Lab Exam # 2

Question 1

What are the Occiptital Condyles? And where are they located.

Answer 1

These are 2 bone protrusions on the skull where the spinal cord connects (reptiles and birds only have 1). Through the Foramen mangnum

Question 2

Where are the cervical vertebrae and how many are there?

Answer 2

The vertebrae between the skull and shoulders, there are 7

Question 3

Where are the thoracic vertebrae located? and what is different about them from other vertebrae?

Answer 3

From the cervical vertebrae to the end of the rib cage they are the largest.

Question 4

Where are the lumbar vertebrae located?

Answer 4

From the bottom of the thoracic vertebrae (bottom of rib cage) to the sacral vertebrae.

Question 5

What are the sacral vertebrae and what is significant about them?

Answer 5

The sacral vertebrae are fused and connect to the lumbar vertebrae and sit in the muddle of the pelvis.

Question 6

What are caudal vertebrae?

Answer 6

Vertebrae in the tail of an animal.

Question 7

Name the Three common types of skulls.

Answer 7

Synapsid, diapsid and Anapsid.

Question 8

What defines the three skulls?

Answer 8

Anapsid skulls have no holes, synapsid skulls have 1 an diapsids have two.

Question 9

What organism has an anapsid skull?

Answer 9

Turtles/tortises

Question 10

What organism has a synapsid skull?

Answer 10

Mammals

Question 11

What organisms have diapsid skulls?

Answer 11

Reptiles, alligators

Question 12

What are vibrissae?

Answer 12

Whiskers

Question 13

What are mammary glands?

Answer 13

Titties.

Question 14

What does a gall bladder do?

Answer 14

Stores bile and helps break down fats.

Question 15

What does the presence or absence of the gall bladder indicate?

Answer 15

Feeding behaviour. We eat few large meals with lots of fat the gall bladder is needed to process this fat. Horse do not have a gall bladder because they constantly graze in small amounts throughout the day so their livers can handle the slow steady trickle of food.

Question 16

What does the spleen do?

Answer 16

Attached near the stomach it removes dead blood cells and recycles iron.

Question 17

How is surface area increased in the intestine?

Answer 17

Thousands of finger like projections called villi add surface area.

Question 18

What is the classification for seas squirts aka tunicates?

Answer 18

Phylum: Chordata—> Subphylum: Urochordata

Question 19

What is the classification for Lancelets? and another classification of them?

Answer 19

Phylum: Chordata—> Subphylum: Cephalochordate. Prochordates.

Question 20

Name the 5 features of the phylum chordata.

Answer 20

1) Noto chord, 2) DHNC-Dorsal hollow nerve cord. 3) Pharyngeal slits. 4) post anal tail. 5) Endostyle

Question 21

Describe tunicate life cycles.

Answer 21

urochordates have free swimming larva with all 5 chordate features and a sessile adult form.

Question 22

Which chordate features do adult Urochordates retain?

Answer 22

They retain the pharyngeal slits but transform them into a basket for filter feeding and also retain the endostyle.

Question 23

What name can be given to both Urochordata and cephalochordate?

Answer 23

Prochordates.

Question 24

What are cephalochordata?

Answer 24

Tunicates

Question 25

Name one species of cephalochordate from lab.

Answer 25

Amphioxus

Question 26

Name two living agnatha.

Answer 26

lamprey and hagfish. Jawless fish.

Question 27

What is the taxonomic classification for lamprey?

Answer 27

Agnatha—> Petromyzontida

Question 28

What is similar between Petromyzontida and cephalochordates?

Answer 28

amphioxus and ammeocoetes larva (lamprey larva) both have DHNC, a notochord, post anal tail.

Question 29

What was the first agnathans?

Answer 29

Ostracoderms, bony plated filter feeders.

Question 30

What is Chondrichthyes?

Answer 30

Sharks, skates, rays cartilage fish.

Question 31

What is the main difference between cartilage fish and actinopterygii?

Answer 31

Chondrichtheyes lack operculum, a swim bladder and bony ray fins.

Question 32

What is the pyloric ceca?

Answer 32

Finger like protrusions in the stomach that increase surface area. Just like villi in the intestine. attached between the stomach and intestines.

Question 33

What are sarcopterygii?

Answer 33

Lobe finned fish like the lung fish

Question 34

What order do frogs and salamanders belong to?

Answer 34

Anura (no tail) and Caudata.

Question 35

What is the function of a pancreas?

Answer 35

It regulates blood sugar and and helps in digestion.

Question 36

How do frogs breath?

Answer 36

Via positive pressure system, air is brought in through nostrils which are shut and then the throat muscles contract and pus air into lungs. Air is forced down not sucked in. They also can diffuse oxygen through their skin.

Question 37

What is cutaneous Respiration? And when is it vital?

Answer 37

Cutaneous respiration is the ability to breath through the skin and is vital during winter hibernation of amphibians.

Question 38

What is osmoregulation?

Answer 38

the ability to regulate water loss in urine.

Question 39

How many lobes do amphibians have in their hearts?

Answer 39

3

Question 40

What are considered amniotes and why?

Answer 40

Reptiles, birds and mammals they do not depend on water for reproduction because they all have amniotic eggs which retain moisture.