MIDTERM 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the dimensions of behaviour?
A
frequency, duration, intensity, latency
2
Q
what are overt behaviours?
A
action that can be observed and recorded by a person other than the one engaging in the behaviour
3
Q
what are covert behaviours?
A
also called private events. Are not observable by others.
4
Q
what is behaviour modification?
A
applied science and professional practice concerned with analyzing and modifying human behaviour
5
Q
how do you analyze a behaviour?
A
identify the functional relationship between environmental events and a particular behaviour to understand the reasons for the behaviour or to determine why a person behaved as he/she did
6
Q
how do you modify a behaviour
A
develope and implement procedures to help people change their behaviour by altering the environmental events that influence behaviour
7
Q
what are behavioural excess’s?
A
undesirable target behaviour the person wants to decrease
8
Q
what are behavioural deficits?
A
desirable target behaviour the person wants to increase
9
Q
what is the target behaviour?
A
behaviour to be modified
10
Q
what is applied behaviour analysis?
A
scientific study of human behaviour to help people change behaviour in meaningful ways
11
Q
what does bmod emphasize?
A
current environmental events that are related to the behaviour
12
Q
ian p pavlov
A
uncovered the basic principles of respondent conditioning, demonstrated that a reflex could be conditioned to a neutral stimulus
13
Q
edward thorndike
A
law of effect
14
Q
law of effect
A
states that a behaviour that produces a favourable effect on the environment is more likely to be repeated in the future
15
Q
john watson
A
believed that observable behaviour was needed for psychology (behaviourism)
16
Q
bf skinner
A
radical behaviourism. thought there was room for conscious experience and covert behaviours.
17
Q
BACB
A
behaviour analyst certification board. provides certification for individuals to practice
18
Q
behavioural assessment
A
measuring the target behaviour. 5W’s of target behaviour
19
Q
indirect assessment
A
does not occur when the target behaviour occurs, relies on individuals recall. interviews, questionnaires
20
Q
direct assessment
A
person observes and records the behaviour as it occurs. this is the preferred method of assessment, more accurate
21
Q
inter-observer agreement (IOA)/interobserver reliability
A
when two people independently observe the same behaviour and both record that the behaviour occurred
22
Q
self monitoring
A
when the client observes and records their own behaviour
23
Q
observation period
A
observer records the target behaviour in this specific period
24
Q
natural setting
A
consists of the places in which the target behaviour typically occurs
25
analogue setting
observing a target behaviour in a clinical setting, not part of daily routine
26
structured observation
observer arranges for specific events or activities to occur during the observation period
27
unstructured observation
no specific events or activities are arranged and no instructions are given during the observation period
28
observation periods in bmod are usually how long?
15-30 minutes
29
continuous recording
observer observes the client continuously throughout the observation period and records each occurrence of the behaviour
30
real time recording
the exact time of each onset and offset of the target behaviour is recorded. gives you frequency and duration
31
percentage of opportunities
observer records the occurrence of a behaviour in relation to some other event
32
product recording
indirect assessment, used when a behaviour results in a certain tangible outcome
33
interval recording
record whether the behaviour occurred during consecutive time periods
34
three types of interval recording
partial, whole, frequency-within-interval
35
partial interval recording
observer scores the interval if the behaviour occurred during ANY PART of the interval
36
whole interval recording
the occurrence of the behaviour is marked in an interval oNLY WHEN THE BEHAVIOUR OCCURS FOR THE WHOLE INTERVAL
37
how long are interval periods usually?
6-10 seconds
38
frequency-within-interval recording
observer records the frequency of the target behaviour but does so within consecutive intervals of time. shows you the frequency of the behaviour and the specific intervals that they occurred
39
time sample recording
divide the observation period into intervals of time, but only observe and record during only part of each interval
40
momentary time sample recording (MTS)
behaviour is only recorded if it occurs at the exact instant the interval ends
41
what is reactivity?
when the process of recording a behaviour causes the behaviour to change even before any treatment is implemented
42
how do you evaluate IOA?
have two people independently observe and record same behaviour, get percent agreement - typically 80-90% is required. measure by dividing smaller number by the larger number
43
another name for x axis
ascissa
44
another name for y axis
ordinate
45
purpose of research design
determine whether the treatment (independent variable) was responsible for the observed change in the target behaviour (dependent variable)
46
functional relationship
when a bmod procedure causes a target behaviour to change
47
how can we demonstrate a functional relationship?
if the behaviour changes each time the procedure is implemented and only when the procedure is implemented
48
AB design
two phases. baseline (a), treatment (b)
49
can an AB design demonstrate a functional relationship? why or why not?
