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Anthropology > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

0
Q

How it rose to be a great civilization- 3 possible answers

A
  • largest literate civilization <- not likely answer either
  • The advantage of having crops with high yields they were able to trade off surplus which means they had wealth and power= able to setablish monopoly over local trade and food surplus.
  • Ahmose reunified Upper and Lower Egypt, his state was military run, he rewarded his soldiers with land. It was the greatest era in Egyptian history, he was a skill general who gave Egypt and himself great power (no one wanted to mess with Egypt)
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1
Q

What were the trade goods of Egypt? :)

A

Middle east agriculture staple was wheat. Some group gains unforeseen advantage- high crop yields trade= more wealth & power= establish monopoly over local trade and food surplus. Having grain surplus and toolmaking stone- foundation of power. (They had the right grain surplus and stone for the job of making tools) There was little competition against them.

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2
Q

What are the symbolic links to Horus and Seth?

A

They are chaos and order, balance of opposites

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3
Q

What was the political power of Egypt based on?

A

Disorder could be balanced by rule of kings & force of the sun. The sun god was heavenly monarch; upon death the Pharaoh joined the sun. -Intellectual view of universe= structure of political power

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4
Q

What were the pyramids symbols of?

A

The pyramids were symbols of authoriy

Pyramids= ladders to heaven

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5
Q

What were the different eras of Egypt?

A

1- Archaic & old kingdom
2- middle kingdom
3- new kingdom
4- late period

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6
Q

What were the times of instability between the eras?

A

The first three eras were separated by periods of political change and instability (4th times the charm)

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7
Q

The function of the bureaucracy during the “old Kingdom”

A

No written laws- Pharaoh set laws based on tradition. Privileged class of royal, high officials and elite. Most official energy spent on tax collection, harvest and irrigation.

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8
Q

Ancient Egyptian thoughts about race and skin color are most closely like who’s today?

A

Europeans

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9
Q

Egypt developed closer contacts with tropical…

A

Africa, Nubian chieftains and their role as middlemen of trade, the camel breeders of Meroe

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10
Q

Nubian cheftains were…

A

the middlemen of trade, the camel breeders of Meroe

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11
Q

Meroe did what?

A

breed camels apparently,
- (from www.ancient.eu/Meroe/) Meroe was a wealthy metropolis of the ancient kingdom of Kush in what is today the Republic of Sudan. The city was located at the crossroads of major trade routes. A lot of Egyptian influence here.

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12
Q

Who built the pyramids how and why?

A

People proved loyalty and fulfilled tax obligation through labor- worked on pyramids during flood season. Architect Imhotep built first pyramid- royal burial place. It is supposed to be a ladder to heaven

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13
Q

Know the Kushites and where the went after Thebes was sacked

A

They went from Thebes to Meroe and rule there for 800 years.

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14
Q

Shang settlements and what they indicate archaeologically

A

Walled compound for rulers, elites, temples; Outside the walls, residential quarters, workshops, incl. 2 bronze factories; Compounds, palaces, villages, cemeteries; Archaeological evidence of housing for extended families, Archaeological evidence of animal and human sacrifice; Royal burials – elaborate graves, grave goods
Human sacrificial offerings- indicates complex material culture and social organization

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15
Q

Know Shang burial mounds

A

Elaborate graves and goods, warriors, and charriots and human sacrifices

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16
Q

What is the Shang best known for

A

Best guess- archeological record in North China
Alternate answers:
complex material culture and social organization
bronze factories

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17
Q

Who was the first civilization in china

A

Xia 2200 B.C. 2200 B.C. they were warlords

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18
Q

Know the Xia

A

Diviniation/oracle, scapulamancy, dragon bones, and bronze making artifacts including the piece-mold casting (visual-arts-cork.com)

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19
Q

Know the best known dynasty in China archaeologically speaking

A

Shang

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20
Q

Where was the ancient city of Ao found?

A

By the Hoang-ho river which is south of Anyang

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21
Q

Quin, his burial mound, his army of?

A

Terracotta warriors

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22
Q

What Quin famous for?

A

The great wall of China (connecting), universal language, weights and measurements, one unified currency, Terracotta soldiers, first free standing army of 1 million (conscripted- come when you are needed), invented paper, water canal systems, regulate size of chariot wheels, ended 500 years of war

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23
Q

How he treated Confucian writers

A

Poorly, he buried 460 of them alive, burt their books

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24
Q

The great wall

A

He connected the walls, they were 6 horses wide, 2 chariots, the longest cemetery, 5,000 kilometers long

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25
Q

Replicas of palaces he conquered

A

he put them inside his tomb

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26
Q

Know the metaphorical views of Aztecs

A

human sacrifice male warrior- protected the sun as it went accross the sky, female who died in child birth- birthed the sun every day
“flowery death”, blood and hearts to feed the gods
The connections between the Mayan and Olmec are metaphorically seen in sacred landscapes and scheduled rituals and festivities- connections between present, past, ancestors, and Otherworld

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27
Q

What was the “flowery death”?

