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PSYCH 282 > MIDTERM 2 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is shaping used for? and what does it us?

A

to develop a target behaviour that a person does not currently exhibit, uses differential reinforcement

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2
Q

what is differential reinforcement and what does it involve?

A

when one particular behaviour is reinforced and all other behaviours are not reinforced in a particular situation. involves reinforcement and extinction

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3
Q

what does shaping in language use?

A

successive approximations

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4
Q

how do you begin shaping?

A

identify an existing behaviour that is an approximation of the target behaviour. this is the first approximation/starting behavoiur

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5
Q

when is shaping used?

A

when you want a novel behaviour, or a novel dimension of a behaviour, or to reinstate a behaviour that the person does not currently exhibit

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6
Q

what do prompts do?

A

used to increase the likelihood that a person will engage in the correct behaviour at the correct time

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7
Q

Function of prompts

A

produce an instance of the correct behaviour so that it can be reinforced

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8
Q

What is fading

A

gradual elimination of the prompts as the behaviour continues to occur in the presence of the SD

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9
Q

what purpose does fading serve

A

to transfer stimulus control from the prompts to the SD

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10
Q

what is a prompt

A

antecedent stimulus or event used to evoke the appropriate behaviour in a particular situation

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11
Q

Two major types of prompts

A

response prompts and stimulus prompts

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12
Q

what is a response prompts and different types?

A

behaviour of another person that evokes the desired response in the presence of the SD. verbal, gestural, modeling, physical

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13
Q

what is a verbal prompt

A

when the verbal behaviour of another person results in the correct response in the presence of the SD

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14
Q

gestural prompts

A

any physical movement or gesture of another person that leads to the correct behaviour in the presence of the SD is considered a gestural prompt

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15
Q

modeling prompts

A

any demonstration of the correct behaviour by another person that makes it more likely that the correct behaviour will occur at the right time

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16
Q

phsycial prompts

A

another person physically helps a person to engage in the correct behaviour at the right time

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17
Q

what are response prompts considered to be?

A

intrusive methods, they involve one person exerting control over another

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18
Q

what is a stimulus prompt

A

involves some change in a stimulus, or the addition or removal of a stimulus to make a correct response more likely

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19
Q

what is changing the SD called, in relation to prompting?

A

within-stimulus prompts

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20
Q

what is adding another stimulus or cue to a SD called, in relation to prompting?

A

extrastimulus prompts

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21
Q

what is the end result of transfer of stimulus control?

A

the correct behaviour occurs at the right time without any assistance

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22
Q

what are three ways to transfer stimulus control?

A

prompt fading, prompt delay, stimulus fading

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23
Q

what is prompt fading?

A

most common method. response prompt is removed gradually across learning trials until the prompt is no longer provided

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24
Q

what are the two kinds of prompt fading?

A

fading within prompts, fading across prompts

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25
Q

what is least to most prompting?

A

fading across prompts. involves using least intrusive prompts first and uses more intrusive prompts as necessary (increase assistance)

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26
Q

what is most to least prompting?

A

this is fading across prompts. most intrusive prompt is used first and then faded to less intrusive methods (decrease assistance)

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27
Q

what is prompt delay?

A

presenting the SD, wait, and then if the correct response is not maybe, you provide the prompt

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28
Q

what does the first trial begin with in prompt delay?

A

first trial always beings with 0 second delay between the SD and the prompt

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29
Q

what is stimulus fading?

A

whenever stimulus prompts are used to get a correct response to occur, some aspect of the SD or the stimulus situation is changed help the person make the correct discrimination. eventually stimulus prompts must be removed through stimulus fading to transfer stimulus control to the natural SD

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30
Q

what is a learning trial?

A

sequence of presenting the SD, prompting the response, and providing a reinforcer

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31
Q

what is a behavioural chain

A

complex behaviour consisting of many component behaviours that occur together in a sequence

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32
Q

what is a behavioural chain often called? why?