no, not a true research design because it is not replicated and does not rule out extraneous variables. rarely used
50
ABAB reverse design
baseline and treatment are implemented twice, can demonstrate a functional relationship
51
ABCAC
implemented when first treatment didnt work, replaced with C which worked, taken away and implemented again
52
what are the three types of multiple baseline design?
multiple-baseline-across-subjectsmultiple-baseline-across-behavioursmultiple-baseline-across-settings
53
multiple-baseline-across-subjects
there is a baseline and treatment phase for the same target behaviour of two or more subjects
54
multiple-baseline-across-behaviours
baseline and treatment phase for two ore more behaviours of the same subject
55
multiple-baseline-across-settings
baseline and treatment phase for two or more settings in which the same behaviour of the same subject is measured
56
alternating treatment design (ATD)
baseline and treatment conditions are conducted in rapid succession and compared
57
changing criterion design
includes baseline and treatment phase, but the treatment phase, sequential performance criteria are specified
58
reinforcement
occurrence of a behaviour followed by an immediate consequence that results in the strengthening of the behaviour
59
operant behaviour
behaviour that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement
60
reinforcer
consequence that strengthens an operant behaviour
61
positive reinforcement
occurrence of a behaviour followed by the addition of a stimulus results in the strengthening of a behaviour. positive reinforcer used
62
negative reinforcement
occurrence of a behaviour followed by the removal of a stimulus resulting in the strengthening of the behaviour. aversive stimulus used.
63
social reinforcement
when a behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through the actions of another person
64
automatic reinforcement
when the behaviour produces a reinforcing consequence through direct contact with the physical environment
65
premack principle
type of positive reinforcement. opportunity to engage in high probability behaviour as a consequence for a low probability behaviour, to increase the low probability behaviour
66
escape behaviour
person escapes from an aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behaviour and that behaviour is strengthened
67
avoidance behaviour
person avoids the aversive stimulus by engaging in a particular behaviour, and the behaviour is strengthened
68
unconditioned reinforcers
certain stimuli are naturally reinforcing because of survival value. no prior experience is needed
69
conditioned reinforcers
stimulus that was once neutral but became established as a reinforcer by being paired with an unconditioned reinforcer or an already established conditioned reinforce
70
generalized conditioned reinforcer
when a conditioned reinforcer is paired with a variety of other reinforcers (eg. money)
71
factors effecting reinforcement
immediacy, contingency, motivating operations, individual differences, and magnitude
72
when do we say a contingency exists between the behaviour and the consequence?
when the behaviour produces the consequence and the consequence does not occur unless the behaviour occurs first
73
two types of motivating operations?
establishing and abolishing
74
establishing operations (EO)
make a reinforcer more potent (eg. deprivation)
75
abolishing operations (AO)
make a reinforcer less potent (eg. satiation)
76
two effects of motivating operations
alter the value of a reinforcer, and make the behaviour that produces that reinforcer more or less likely to occur at that time
77
schedule of reinforcement
specifies whether every response is followed by a reinforcer or only some responses
78
continuous reinforcement schedule (CRF)
every occurrence of a response is reinforced
79
intermittent reinforcement schedule
responses are occasionally or intermittently reinforced
80
acquisition
person acquiring new behaviour with the use of CFR
81
maintenance
behaviour is maintained over time with the use of intermittent reinforcement
82
fixed ratio (FR) reinforcement schedule
fixed number of responses must occur before the reinforcer is delivered
83
variable ratio (VR) reinforcement schedule
delivery of a reinforcer is based on the number of responses, but the number of responses varies each time around an average number
84
interval schedules of reinforcement
response is reinforced only if it occurs after an interval of time has passed. doesnt matter how many responses occur. as soon as the interval time has passed, the first response is reinforced
85
fixed interval (FI) schedule of reinforcement
interval time is fixed
86
what is the patter of behaviour with FI schedule of reinforcement
greater rate of responding near the end of the interval, frequency decreases in the early part
87
variable interval (VI) schedule of reinforcement
reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an interval of time has passed, but each time interval is different, varies around an average
88
concurrent schedules of reinforcement
all the schedules of reinforcement that are in effect for a person's behaviour
89
concurrent options
number of different behaviours concurrently available for the person
90
extinction
a behaviour that has been reinforced for a period of time was no longer reinforced, and therefore the behaviour stopped occurring
91
extinction burst
once the behaviour is no longer reinforced, it often increases briefly in duration or intensity before it decrease and ultimately stops
92
spontaneous recovery
behaviour may occur again even after it has not occurred for some time
93
what does extinction of a positively reinforced behaviour involve?
involves withholding the consequence that was previously delivered after the behaviour
94
what does extinction of a negatively reinforced behaviour involve?
