Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

(CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY)

DNA Replication

A

Duplicates the DNA molecule so its encoded information can be passed on to the next generation.

Gene Expression to Transcription copies the information in DNA to RNA then Translation interprets the information carried by RNA to synthesize the encoded protein.

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2
Q

In prokaryotes

A
  • coupled transcription-translation
  • transcriptional unit: operon (from promoter to termination signal)
  • polycistronic mRNA
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3
Q

Coupled transcription-translation

A

-Translation occurring before end of transcription.

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4
Q

Polysome:

A

several ribosomes translate the same RNA at the same time

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5
Q

Expenses

A

-presence of a particular compound stops endogenous synthesis of that compound fueling, biosynthesis and polymerization are tightly controlled –> This saves energy__> by sensing the environment or adapting to the environment

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6
Q

Inducible enzymes

A

These enzymes are not routinely produced, but mechanisms can turn expression on for as long as needed, for example when the enzyme’s substrate is present.

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7
Q

Repressible enzymes

A

These enzymes are routinely produced, but mechanisms can turn expression off for as along as necessary for example when the enzyme’s product is present in sufficient quality.

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8
Q

(Action of enzymes)

Enzyme

A

A molecule (generally a protein) with catalytic activity, speeding up the reaction of conversion of a substrate to a product.

Substrate binding to enzyme leads to change in enzyme shape

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9
Q

Regulation by repressors

A

Repressor is a regulatory protein that blocks transcription by binding the operator .

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10
Q

(Regulation by repressors)

Induction

A

look at desktop image

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11
Q

(Regulation by respressors)

Repression

A

look at desktop image

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12
Q

Regulation by activators

A

Activator is a regulatory protein that enhances transcription by enabling RNA pol to bind to the promoter.

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13
Q

Allosteric regulation, “ other shape”

A

an allosteric protein has an :

  • active (catalytic) site
  • alloseric (effector, regulatory ) site

in an allosteric enzyme:

  • active site: binds to S and converts it to P
  • allosteric site: occupied by a small (effector) or big (modulator) molecule, which is not a substrate
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14
Q

Regulation and its may modes of action

A
  1. ) promoter recognition
  2. ) transcriptional repression
  3. ) transcriptional activation
  4. ) transcriptional enhancement
  5. ) regulatory sRNA
  6. ) DNA supercoiling
  7. ) Translational repression
  8. ) attenuation
  9. ) messenger stability
  10. ) proteolysis
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15
Q

(complex responses)

Stimulon

A

Genses that are up-regulated or down-regulated as a group, upon response to a stimulus–> monitoring the transcriptome and monitoring the proteome —> synthesis/activation of dozens/hundreds of proteins.

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16
Q

(Above the operon)

The operon

A

prokaryotic unit of transcription.

17
Q

(Above the operon)

The regulon

A

in dependent operons controlled by the same regulator, a group of genes regulated by the same environmental signal, repressor or activator. (such as arg regulon of E.coli)

18
Q

(Above the operon)

The modulon, sometimes referred to as the global regulatory system

A

a higher hierarchy, including operons from different regulons.
(ex: catabolite repression system through CAP/cAMP, stringent response system)

19
Q

Sensing the environment

A

Stress- extreme conditions are not stress by sudden change is!

This includes: 
pH
Temperature
Redox potential 
light 
osmolarity
individual nutrients (organic and inorganic) 
presence of toxic substances

two-component signal transduction/regulatory system

  • signal transduction
  • regulatory cascades
  • multicomponent regulatory systems.
20
Q

The stationary phase RpoS regulon

A

sRNAs - regulators of translation initiation

sRNAs serve as integrators of signals –> specific response

21
Q

Chemotaxis

A

survival: away of toxins
growth: towards nutrients
virulence: colonization
communal: aggregation

taxis

to chemicals ---- chemotaxis
to oxygen --- aerotaxis
to pH  -- pH taxis
to magnetic force --- magnetotaxis
to temperature --- thermotaxis
to light --- phototaxis
22
Q

Chemotaxis circuit

A

look at adapting to environment slides #7

23
Q

Movement

A

counterclockwise coherent —> run which is no change in direction

clockwise incoherent –> tumble which is change in direction

24
Q

The global control system of carbon catabolite repression of the lac operon

A

Glucose is easiest sugar to catabolize

If glucose is present, lac is not transcribed due to inactivation of CAP

The catabolite activator protein CAP, (also called CRP, cAMP receptor protein)

High glucose–> low cAMP –> CRP/CAP inactive

Does not bind operons –> low level of lac transcription

lactose induces transcription by pulling the Lacl repressor off

glucose prevents transcription by pulling the CAP activator off.

25
Q

The tryptophan attenuator

A

attenuation regulation:
Trp presence, tryptophanyl-tRNA Trp leader, trpL gene

Stem loop structures in attenuator region

26
Q

Microbe metabolism

A

Microbial metabolism

  • catabolism
  • anabolism
Energy sources
-phototrophy
-lithotrophy
-organotrophy
Cellular energy 
Key catabolic pathways
-fermentation
-respiration
Carbon assimilation
-heterotrophy
-autotrophy
Central and auxiliary metabolic pathways.
27
Q

Building the cell

A

Catabolism
-chemical processes to break down molecules for energy

Anabolism
-Chemical processses to use energy to build cell components

Metabolism

  • All chemical processes in the living organism
  • Balance between catabolism and anabolism.