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Forensic Chemistry > finals > Flashcards

finals Flashcards

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1
Q 
evidence collected or
analyzed in violation of the defendant’s
constitutional rights is sometimes
inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a
court of law.
A

Exclusionary Rule

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2
Q

Daubert Standard

A

Methodology is valid:
1. Whether the theory or technique in question
can be and has been tested
2. Whether it has been subjected to peer review and publication
3. Its known or potential error rate
4. The existence andmaintenance of standards controlling its operation
5. Whether it has attracted widespread acceptance within a relevant scientific community

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3
Q

Class vs Individual evidence

A

 Class characteristic evidence does not reference a particular suspect
 Individual characteristic evidence does,
inferentially, associate a particular individual

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4
Q

Identification

A 
 Match (reversible error in most states)
 Compatible with
 Consistent with
 Similar in all respects
 Not dissimilar
 Same general characteristics
 Identical characteristics
 Could have originated from
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5
Q

Witness Challenged

A

 A case may not require his or her expertise
 A jury is capable of deciding the disputed fact
without the need for lengthy and potentially
prejudicial testimony
 An expert witness can be challenged on his or her
basic qualifications and ability to give an opinion in
the field at issue
 The expert may have insufficient education or
experience to have anything of value to offer
 The methodology utilized by an expert to support
his or her opinion may not be scientifically sound
or capable of supporting the proffered opinion
 The methodology may be sufficiently scientifically
sound to support an opinion, but the opinion
based on the method is not sufficiently derived
from that scientific methodology

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6
Q

innocence project common causes

A 
 Common Causes:
◦ Eyewitness Misidentification
◦ False Confessions or Admissions
◦ Government Misconduct
◦ Unvalidated or Improper Forensic Science
◦ Informants
◦ Inadequate Defense
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7
Q

◦ Eyewitness Misidentification

A 
 Blind Administration
 Lineup Composition
 Instructions
 Confidence Statements
 Recording
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8
Q

Government misconduct

A

 Law Enforcement
◦ Suggestion during identification procedures
◦ Coercing false confessions
◦ Intentionally misleading jurors
◦ Failing to turn over exculpatory evidence
◦ Providing incentives to informants
 Prosecutor
◦ Withholding exculpatory evidence
◦ Mishandling, mistreating or destroying evidence
◦ Pressuring defense witnesses not to testify
◦ Relying on fraudulent forensic experts
◦ Overstating the value of testimony

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9
Q

Informants

A

 Incentivized Witnesses:
◦ Have been paid to testify
◦ Have testified in exchange for their release from
prison
◦ Have testified in multiple distinct cases that they
have evidence of guilt, through overhearing a
confession or witnessing the crime

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10
Q

Inadequate defense

A

 Slept in the courtroom during trial
 Been disbarred shortly after finishing a death
penalty case
 Failed to investigate alibis
 Failed to call or consult experts on forensic
issues
 Failed to show up for hearings

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11
Q

Challenges facing forensic science

A 
 Compromised Evidence
 Education of Analyst
 Repeatable Procedure
 Personal Bias
 Lack of Certification, Accreditation
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12
Q

Who should govern forensic scientists

A 
 National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
 Federal Bureau of Investigations (FBI)
 National Science Foundation (NSF)
 National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST)
 Department of Justice (DOJ)
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13
Q
  1. Which of the following materials are not needed to perform a PCR reaction?
    a) DNA Polymerase
    b) RNA template
    c) free nucleotides
    d) two different primers
A

RNA template

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14
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT a suggestion from the Innocence Project to improve on forensic science?
    a) assessment of validity and reliability
    b) accreditation and certification
    c) videotape the laboratory analysis
    d) state oversight
A

videotape the laboratory analysis

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15
Q
  1. The forensic chemist who falsified drug data was in which state?
    a) Massachusetts b) Mississippi c) Minnesota d) Maryland
A