A

(internet) The sacrificial death was known as a flowery death. Life with the rain was desirable and merciful- Tlaloc.

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28
Q

The concept of sacred landscape

A

They believed the land was sacred, they built their churches around the land. The connections to past, present, ancestors, and otherworld are metaphorically seen or experienced through sacred landscapes.

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29
Q

How did they conquerors de-sanctify those spaces

A

They knocked down the temples and built churches on top of them. Note: Ritual defacement is a material expression of the desanctification process which takes holy buildings, transfers the into the secular world, and renders them unconsecrated, no longer holy and thus without a sacred power. I think this means that by knocking the temples down they were no longer considered holy.

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30
Q

What was used to nourish the Gods?

A

Heart and blood used to nourish sun god

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31
Q

Geographic location of Mesoamerica

A

Mexico area, central, tip S.A.

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32
Q

What was the periods of the cultures

A

Pre-classic- Olmec
Classic- Myans
Post-classic- Aztec

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33
Q

Who was the “mother of Mesoamerican cultures”?

A

Olmec

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34
Q

What is La Vent and San Lorenzo famous for?

A

Famous for colossal round head sculptures, the heads were portraits, had head bands, big noses

35
Q

Where do you see the Mayan civilization traced to?

A

The Yuckatan peninsula (for sure), specifically El Mirador

36
Q

The Mayan link to the otherworld?

A

sacred landscapes, scheduled rituals and festivities, divine rulers

37
Q

What did Mayan glyphs portray

A

Yuri Knosorov demonstrated phonetic and syllabic base, dynastic histories through the hieroglyphs at Palenque and Tikal, inscribed on pots, buildings, and deer skin.

38
Q

Know the political cycles, court calendars and evidence of warfare.

A

The political cycles- the Marcus model
expansion through diplomacy till conquested to territorial limits, cultural and social complexity emerges in provinces (marginal expansion), province breaks away to become a polity (ie fisson), new city state prospers and finds allies, new city-state conquers the original polity (collapses), repetitive cyclical pattern throughout Mayan history.

39
Q

The mayan collapse

A

800-900 B.C. they had a big population to feed, to feed people they needed fertile land, food was running low, so they had to steal land from others which lead to warfare, civilizations attacked each other, eventually they just left, gave up because it was much simpler to be a hunter and gatherer. Some of the cities were burnt, others lots of trash (squatters)

40
Q

The rainforest role in collapse

A

Slash and burn techniques, eventually run out of good land

41
Q

Court calendars

A

Not updated because of Mayan collapse

42
Q

The evidence of warfare

A

They used stone from their temples to build walls.

43
Q

Know the link between Chichen Itza and the Toltec legend

A

a readaption to the mayan story of Quetzalcoatl through aztec views, Quetzalcoatl is brought back as Kulkulkan which comes back to the people to revive chechen itza, which represents the mayan-aztec mix culture today.

44
Q

The size of Teothuacan’s population

A

80,000 by 100 A.D.

150,000 from 200-750 A.D.

45
Q

The Toltec idea of honor

A

It was similar to Teotihuacan, It was a city where “honor” guided behavior- to family, the city, lords, and gods.
Religious obligation at all levels of society based on a code of honor
Religious cult based on sacred war and human sacrifice.
Note: when violence and honor are part and parcel of a religious belief system, change is difficult unless and until one can push aside the religion and discount its tenets

46
Q

What is the significance of Teotihuacan to the Aztecs

A

The place where began a sacred city and center of the cosmos, the place where time began

47
Q

What are the three sisters

A

Beans grow around, corn goes up, squash on the bottom

48
Q

The difference between the pyramids in Valley of Mexico verses the Yucatan area

A

Mayans Yucatan had the limestone, valley of Mexico wood

49
Q

Was egypt’s rise to civilization the same as everyone else’s*

A

No

51
Q

Was archaic Egypt political power based on*

A

1) Balance of opposites- chaos (horus) & order (Seth)
2) Disorder could be balanced by rule of kings and force on the sun (view of universe was structure of political power
3) King preserve Ma’at= rightness

53
Q

What was the function of state bureaucracy in the old kingdom?*

A

The old kingdom had no written laws, pharaoh set laws based on tradition
Focused on: tax collection, irrigation, but led to anarchy due to famine and led to pharaohs loss of authority

53
Q

Boy king best remeberd for*

A

Restoring original religion

53
Q

Who was the boy king?*

A

King tut

54
Q

Did Egypt have contact with other peoples?*

A

Yes

55
Q

Who were the people Egypt had contact with?*

A

Arabia, South West Asiamo

Err… the Nubians, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, and Romans?

