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Anthropology > Midterm 2 > Flashcards

Midterm 2 Flashcards

0
Q

Who proposed the idea that cave art was calendrical?

A

Alexander Marshack- microscope looked @ artifacts- found the lines on sticks, a lot of them had a series of lines- summer solstice/winter solstice

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1
Q

Know what kind of map Anthropologist view art as

A

Road map to society, gives insight into the minds (psycho-historical ideas)

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2
Q

How did Alexander Marshack come to the conclusion that cave art is calendrical?

A

He, with a microscope, looked at artifacts-found the lines on sticks, a lot of them had a series of lines- summer solstice/winter solstice

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3
Q

What is style?

A

It is a shared tradition

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4
Q

Who said art was fertility magic?

A

Andre Leyrcy Gourhan- He felt that the art was not part of a random system of meaningless. He thought the art was fertility magic, there were male and female components (ie- Byson-female, Horses- male) 1965- sympathetic magic

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5
Q

What was the difference between portable and mural art?

A

Mural art is unbounded and portable art can be carried around with you… is this right???

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6
Q

What are Venus figurines?

A

They were made out of bone, pottery, and/or clay; they are only female- portable art. They never have a mouth, sometimes hair. They are sometimes hollow- thought to be a firecracker.

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7
Q

What is the difference between pietographs and petragliph?

A

Pietographs- painted on with pigment

Petragliph- design is pecked onto rock

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8
Q

What were the fixatives with pigment for paint?

A

Saliva, urine, Daniel Ellsbergbers, squash, pumpkins

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9
Q

We can date the rock if we can get ___ off it (for paintings)

A

Pigment (charcoal)

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10
Q

What is the systematic study of signs and their meanings?

A

Semeiotics

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11
Q

Who invented Semeiotics?

A

Charles Pierce

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12
Q

What are signs?

A

Things that are commonly taken to mean other things

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13
Q

What is an icon?

A

A icon is a sign that bears resemblance to the image it is trying to convey

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14
Q

What is an Index?

A

An index is a sign that emerges from a natural phenomena (like a pulse- a sign you are alive)

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15
Q

What are symbols?

A

They are signs that do not look like what they are trying to convey

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16
Q

Is cave art random?

A

No.

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17
Q

Is cave art a form of communication?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What are the different periods of cave art study and their aspects?

A

IDK

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19
Q

Holmes had a theory that went like…?

A

We give a symbolic attachment to a design. These designs start to look like what they stood for, provides material for ideograms and symbols. (this is the part where she drew a basket with a patter on it and the design on the basic eventually became the symbol for rain). Art was an accident. Out growth of technique made symbolic attachment.

20
Q

What was Stolpe’s theory?

A

He was into realism, the original intent ingrades into a geometric design to make it easier to draw. Art began as an attempt to primordial design but ended in a geometric design.

21
Q

What are the shared characteristics of farming civilizations? (make a list)

A

1) sedentary settlements
2) Specialized technologies
3) Various risks (more on that in another slide)
4) Social complexity
5) specalization

22
Q

What are the risks of farming?

A
  1. Stay 2. Defend 3. water 4. weed/cultivate 5. Harvest. 6process 7. store/preserve= labor
23
Q

What advantages does a civilization need to support a large population?

A

Reliable, renewable, and storable goods whether that is from marine resources or pastures

24
Q

What is the oasis theory?

A

Proposed by Gordon Childe, dry climate forced people and animals to concentrate where water is located

25
Q

Who created the Oasis Theory?

A

Gordon Childe

26
Q

What is the Dump Heap/Genus Thory?

A

Early foragers knew if you left plant waste in the same location, plants will eventually grow.

27
Q

What was the natural Habitat theory?

A

It is a theory proposed by Robert Braidwood. He proposed the idea that early domesticates appear where they originated. In Africa- we don’t really have domesticated animals. (look up to verify)

28
Q

What was the Edge Hypothesis Theory?

A

It was proposed by Lewis Binford, said that unfavorable conditions in outlying areas force agriculture. (ex- the supermarket for the people who lived to far from the center of town had to grow their own food or die)

29
Q

Who came up with the Edge Theory?

A

Lewis Binford

30
Q

Who came up with the Natural Habitat theory?

A

Robert Braidwood

31
Q

What was the Social Hypothesis?

A

It was proposed by Barbara Bender, food surplus can be traded for more valuable items which lead to social status. Food surplus= more valued goods= status

32
Q

What is the risk minimization theory?

A

It is that food production arose from risk management

33
Q

What does surplus do for a culture?

A

Food surplus leads to having more valued items. Therefore, giving higher status.

34
Q

What is important about lineage?

A

Right to rule is usually based on lineage. Also family inherits animal, plant, natural objects representing as a certain tribal or traditional people as an emblem or clan or family (Totem/ Crests) In addition, the right to hunt can be inherited

35
Q

What was the PNWC peoples renewable resource?

A

Salmon

36
Q

What ceremony was used for redistribution of wealth?

A

Potlatch (Patshatl- means to give away), includes public witness and recognition

37
Q

Do marine dependent groups require any technological specialties?

A

Yes. Their sources were freshwater/ saltwater, rivers/ lakes, they needed canoes to navigate the waters so they could hunt whales, seals, and walruses. And so being hey were skilled fishers and navigators as well as hunters

38
Q

What was the Kula Ring?

A

It was the term used to describe the trade of seashells (bracelets and armbands)

39
Q

What were the types of reciprocity?

A

Generalized reciprocity- exchange and payment due date not specified nor what will get in payment
Balanced reciprocity- barter; exchange- everything specified
Negative reciprocity- someone tries to get the better deal

40
Q

What were beads made out of?

A

Abalone

41
Q

What was the cargo (<-spelling?) cult in Guatemala?

A

It was a system that kept any one person from having all the wealth by requiring that person to sponsor social events for a year

42
Q

What was 1879- 1902

A

The Bull? On the ceiling- cave of Altamira. Calcium drippings, animals paleolithic, Marcelino Sanz de Sautvole- given credit for finding cave to find stuff to sell, she was

43
Q

What are the patterns of farming?

A

Horticulture- mixed group, different plants near dwelling (goes out and plants are outside of house, variety and diverse groups of crops
Shifting cultivation or slash and Burn- mixed crops (1-2 year yield) poor soil and rainforest
Agriculture/field cropping: Large areas of single crops (invites pesticides), 1848 Potato Famine, 1900 Banana Plantation

44
Q

What are the advantages that are necessary to have large civilizations

A

Need reliable, renewable, and storable goods

45
Q

What was the Recovery Revolution

A

It is one of the farming theories, it is a mixture of all farming theories, it looks at everything (systems theory- whatever that means)= multi-causal theories.

46
Q

What animals were older? Polychrome or Monochrome?

A

Monochrome

47
Q

Polychrome means what?

A

Multiple colors

48
Q

Animals facing sideways or animals looking- what design is oldest?

A

Animals looking at you is older, animals with faces sideways is younger

Anthropology (4 decks)

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