Massachusetts

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16
Q
  1. According to the Innocence Project, which of the following is the most common cause of overturning a wrongful conviction?
    a) new eyewitness testimony
    b) new DNA analysis/evidence
    c) new fingerprint analysis/evidence
    d) recanting of false confession
A

new DNA analysis/evidence

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17
Q
  1. When the Vinland Map was analyzed with carbon dating, which portion of the map was found to be from the 15th/20th century?
    a) paint b) parchment c) paper d) book it was found in
A

15th parchment;

20th paint

18
Q
  1. How many STR locations are used in CODIS?

a) 6 b) 7 c) 13 d) 26

A

13

19
Q
  1. Which of the following is NOT one of the parts of a nucleotide?
    a) acid b) base (A, C, G, T) c) sugar d) all of these are part of a nucleotide
A

acid

20
Q
  1. In what situation would a forensic chemist use atomic absorption spectroscopy?
    a) In heavy metal poisoning cases b) To diagnose metal toxicity c) To determine if soil, water or food is contaminated d) all of these
A

all of these

21
Q
  1. Which of the following is produced naturally by the human body?
    a) cocaine b) GHB c) LSD d) opium
A

GHB

22
Q
  1. i)Microwave spectroscopy/
    ii) Infrared spectroscopy is used to probe which molecular effect?
    a) ionization b) rotations c) electronic d) vibrations
A

i) MS: rotations

ii) IRS: vibrations

23
Q

Which type of evidence led to the establishment of the Frye rule for admissibility of evidence in a
court of law?

A

Polygraph

24
Q

The United States judicial system is a(n) ________________________ system

A

adversarial

25
Q

In what city did the Tylenol murders of 1982 take place?

A

Chicago

26
Q

What contaminant other than cyanide was found in the altered tablets?
a. fungicide b. pesticide c. herbicide d. algicide

A

algicide

27
Q

What does the P in ICP-MS stand for?

a. particle b. plasma c. potassium d. platelet

A

Plasma

28
Q
  1. Analyte 1 has a greater affinity for the stationary phase than analyte 2. Both have the same affinity for the mobile phase. Which analyte will move through the column faster?
    a. analyte 1
    b. analyte 2
    c. both move equally fast
    d. cannot be determined
A

analyte 2

29
Q

Which of the following is NOT a crime scene search method?

a. wheel b. line c. angular d. grid

A

angular

30
Q

Which of the following is not a step in thin layer chromatography (TLC)?
a. extraction b. visualization c. spotting d. development

A

extraction

31
Q

Microscopes take advantage of which of the following properties of light to magnify very small
things?
a. refraction b. absorption c. transmittance d. scattering

A

refraction

32
Q

Steroids are derived from:

a. cortisone b. adrenaline c. cholesterol d. acetic acid

A

cholesterol

33
Q

The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel produces enough vapor to burn is called the:
a. vapor pressure b. vapor point c. flash point d. liquid point

A

flash point

34
Q
  1. In a lean fuel mixture there is more ________ than there is _________
    a. oxidant, fuel b. fuel, oxidant
    c. pyrolysis, glowing combustion d. convection, radiation
A

oxidant, fuel

35
Q

Which of the following is not one of the roles of a criminalist?
a. educator b. investigator c. prosecutor d. student

A

prosecutor

36
Q

Taggant chips are often included by manufacturers in:

a. accelerants b. gasoline c. poison d. explosives

A

explosives

37
Q

True or False: Radiometric carbon dating provided definitive proof that the Shroud of Turin was used to bury
Jesus.

A

False

38
Q

True or False: According to the NOVA special “Can Science Stop Crime?”, security glass cannot be
compromised.

A

false

39
Q

The F in ANFO stands for

A

fuel

40
Q

What other evidence made the authentication of the Vinland map unnecessary?

A

Archeological

41
Q

In a civil case, the burden of proof is __________________________.
a) clear and convincing evidence b) a preponderance of the evidence c) beyond a reasonable doubt d) none of these

A

a preponderance of the evidence

42
Q

In a criminal case, the burden of proof is __________________________.
a) clear and convincing evidence b) a preponderance of the evidence c) beyond a reasonable doubt d) none of these

A

beyond a reasonable doubt

Forensic Chemistry (4 decks)

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