56
Q

When is the accepted period of classic Maya?*

A

300-900 AD

57
Q

Understand what we believe the classic Mayan civilization was*

A

I think she meant to say classic Mesoamerican civilization- which would be Mayan. Otherwise I don’t know how to answer this question

58
Q

Although the great Mayan religious centers were deserted, court calendars never ceased predicting events into 3000 A.D. true or false?*

A

True

59
Q

The story about Chichenitza*

A

The were two twin gods- Tezcatlicoil (blood and hearts) and Quetzacail (birds and butterflies). Quetzacail was loved by the people, but his twin was jealous. The jealous brother gets Quetzacail drunk so Quetzacail slept with his own sister. Q. was mortified so he exiled himself, gets on raft, people want him back, he says he will return. It is myth that he arrives on a different shore and people worship him as Kulkulkan (the feathered spirit) bring new knowledge.

60
Q

Who is the mother culture*

A

The Olmec

61
Q

The pre-classic people of Mesoamerica were best represented by?*

A

The Olmec

62
Q

What are the Olmec People famous for?*

A

Their ceramic figurines??? Their sumenic…??? IDK what she says there
Baby facd statues (big round face w/o body) and jaguar statues, had a lot of pornography (beastality), two famous sites La Venta and San Lorenzo (famous for colossal round heads), also considered the Mother culture. Also had sedentary villages. Note: they also had prestigious exotic trade goods, these items serve as material expressions of power inherent to rulers throughout Mesoamerica.

63
Q

What are the two sites of the colossal stone heads*

A

La Venta and San Lorenzo

64
Q

Who are the Nubians*

A

An ethnic group- from wysinger.homestead.com, Kush (like Kushites) is referred to as ancient Nubia), ancient Nubia had wealth of natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper, frankincense, and ebony. Supposedly ancient Egyptians got a lot of their customs and traditions from the Nubians

65
Q

Where were the first Christian monasteries established?*

A

On top of the Mayan temples?

66
Q

Why were the pyramids built?*

A

Pyramids created authority of pharaohs. It was their stair way to heaven.

67
Q

What is the Ma’at?*

A

Rightness, truth, order, balance. She was what as right, with out her there would be chaos

68
Q

Akhenaten stood for what?*

A

Stood out for patron of art, believed in portraiture-art had to look like the actual person or else they were all the same, purer sun worship, new royal capital at el-amarna

69
Q

There is a question about Ahmose*

A

Military run state, no rivals, rewards soldiers with land. greatest era in Egyptian history, skilled general, great power. Part of New kingdom.

70
Q

Who was in power in Egypt in the late period?*

A

Ramse 3rd dies= political weakness. Local rulers control nile, nile ruled over Nubians, assyrians, Persians and Greeks until Rome incorporates Egypt. Overall answer: a lot of people.

71
Q

Mesoamerica can be divided into three periods (T/F?)*

A

True (pre-classic, classic, and post-classic)

72
Q

Who was the first civilization in china?*

A

Xia (2698)

73
Q

What were the Shang best known for?*

A

Best archeological record, warriors and chariots

74
Q

Who is Quin?*

A

Quin is a Han dynasty emperor, ended 500 yrs of warfare between chiefdoms and united small chiefdoms due to fear, famous for connecting the great wall of China, made one language universal, enforced currency, weights and measures, had 1st standing army (1 million) he buried 460 confucian priest and burnt books

75
Q

What did they use for divination?*

A

Ox bones, or dinosaur: take the ox’s scapular (shoulder) throw it into fire, wait till cracks then have oracles read the future. Process was also known as “Scapulamancy”

76
Q

Did the Aztecs believe in continued life? (or what did the aztec’s believe continued life- sacrifices of beating hearts)*

A

Didn’t they believe in a bad afterlife? Sacrificed beating hearts to feed gods so they can keep producing life (like a life cycle)

77
Q

Is Mesoamerica a cultural area or geographical location?*

A

Cultural area

78
Q

What is the most archeological known dynasty in China?*

A

Shang

79
Q

Know the difference between conscripted and standing armies*

A

Conscripted were called when the emperor needed them or else they would return to farming, etc., standing armies were ready, employed as full time soldiers and Quin had over 1 million in his standing army

80
Q

What was the Shang dynasty known for?*

A

Shang warriors/chariots, bronze

81
Q

Who was the first proclaimed self-emperor of China?*

A

Quin Shihaungdi

82
Q

There is a bunch of questions about Quin tombs*

A

…

83
Q

Were Aztecs welcomed in Mexico?*

A

No?

84
Q

What contributed to the collapse of the Aztec empire?*

A

Sickness

85
Q

Who was the last ruling emperor of Mesoamerica?*

A

Cuauhtemoc, the nephew and son-in-law of Montezuma II, was last ruling emperor, he surrendered to cortez and gets hanged

86
Q

What is Bronze metal made of?*

A

Tin, copper, zinc, brass (is this right? I didn’t write down this when she said it aloud.)

Anthropology (4 decks)

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