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Forensic Chemistry > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Higher the energy…

A

Higher the frequency, smaller the wavelength

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2
Q

Light can be…

A

Reflected, scattered, absorbed and transmitted

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3
Q

Atomic absorption

A

used most often to identify heavy metals;

each atom has a specific spectrum or set of wavelengths of light that it absorbs, can be thought of like a finger print

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4
Q

Arsenic

A

Deadly poison, capable of curing syphilis and aiding in
treating leukemia
 Found in oysters, mussels and prawns
 Used as a chemical weapon in WWI
 Used in shot, semiconductors, wood preservative, microchips

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5
Q

Arsenic Poisoning

A 
Acute:
 Vomiting
 Abdominal pain
 Diarrhea
 Dark urine
 Dehydration
Chronic:
 Cardiac problems
 Hemolysis
 Vertigo
 Delirium
 Shock
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6
Q

Chromium

A

Helps the body utilize glucose and is present in RNA
 Used in stainless steel, dyes, leather tanning, and rubies
 Alexandrite July’s birth stone, blue/green during the day and red at night in artificial light

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7
Q

Chromium Poisoning

A 
Acute:
 Gastroenteritis
 Shock
Chronic:
 Toxic Nephritis (kidney damage)
 Perforation of nasal septum
 Damages liver
 Damages DNA
 Carcinogen
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8
Q

Cadmium

A

 An accumulative poison

 Used in yellow pigment, electroplating steel, batteries, nuclear reactors

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9
Q

Cadmium Poisoning

A 
Acute:
 Vomiting/nausea
 Stomach cramps
 Diarrhea
Chronic
 Kidney damage
 Fragile bones (replace calcium)
 Flu-like symptoms
 Shortness of breath
 Swelling of the nose
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10
Q

Antimony

A

Highly toxic, although prescribed for parasitic infections

 Greek fire, camouflage paints, batteries, flame retardant, semiconductors, reusable laxative

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11
Q

Antimony Poisoning

smell like garlic

A 
Acute:
 Depression
 Dizziness
 Headaches
 Vomiting
Chronic:
 Kidney damage
 Liver damage
 Respiratory irritation
 Spots on skin
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12
Q

Mercury

A

No biological role, very toxic Used to treat syphilis, electrical gear, felt production, plating, tanning, dyeing, batteries, thermometers, fluorescent light bulbs, dental fillings

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13
Q

Mercury Poisoning

A 
 Mood swings
 Nervousness/Irritability
 Insomnia
 Headache
 Muscle twitching
 Tremors
 Weakness
 Muscle atrophy
 Decreased cognitive function
 Kidney damage
 Respiratory Distress
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14
Q

Thallium

A 
No biological role, very toxic
Used in highly refractive
lenses, photoelectric cells,
infrared detectors, low
temperature thermometers,
pesticide, murder!
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15
Q

Thallium Poisoning

A 
Hair loss
 Nausea
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Loss of reflexes
 Convulsions
 Muscle atrophy
 Headache
 Numbness
 Dementia
 Coma
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16
Q

Type of Labs

A

Government - Police, city, state, county, federal

Private - Mostly DNA genetic material, composition analysis, hired by defense and prosecution

17
Q

Quality Assurance

A

Quality control – use of positive and negative
controls, and reagent blanks; regular maintenance
and calibration
 Quality assessment – detailed technical review,
verification of results
 Administrative review – verification of
documentation
 Proficiency tests

18
Q

Staffing Issues

A

 Criminalist – a scientist who is also trained in
crime scene investigation and reconstruction
 Specialist vs Generalist
 Laboratory director – oversees the running of
the lab and the quality assurance
 Specific quality assurance managers

19
Q

Accreditation and certification

A

 Should have a Bachelor’s degree in science
 American Society of Crime Laboratory
Directors (ASCLD) – accredits crime labs in
the US
 American Board of Criminalistics (ABC) and
International Association of Identification (IAI)
– provide certifications for criminalists

20
Q

Qualifications

A

 Bachelor’s in chemistry, biology, physics or
forensic science
 Statistics, Public Speaking, Writing, Logic
 Intensive training in the laboratory
 Some positions require Master’s degree
 Attend meetings, seminars, and workshops

21
Q

Role of criminalist

A

 Investigator – collect evidence, analyze evidence
 Educator – talk with police or public testifying in court
 Student - constantly learning

22
Q

Type of evidence

A

 Reconstruction evidence - provides
information about the events preceding,
occurring during and after commission of a
crime
 Associative evidence – associated with a
particular person or object
 Identification evidence – specific to one
person or object
 Class characteristic – not considered unique,
but part of a class with several potential
members
 Biological – blood, semen, saliva, skin, flesh,
hair, fingernails

23
Q

Type of evidence (Cont)

A 
 Trace – microscopic physical evidence
 Fingerprint evidence – latent (invisible to eye)
vs patent (visible to eye)
 Impression evidence – footwear or tire
 Firearm and tool mark evidence
 Questioned documents
 Chemical evidence – may need to use a
presumptive test to narrow focus
 Photographic evidence
24
Q

Degrees of Freedom

A

Translational - three
Rotational - three for nonlinear; two for linear molecules
vibrational - nonlinear: 3N-6; linear: 3N-5

25
Q

Infrared Spectroscopy

A

 Interacts with vibrational motions
 Quantized – only certain energies will excite
the vibrations
 Only polar bonds will give spetrum
energy proportional to wavenumbers (cm-1)

26
Q

IR waveform can detect

A

bond stretching,
bond bending
but not symmetric stretching

27
Q

Blood types -

universal donor/recipient?

A

type O Rh D negative blood are often called universal donors, and those with type AB Rh D positive blood are called universal recipients;

28
Q

Test of human blood?

A

Percipitin Test

- specific antigens and antibodies for different species

29
Q

Test of blood?

A 
Color test - 
benzidine (turns blue in the present of blood) &
kastle-meyer - phenolphthalein
need H2O2 to develop
*will destroy blood sample
30
Q

Test of blood presence?

A

Luminol and bluestar
use chemiluminescence
also need H2O2
*destructive tests

31
Q

DNA A & G are…

A

Adenine and Guanine
-Purine Bases
2 OH bonds

32
Q

DNA C & T are…

A

Cytosine and thymine
pyrimidine bases
3 OH bonds

33
Q

Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms

RFLPs

A

different fragment lengths of base pairs that result from cutting a DNA molecule with restriction enzymes

34
Q

STRS

A

Short Tandem Repeats

region that doesn’t code for a gene, identify the number of STR’s in the region

Forensic Chemistry (4 decks)

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