A

stimulus response chain, each behaviour or response in the chain produces a stimulus chaine that acts as an SD for the next response in the chain

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33
Q

what is the whole chain under

A

stimulus control

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34
Q

how can you make the outcome of a chain more reinforcing?

A

adding an establishing operation

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35
Q

what is a task analysis

A

process of analyzing a behavioural chain by breaking it down into its individual stimulus-response components

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36
Q

what is a chaining procedure?

A

strategies for teaching complex tasks

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37
Q

what is backwards chaining?

A

use prompting and fading to teach the last behaviour of the chain first. used most often with limited abilities

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38
Q

what is forward chaining?

A

teach the first component first, then move on

39
Q

what happens in backward chaining

A

you complete the task in every learning trial

40
Q

what is total task presentation?

A

complex chain of behaviours is taught as a single unit

41
Q

what is graduated guidance

A

often used with total task, uses hand over hand guidance. provides less and less assistance and as the learner completes the task. ex shadowing or spatial fading

42
Q

what is a written task analysis?

A

trainer presents the learner with a list of the component behaviours in their order and the learner uses this list to perform the task correctly

43
Q

picture prompts

A

take pictures of the outcome of each behaviour or of someone engaging in each behaviour in the task

44
Q

video modeling

A

learner watches a video of someone engaging in the chain of behaviours immediately before engaging in the same task

45
Q

self instructions

A

self generated verbal prompts

46
Q

what is a single opportunity method in chaining?

A

present the learner with the opportunity to complete the task and record which components the learner completes without assistance in the correct sequence

47
Q

what is a multiple opportunity method in chaining?

A

assess learners ability to complete each individual component in the chain until the learner has had the opportunity to respond to every SD in the chain

48
Q

functional assessment

A

process of identifying antecedent and consequent variables before treating a problem behaviour. is always the first step in using bmod procedures

49
Q

4 classes of the functions of problem behaviours

A

social positive reinforcement, social negative reinforcement, automatic positive reinforcement, automatic negative . Lecture: tangible and activity

50
Q

what are 3 types of functional assessment methods?

A

indirect assessment, direct observation methods, experimental methods

51
Q

what are indirect methods?

A

behavioural interviews and stuff. relies on the memories of events. used commonly because of convenience

52
Q

what is the direct observation method? what are they also called? what does it not demonstrate?

A

person observes and records the antecedent and consequences each time the problem behaviour occurs. also called ABC observations. does not demonstrate a functional relationship

53
Q

what is the desired outcome of an ABC observation?

A

development of a hypothesis about the antecedents and consequences of a desired outcome

54
Q

what are 3 ways ABC observations can be conducted?

A

descriptive method, checklist method, interval/real time recording method

55
Q

what is the descriptive method?

A

observer writes a brief description of the behaviour and antecedent and consequences. can be conducted before any hypothesis are made

56
Q

what is the checklist method?

A

involves a checklist with columns for possible antecedents, behaviours and consequences. usually developed after antecedents and consequences and behaviour have been identified

57
Q

what is the interval/ real time recording method?

A

divide observation period into brief times, mark each interval

58
Q

what can direct and indirect methods be categorized together as?

A

descriptive assessments

59
Q

what is the experimental method/functional analysis?

A

manipulating the antecedent and consequent variables to demonstrate their influence on a problem behaviour. usually demonstrates a functional relationship

60
Q

how does an exploratory functional analysis work?

A

involves 3/4 test conditions and a control. present EO and reinforcers for test conditions and AO and no reinforcer for control

61
Q

what is a exploratory functional analysis designed for?

A

to identify a particular function of a problem behaviour while ruling out other functions

62
Q

how does a hypothesis-testing functional analysis work?

A

used not to evaluate all possible functions, but to confirm or disconfirm hypothesis. one test condition and one control

63
Q

what are functional interventions designed to do and what do they include?

A

designed to alter the antecedents and consequences of the problem behaviour to decrease it. includes extinction, differential reinforcement, and antecedent manipulation

64
Q

to apply extinction, what should you first do?

