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Drugs and Behaviour > midterm 2: 5, 6, 10 > Flashcards

midterm 2: 5, 6, 10 Flashcards

1
Q

common characteristics of psychomotor stimulants

A

stimulate transmission at synapses that use E, NE, DA, or 5-HT as transmitters

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2
Q

monoamines/ biogenic amines (4)

A

E, NE, DA, (catecholamines) and 5-HT (indolamine)

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3
Q

are amphetamines synthetic or naturally occuring?

A

synthetic

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4
Q

Adderall is what psychomotor stimulant?

A

dl-amphetamine

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5
Q

use of dl and d-amphetamine (Adderall) (2)

A

(1) ADHD treatment and (2) narcolepsy treatment

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6
Q

Dexedrine

A

d-amphetamine

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7
Q

Methedrine or Desoxyn

A

methamphetamine

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8
Q

use of methamphetamine

A

(1) ADHD treatment and (2) obesity treatment

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9
Q

recrystallized methamphetamine powder is known as

A

crystal ice or crystal meth

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10
Q

synthetic drugs similar to cocaine (2)

A

methylphenidate (Ritalin) and pipradrol Meratran)

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11
Q

Ritalin used to treat ____

A

ADHD

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12
Q

Meratran used to treat symptoms of ____

A

senile dementia

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13
Q

bupropion (syntehtic derivative of cathinone)

A

a drug used as both an antidepressant and a smoking cessation aid

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14
Q

amphetamines are weak ___ with a pKa of between

A

bases; 9 and 10

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15
Q

what happens when amphetamines are taken orally?

A

tend to be ionized in the digestive system, which slows the rate of absorption

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16
Q

amphetamines are more potent when administered by (3)

A

injection, inhalation, or snorting

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17
Q

When given for medicinal purposes or to prevent sleep and fatigue, am- phetamines are always administered _____ and the decrease in potency can be compensated for by ______.

A

orally; increasing the dose

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18
Q

advantage of oral admin of amphetamines

A

blood levels may be kept fairly constant without too much variation over time

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19
Q

When amphetamines are taken for the rush they produce, they are administered _____, which causes the _____ required for this effect.

A

by injection; sudden high blood levels

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20
Q

pKa of cocaine

A

8.7

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21
Q

crack

A

cocaine HCl mixed with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate)

22
Q

what does the baking soda base of crack do

A

removes the ionic charge from the molecules of cocaine and increases its lipid solubility

23
Q

factors affected the absorption rate of amphetamines taken orally (2)

A

(1) food in the stomach and (2) degree of physical activity

24
Q

when is peak blood level of amph reached when taken orally?

A

30 min - 4 hours

25
Q

when is peak blood level of cocaine reached when taken intranasally (sniffing)?

A

10-20min

26
Q

distribution: amphetamines, cocaine, and other drugs in this class cross the blood–brain barrier and are concentrated in the (3)

A

spleen, kidneys, and brain

27
Q

excretion of the amphetamines depends to a very great extent on ___

A

the pH of the urine

when it is acidic, it gets ionized and excreted in the urine

when it is more basic, excretion falls to metabolism in the liver which extends its halflife from 7-14 hours to 16-34 hours

28
Q

excretion of amphetamine

A

urine, metabolized in liver, sweat, saliva

29
Q

Cocaine is excreted much ____ (faster/slower) than the amphetamines.

A

faster

30
Q

half-life of cocaine

A

45-75 min

also depends on urine pH

31
Q

general psychostimulant mechanism (maybe?)

A

cause higher dopamine concentrations int eh synaptic cleft

either block reuptake (cocaine) or reverse the function of transporters on the presynaptic cell that usually reuptake but not expel more DA (amphetamine)

32
Q

how does cocaine also function as a local anesthetic?

A

blocks Na+ ion channels, blocking APs along nerve axons

33
Q

psychomotor stimulants activate the ____ NS

A

sympathetic (increase HR, BP, vasodilation and bronchodilation)

34
Q

what is the psychomotor stimulant effect useful for treating asthma

A

bronchodilation

35
Q

what is a possible mechanism for reduced food consumption as an effect of psychomotor stimulants?

A

stimulates engagement in behaviours other than eating; miss food consumption

maybe serotonin (5-HT)??

36
Q

why were amphetamines used during WWII?

A

sleep prevention, block fatigue, increase concentration

37
Q

most noticeable effect of iv amph and cocaine

A

improved mood (well-being and exhilaration)

38
Q

factor affecting subjective effects of amph

A

expectation

39
Q

coke-out

A

acute tolerance to cocaine (lasts 24 hrs)

tolerance to subjective effects but not to the effects on BP and HR

dangerous

40
Q

pre-exposure to amphetamine decreased ______, but not ______

A

potency, effectiveness

41
Q

which effect of amphetamine does not show chronic tolerance

A

blocking of sleep

42
Q

reverse tolerance or sensitization: which amph effects

A

stereotyped behaviour and psychotic behaviour

43
Q

reverse tolerance or sensitization: which cocaine effects

A

convulsions, electrical activity within the brain, stereotyped behaviour, spontaneous motor activity

44
Q

what causes sensitization to cocaine and amph?

A

increased sensitivity of the mesolimbic DA system

45
Q

withdrawal from amph and cocaine

A

not associated with severe or medically serious withdrawal

can experience depression

46
Q

crash or comedown

A

period of depression and lethargy after a single dose of amph or cocaine (severity determined by dose and duration of intake period)

this is immediatly relieved by another admin of the drug

47
Q

when is withdrawal from a single dose of cocaine?

A

within 30 min

48
Q

when is withdrawal from a single dose of amph?

A

number of hours

49
Q

After chronic heavy use, abrupt discontinuation of amphetamine or cocaine use will cause withdrawal symptoms within ____ of the last dose

A

24 hours

50
Q

The DSM-IV-TR criteria for diagnosing amphetamine withdrawal include:

A

depression, fatigue, vivid or unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite, and psychomotor agitation or retardation

51
Q

speed ball

A

a combination of cocaine (or amphetamine) and heroin.

heroin reduces the jitteriness that cocaine arouses by stimulating the sympathetic nervous system, and the cocaine diminishes the sleepiness or nod caused by heroin.

Drugs and Behaviour (3 decks)

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