shaped), same as our teeth the outer layer is enamel with a inner layer of dentin and a pulp cavity in the middle.

59
Q

What is significant about sharp teeth?

A

They are modified placoid scales and they grow in rows starting from the back of the mouth and rolling up and out like a convert belt when they are needed.

60
Q

Why is significant about Elasmobranchi’s intestines?

A

they are very short so to make them more efficient they have a spiral valve with forces food to take longer to pass through the intestines.

61
Q

Are Elasmobranchi osmotic?

A

Sharks are iso-osmotic which means they have the same salt content in their body as their environment and this means less water is lost from the body (equal pressure).

62
Q

Where does water enter for respiration in Chondrichthyes?

A

Enters through mouth and spiracles and passes through gill slits. Rays have spiracle openings on top of their body because they sit in sediments for long periods of time.

63
Q

What special reproduction structure do sharks have?

A

Claspers to stick in female.

BIO 121 (5 decks)

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