involves eliminating the escape or avoidance that was reinforcing the behaviour
95
resistance to extinction
when a behaviour is intermittently reinforced, it decreases more gradually once the reinforcement is terminated
96
punishment
particular behaviour occurs, a consequence immediately follows the behaviour, as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur again in the future
97
punisher
aversive stumulus
98
positive punishment
occurrence of a behaviour, followed by the presentation of an aversive stimuli, as a result the behaviour is less likely to occur in the future
99
negative punishment
occurrence of a behaviour, removal of a reinforcing stimulus, behaviour is less likely to occur in the future
100
two common examples of negative punishment
time out from positive reinforcement, and response cost
101
time out from positive reinfrocement
person is removed from a reinforcing situation for a brief period after the problem behaviour occurs
102
antecedents
stimuli or events that precede an operant response
103
stimulus control
a behaviour is said to be under stimulus control when there is an increased probability that the behaviour will occur in the presence of a specific antecedent stimulus or a stimulus from a specific class
104
discriminative stimulus (sD)
the antecedent stimulus that is present when a behaviour is reinforced
105
stimulus discrimination training
process of reinforcing a behaviour only when a specific antecedent stimulus (sD) is present
106
s delta
any antecedent stimulus that is present when the behaviour is not reinforced
107
what does the presence of SD not do?
it does not cause a behaviour, and it does not strengthen a behaviour
108
what does the presence of SD do?
increases the likelihood of the behaviour in the present situation because it was associated with reinforcement of the behaviour in the past (evokes)
109
what are the two steps in stimulus discrimination training?
first, when the SD is present, the behaviour is reinforced. second, when any other antecendent stimulus (Sdelta) is present, the behaviour is not reinforced
110
examples of behaviour training used in textbook?
reading and writing
111
what is the three term contingency involved in stimulus discrimination and who came up with it?
bf skinner. consequence (reinforcer or punisher) is contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour only in the presence of the specific antecedent stimulus
112
what is the three term contingency often called?
ABC (antecedent, behaviour, consequence)
113
generalization of SD
when a behaviour occurs in the presence of stimuli that are similar in some ways to the SD that was present during stimulus discrimination trainin
114
generalization gradient
as stimuli gets less and less similar to SD, the behaviour is less and less likely to occur
115
stimulus class
antecedent stimuli that share similar features and have the same functional effect on a particular behaviour
116
what are operant behaviours controlled by?
their consequences
117
what is operant conditioning?
manipulation of consequences
118
what are respondent behaviours controlled by?
antecedent stimuli
119
what is respondent conditioning?
involves the manipulation of antecedent stimuli
120
trace conditioning
NS precedes the US, but the NS ends before the US is presented
121
delay conditioning
NS is presented and then the US is presented before the NS ends
122
simultaneous conditioning
NS and US are presented at the same time
123
backwards conditioning
US is presented before the NS
124
higher order conditioning
occurs when a NS is paired with an already established CS and the NS becomes a CS
125
respondent extinction
involves the repeated presentation of the CS without presenting the US
126
factors influencing respondent conditioning
nature of the US and NS, temporal relationship between them, contingency, the number of pairings, and previous exposure
127
repertoire
the collection of all behaviours a person can perform
128
response
one instance or occurrence of a behaviour
129
response class
group of responses with the same function; each response in the group produces the same effect on the environment
130
dead man test
If a dead man can do it, then it ain’t behavior, and if a dead man can’t do it, then it is behavior
131
Early Intensive Behaviour Intervention (EIBI)
treatment program for autism
132
methodological behaviourism
study of behaviour alone - not of any internal, mental state or event
133
screening or intake phase
obtain client demographic information and reasons for seeking assistance. diagnose client according to DSM-5
134
behavioural assessment phase
define and measure initial baseline level of behaviour
135
treatment phase
actively apply training, intervention, or treatment program
136
follow up phase
determine effects on behaviour following termination of treatment program
137
behavioural goal
level of the target behaviour that a program is designed to achieve
138
ABC charts
record antecedents, behaviours, and consequences
139
programmed reinforcement
planned and systematic, given as part of a behavioural treatment
140
tangible reinforcement
access to a preferred object
141
activity reinforcement
engaging in a preferred behaviour
142
extinction induced aggression
novel behaviours, often aggressive, may be exhibited
143
response cost
punishes behaviour by taking away a valued privilege
144
corporal punishment
pertaining to the human body
145
what does meta analysis show about corporal punishment?
may provide immediate results, but does not suppress the problematic behaviour beyond the moment
146
overt antecedents
directly observable with your senses
147
covert antecedents
internal events, not open to observation
148
immediate antecedents
occur right before - or overlap with - behaviour
149
distant antecedents
stimuli (often covert) that precede the behaviour by a long time
150
stimulus equivalence
two different stimuli can be used for the same purpose
151
stimulus overgeneraliztion
responding to stimuli from different categories the same way