A

identify the reinforcer that maintains the problem behaviour and then eliminate it

65
Q

what should an extinction procedure always be used in conjunction with? why?

A

a reinforcement produce to increase an alternative behaviour to replace the problem behaviour

66
Q

what are the three types of differential reinforcement?

A

differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour, differential reinforcement of other behaviour, differential reinforcement of low rates of responding

67
Q

what is DRA?

A

differential reinforcement of alternative behaviour. used to increase the frequency of a desirable behaviour and to decrease the frequency of an undesirable behaviour

68
Q

what is a preference assessment?

A

trying out a variety of stimuli and seeing which ones the person prefers

69
Q

what is reinforcer assessment

A

to determine that the item did in fact function as a reinforcer

70
Q

what is single stimulus assessment

A

each potential reinforcer is presented, one at a time, to see where the individual approaches the stimulus

71
Q

paired stimulus assessment

A

two potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and researchers records which stimulus individual approaches

72
Q

multiple stimulus assessment

A

array of potential reinforcers are presented to the individual and researcher records with stimulus the individual approaches

73
Q

what are two variations of DRA?

A

differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI), and differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)

74
Q

Differential reinforcement of an incompatible behaviour (DRI)

A

Alternative behaviour is physically incompatible with the problem behaviour, and therefore the two behaviours cannot occur at the same time

75
Q

Differential reinforcement of communication (DRC)

A

Alternative behaviour that is reinforced to replace the problem behaviour is a communication response. uses functional communication training

76
Q

Differential reinforcement of other behaviours (DRO)

A

in DRO, you are reinforcing the absence of a behaviour. the reinforcer is delivered only after periods in which the problem behaviour is absent

77
Q

whole interval DRO

A

the problem behaviour must be absent for the whole interval to be reinforced

78
Q

momentary DRO

A

problem behaviour must be absent at the end of the interval for the reinforcer to be delivered

79
Q

Differential reinforcement of low rates of responding (DRL)

A

Reinforce lower rate of behaviour

80
Q

full session DRL

A

reinforcement is delivered if fewer than a specified number of responses occur in a period of time

81
Q

spaced responding DRL

A

there must be a specified amount of time between responses for the reinforcer to be delivered

82
Q

interval DRL

A

Involves dividing a session into intervals and providing the reinforcer if no more than one response occurred in each interval

83
Q

what is stereotypic behaviour

A

repetitive behaviour that does not serve any social function for the person

84
Q

antecedent control procedures

A

manipulation some aspect of the physical or social environment to make a desired behaviour more likely or to make a competing, undesirable behaviour less likely

85
Q

what are 3 antecedent manipulations that evoke a desired response?

A

presenting SD or cues for the desired behaviour, arranging EOs for the desirable behaviour, decreasing response effort for the desirable behaivour

86
Q

what are 3 antecedent manipulations that make undesirable competing responses less likely?

A

removing SD or cues for undesirable behaviour, presenting AOs for undesirable behaviour, increase the response effort for undesirable behaviours

87
Q

quantitative shaping

A

setting criteria to increase or decrease the amount of behaviour

88
Q

qualitative/topographic shaping

A

degree to which successive behaviours resemble the target behaviour

89
Q

three step prompting

A

use prompts progressively, starting with verbal, then modeling, and finally physical guidance prompts

90
Q

what are the 5 types of stimulus prompts?

A

within stimulus, extra stimulus, pictorial, auditory, environmental

91
Q

what is fading within prompts

A

same prompt s used, but decreased in magnitude or intensity

92
Q

what is fading across prompts?

A

prompt is changed, according to a prompting hierarchy

93
Q

non contingent reinforcement (NCR)

A

type of antecedent intervention in which stimuli that are known reinforcers are delivered on a schedule independent of behaviour (not dependent on responses). diminishes undesirable behaviours because reinforcers that maintain it are frequently available. may function as AO

PSYCH 282 (2 decks)

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