Midterm 2 Flashcards
(CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY)
DNA Replication
Duplicates the DNA molecule so its encoded information can be passed on to the next generation.
Gene Expression to Transcription copies the information in DNA to RNA then Translation interprets the information carried by RNA to synthesize the encoded protein.
In prokaryotes
- coupled transcription-translation
- transcriptional unit: operon (from promoter to termination signal)
- polycistronic mRNA
Coupled transcription-translation
-Translation occurring before end of transcription.
Polysome:
several ribosomes translate the same RNA at the same time
Expenses
-presence of a particular compound stops endogenous synthesis of that compound fueling, biosynthesis and polymerization are tightly controlled –> This saves energy__> by sensing the environment or adapting to the environment
Inducible enzymes
These enzymes are not routinely produced, but mechanisms can turn expression on for as long as needed, for example when the enzyme’s substrate is present.
Repressible enzymes
These enzymes are routinely produced, but mechanisms can turn expression off for as along as necessary for example when the enzyme’s product is present in sufficient quality.
(Action of enzymes)
Enzyme
A molecule (generally a protein) with catalytic activity, speeding up the reaction of conversion of a substrate to a product.
Substrate binding to enzyme leads to change in enzyme shape
Regulation by repressors
Repressor is a regulatory protein that blocks transcription by binding the operator .
(Regulation by repressors)
Induction
look at desktop image
(Regulation by respressors)
Repression
look at desktop image
Regulation by activators
Activator is a regulatory protein that enhances transcription by enabling RNA pol to bind to the promoter.
Allosteric regulation, “ other shape”
an allosteric protein has an :
- active (catalytic) site
- alloseric (effector, regulatory ) site
in an allosteric enzyme:
- active site: binds to S and converts it to P
- allosteric site: occupied by a small (effector) or big (modulator) molecule, which is not a substrate
Regulation and its may modes of action
- ) promoter recognition
- ) transcriptional repression
- ) transcriptional activation
- ) transcriptional enhancement
- ) regulatory sRNA
- ) DNA supercoiling
- ) Translational repression
- ) attenuation
- ) messenger stability
- ) proteolysis
(complex responses)
Stimulon
Genses that are up-regulated or down-regulated as a group, upon response to a stimulus–> monitoring the transcriptome and monitoring the proteome —> synthesis/activation of dozens/hundreds of proteins.